Health Policy Analysis Part IProblem StatementThe state of Kentucky has a number of policies and procedures in place for prescribing and monitoring of opioid use as well as for prevention of prescription opioid misuse and abuse (OIG, 2020). However, because Kentucky opioid overdose deaths are still far too high, what more could be done on the policy end to help prevent opioid prescription abuse?BackgroundIn Kentucky, the number of deaths due to prescription opioid abuse has more than tripled since 1999 (CDC, 2020). In response to this public health crisis, the state has implemented a number of prevention initiatives, including education campaigns, prescription monitoring programs, and law enforcement efforts (Faryar et al., 2017). However, the effectiveness of these measures is unclear. Additionally, little is known about the best way to prevent prescription opioid abuse in Kentucky. The existing research on this topic is limited in scope and does not provide a…...

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References

Adams, M. (2017). Kentucky Cities Suing Long List Of Opioid Manufacturers. Retrieved from  https://whitesandstreatment.com/2017/11/28/list-of-opioid-manufacturers-sued-in-ky/ 

CDC. (2020). Prescription opioid overdose death maps. Retrieved from  https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/prescription/maps.html 

Faryar, K. A., Freeman, C. L., Persaud, A. K., Furmanek, S. P., Guinn, B. E., Mattingly, W. A., ... & Huecker, M. R. (2017). The effects of Kentucky\\\\\\'s comprehensive opioid legislation on patients presenting with prescription opioid or heroin abuse to one urban emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 53(6), 805-814.

Abstract Drug overdose has become the leading cause of death in the United States, and the majority of overdose fatalities involve opioids. Both legal (by doctor prescription) and illicit opioids are implicated in the current public health epidemic. The vast majority (80%) of heroin addicts started off using prescription opioids, showing that the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries are in large part culpable for fueling the crisis. Opioids do have a role to play in providing pain relief in extreme cases, but this powerful class of drugs needs to be pushed to the periphery of options available for patients in need of pain relief. Exploration of alternative options for pain relief is one of many strategies that can be used to address and mitigate the opioid epidemic. Other necessary interventions include the re-education of healthcare staff and the bringing to justice of the pharmaceutical industry.
Introduction
It is hard to believe that a pretty…...

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References

Case-Lo, C. (2017). Withdrawing from opiates and opioids. Retrieved from:

CDC (2019). Understanding the epidemic. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html

Human Resources and Services Administration (2019). Opioid crisis. Retrieved from: https://www.hrsa.gov/opioids

McGreal, C. (2019). Drug makers conspired to worsen the opioid crisis. They have blood on their hands. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/29/opioids-crisis-drug-makers-pharma

National Institute on Drug Abuse (2019). Opioid overdose crisis. Retrieved from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis

Saloner, B., McGinty, E.E., Beletsky, L., et al. (2018). A public health strategy for the opioid crisis. Public Health Reports 133(1): 24S-34S. doi: 10.1177/0033354918793627.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (2019). What is the U.S. Opioid epidemic? Retrieved from: https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/about-the-epidemic/index.html

United States National Library of Medicine (2019). Opiate and opioid withdrawal. Retrieved from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000949.htmhttps://www.healthline.com/health/opiate-withdrawal

What Can be Done to Stop the Opioid Crisis in the United States Today? Introduction
Today, a veritable public health crisis exists with respect to the widespread use of prescription and illicit opioids such as heroin, pain relievers and synthetic opioids such as fentanyl by American consumers. In fact, opioid overdoses claim more than 130 Americans each day, and there are no signs this ugly trend will reverse itself in the foreseeable future (Opioid overdose crisis, 2019). Moreover, the social and economic costs that are related to the tens of millions of people who are currently addicted to opioids is estimated to exceed $78.5 billion annually, a figure that includes that costs of lost productivity, healthcare and addiction treatment as well as adjudication of  criminal cases by the law enforcement community (Opioid overdose crisis, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature to provide a concise description of…...

RESPONSEResponsesTiffany P.Tiffany P opted to focus on suicide as the leading cause of death in local jails and federal and state prisons. She points out that population research may be carried out in efforts to better understand the concern. On this front it should be noted that errors in population research may occur owing to selection bias and information bias (Zhong et al. 2021). Information bias may also arise owing to the use of medical and prison records to access information. According to Vanhaesebrouck et al. (2022), medical files and administrative data may not have some data, thus limiting reliability. Apart from using standardized questionnaires and blinding researchers as highlighted by my colleague, there are other ways through which information bias can be avoided. For instance Zhong et al. (2021) suggest the use of structured interviews as sources of data in research to reduce the risk of bias.Olayinka S.Olayinka focused…...

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Wakeman, S. E., Larochelle, M. R., Ameli, O. et al (2020). Comparative Effectiveness of Different Pathways for Opioid Use Disorder. JAMA Network Open, 3(2), e1920622. Zhong, S., Senior, M., Yu, R., Perry, A., Hawton, K., Shaw, J., & Fazel, S. (2021). Risk Factors for Suicide in Prisons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet. Public health, 6(3), e164–e174.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Socioeconomic Impact of the Opioid Epidemic in America:
    This essay would explore the broad consequences of the opioid crisis on various socioeconomic levels, including its toll on healthcare costs, workforce productivity, and increased burden on social services. Attention could be given to how opioid dependence and fatalities affect local economies, communities, and families.

2. The Evolution of rescription Opioids: From ain Management to ublic Health Crisis:
    This topic would examine the history of prescription opioids, detailing the pharmaceutical industry's role, regulatory failures, and changes in medical prescribing practices that led to widespread addiction and the current epidemic. The essay would explore the shift from initially seeing opioids as a panacea for pain to recognizing them as a catalyst for public health disaster.

3. Overcoming Barriers to Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: Strategies for Success:
    An investigation into the challenges and barriers individuals face in obtaining treatment for opioid addiction,…...

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Primary Sources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic.” CDC.gov, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 16 Dec. 2021, www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html.

United States, Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce. “Combating the Opioid Crisis: Battle in the States.” Committee on Energy and Commerce, 12 July 2018, energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/Testimony-OpioidCrisisBattleintheStates2018-7-12.pdf.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020, www.samhsa.gov/data/.

United States Department of Justice. “The Department of Justice\'s Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis: A Year in Review.” Justice.gov, Oct. 2019, www.justice.gov/opioidawareness/justice-department-efforts-combat-opioid-crisis.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes — United States Surveillance Special Report.” CDC.gov, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 31 Aug. 2020, www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2020-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf.

COUNSELING Counseling: OpioidsOpioids are synthetic chemicals that are harmful to the body if taken in an unrestricted manner as they react with the nerve and body cells, creating an adverse impact on the brain. On the contrary, a small amount of opioids is generally taken as pain relievers. Still, if misused and taken in large quantities without the doctors prescription, they can cause addiction. This paper aims to provide a literature review on the selected problems, opioid use disorder, and opioid usage for medical benefits.Literature eviewDescription of the DisorderNarration in the research studies mentioned that opioids tend to misuse and addicted along with medical advantages if used in the healthcare field to cure the patients (Hoffman, Terashima & McCarty, 2019). The global use of opioids increased between 2001 and 2003 in addition to the years 2011 and 2013. The misuse of this substance has been widely witnessed in Africa, where…...

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ReferencesAckerman, A.L., O’Connor, P.G., Doyle, D.L., Marranca, S.M., Haight, C.L., Day, C.E. & Fogerty, R.L. (2018). Association of an opioid standard of practice intervention with intravenous opioid exposure in hospitalized patients. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178(6), 759-763.   A., Von Korff, M., & Lin, E. H. (2012). A review of potential adverse effects of long-term opioid therapy: A practitioner’s guide. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 14(3), PCC.11m01326.  https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.11m01326 Bryant, B.M., Eaton, E. & Li, L. (2021). A systematic review of opioid use disorder and related biomarkers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12.   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708283  Chahl, L.A. (1996). Opioids- mechanism of action. Australian Prescriber, 19, 63-65.  https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.1996.063 Dydyk, A.M., Jain, N.K., & Gupta, M. (2021). Opioid use disorder. In: StatPearls Publishing [Internet]. Treasure Island (F.L.). Available from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553166/ Hoffman, K.A., Terashima, J.P. & McCarty, D. (2019). Opioid use disorder and treatment: Challenges and opportunities. BMC Health Services Research, 19.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4751-4 Kosten, T. R., & George, T. P. (2002). The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment. Science & Practice Perspectives, 1(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1151/spp021113Manjiani, D., Paul, D. B., Kunnumpurath, S., Kaye, A. D., & Vadivelu, N. (2014). Availability and utilization of opioids for pain management: global issues. The Ochsner Journal, 14(2), 208–215.Nakhaee, S., Ghasemi, S., Karimzadeh, K., Zamani, N., Alinejad-Mofrad, S. & Mehrpour, O. (2020). The effects of opium on the cardiovascular system: A review of side effects, uses and potential mechanism. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00272-8 Rosenblum, A., Marsch, L. A., Joseph, H., & Portenoy, R. K. (2008). Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: controversies, current status, and future directions. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(5), 405–416.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013628 Surratt, H., Kurtz, S.P. & Cicero, T.J. (2011). Alternate routes of administration and risk for HIV among prescription opioid abusers. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 30(4), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2011.609805Von Korff, M., Kolodny, A., Deyo, R. A., & Chou, R. (2011). Long-term opioid therapy reconsidered. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(5), 325–328. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-5-201109060-00011Young, A.M., Havens, J.R. & Leukefeld, C.G. (2010). Route of administration for illicit prescription opioids: A comparison of rural and urban drug users. Harm Reduction Journal, 7.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-7-24https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1044 Baldini,

Abstract Opioid abuse is a problem in the US, particularly among the youth population. This is a health risk behavior that has arisen in the US for quite some time, largely due to the influence of the pharmaceutical industry’s push of drugs like Oxycontin onto the market (Coplan et al., 2016). The US Department of Health and Human Services (2020) reports that 0.7 percent of young people aged 12 years and up have reported an opioid use disorder, such as heroin or prescription pain reliever, in the past 12 months. One of the objectives of Healthy People 2030 is to “reduce the proportion of people who had opioid use disorder in the past year” (Healthy People 2030, 2021). This paper discusses the program that can be initiated to address this issue. It identifies the target group, the key stakeholders, the plan of action, and the barriers to be overcome.

Introduction
Health promotion is needed…...

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References

Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136.

Coplan, P. M., Chilcoat, H. D., Butler, S. F., Sellers, E. M., Kadakia, A., Harikrishnan, V., ... & Dart, R. C. (2016). The effect of an abuse?deterrent opioid formulation (OxyContin) on opioid abuse?related outcomes in the postmarketing setting. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 100(3), 275-286.

Doster, L. (2013). Millennial teens design and redesign themselves in online social networks. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(4), 267-279.

Governor.PA. (2017). Governor Wolf Voices Support for House Bill that Makes Opioid Education Mandatory in Schools. Retrieved from

Healthy People 2030. (2021). Opioid use. Retrieved from https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/drug-and-alcohol-use/reduce-proportion-people-who-had-opioid-use-disorder-past-year-su-18

Keleher, H. (2002). Public and population health strategic responses. Health Canada.

McCoy, S. S., Dimler, L. M., Samuels, D. V., & Natsuaki, M. N. (2019). Adolescent susceptibility to deviant peer pressure: Does gender matter?. Adolescent research review, 4(1), 59-71.

Roberts, M., Callahan, L., & O’Leary, C. (2017). Social media: A path to health literacy. Information Services & Use, 37(2), 177-187.https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/governor-wolf-voices-support-for-house-bill-that-makes-opioid-education-mandatory-in-schools/

Clinical Practice GuidelinesClinical practice guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality and consistent care to patients (Lin et al., 2020). By following guidelines, healthcare providers can reduce variation in care and optimize population health outcomes. Guidelines provide a standardized approach to diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical conditions, which can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.Good guideline development should involve a transparent and rigorous process, including a comprehensive literature review, multidisciplinary stakeholder input, and systematic evaluation of the quality and strength of the evidence. Guidelines should be based on the best available evidence, free from conflicts of interest, and regularly updated to reflect new evidence and changes in clinical practice.eliable sources of clinical practice guidelines include government agencies, professional societies, and academic institutions. Examples include the National Guideline Clearinghouse, the Agency for Healthcare esearch and Quality (AHQ), and the World Health Organization (WHO). These organizations have…...

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ReferencesBruneau, J., Ahamad, K., Goyer, M. È., Poulin, G., Selby, P., Fischer, B., ... & Wood, E. (2018). Management of opioid use disorders: a national clinical practice guideline. Cmaj, 190(9), E247-E257.Lin, I., Wiles, L., Waller, R., Goucke, R., Nagree, Y., Gibberd, M., ... & O’Sullivan, P. P. (2020). What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 54(2), 79-86.

Article 1: McCauley, J.L., Back, S.E. & Brady, K.T. (2013). Pilot of a brief, web-based educational intervention targeting safe storage and disposal of prescription opioids. Addictive Behaviors 38(2013): 2230-2235. In this article, McCauley, Back & Brady (2013) report on the results of an open pilot trial focusing on increasing patient knowledge of safe use of prescription opioids. Participants were 62 outpatients at a chronic pain management clinic or dental clinic who were prescribed opioids. All participants received informed consent and then completed the Script Safety intervention, which is an online information service containing information specific to the medication each participant was taking. Telephone interviews were conducted one week and one month following the intervention to assess knowledge retention and comprehension, misuse behaviors, and overall satisfaction. Results showed that satisfaction rates were high, knowledge comprehension and retention rates were also high, and that some self-reported misuse behaviors had decreased at the one-month…...

Financial and Economic Impact of Worker's Compensation egulations And Compliance
The program and concept of Workers' Compensation might appear to be a product of a civilized society and the modern era, but nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, Workers' Compensation has essentially been around for as long as people have been completing task for payment of some form of another, because people have always been getting hurt in some way, on the job. "The history of compensation for bodily injury begins shortly after the advent of written history itself1. The Nippur Tablet No. 3191 from ancient Sumeria in the Fertile Crescent outlines the law of Ur-Nammu, king of the city-state of Ur. It dates to approximately 2050 B.C.2. The law of Ur provided monetary compensation for specific injury to workers' body parts, including fractures. The code of Hammurabi from 1750 B.C. provided a similar set of rewards for…...

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References

Benyamin, R., Buenaventura,, . R., Datta, S., & Adlaka, R. (2008). Opioid Complications and Side Effects. Pain Physician, S106-S111.

Boggs, C. (2008, July 29). Workers' Compensation History: The Great Tradeoff! Retrieved from mynewmarkets.com:  http://www.mynewmarkets.com/articles/91833/workers-compensation-history-the-great-tradeoff 

Ceniceros, R. (2012, December 12). State reduces workers comp opioid prescriptions. Retrieved from Businessinsurance.com:  http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/99999999/NEWS080102/399999826 

Eley, L. (n.d.). FEDERAL AGENCY HELPS COAL MINERS DETECT BLACK LUNG DISEASE. Retrieved from Denversworkerscompensationattorney.com:  http://www.denverworkerscompensationattorney.com/2011/03/federal-agency-helps-coal-miners-detect-black-lung-disease.shtml

Self-Assessment
The initial step starts with self-assessment. Various territories of self information are imperative in establishing a framework for a career plan. I initially need to comprehend my particular identity e.g. Am I active or bashful, latent or forceful, mindful or passionate. What's more, I should be clear about my mentalities toward life and work. For instance, an inspirational state of mind about work characterizes who I am and may turn me toward a career that gives the chance to take part in a driving enthusiasm however it would not intrigue somebody for whom work is just a fundamental malevolence to give stability and salary. (Andolsen, 2008).

Using the MTI personality type analysis, I can determine 4 levels of my personality; namely introversion, sensing Or sensitivity, thinking ability and perception. this can then allow me to determine whether I am logical, practical, adaptable l, observer or a problem-solver, leader or follower, realistic,…...

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Bibliography

ABS. (n.d.). Accounting Degrees and Certification: What You'll Study in an Accounting Program. Retrieved from All Business Schools:  http://www.allbusinessschools.com/business-careers/accounting/degrees/ 

ALCC. (n.d.). The Importance of Computer Skills in Accounting. Retrieved from Academy of Learning Career College:  http://www.academyoflearning.ab.ca/blog/the-importance-of-computer-skills-in-accounting/ 

Andolsen, A. (2008). Six Steps to your Successful Career Path. Information Management Journal, 56.

CAP. (n.d.). Workplace and Careers. Retrieved from Capt.org:  https://www.capt.org/using-type/workplace.htm

Health Policy Analysis Part IIOptions AnalysisMandate Additional TrainingIn response to this public health crisis, Kentucky policymakers have a variety of options available to them. First, they could pass legislation requiring physicians to complete a certain amount of training on pain management and safe prescribing practices before being allowed to prescribe opioids. The current opioid epidemic in the United States has been labeled as the worst drug crisis in American history. In 2015, over 33,000 people died from an opioid overdose, and the majority of those deaths were caused by prescription opioids. In Kentucky, opioids are a major problem, with 1,404 overdose deaths in 2016. The high number of overdoses is due in part to the fact that opioids are very easy to obtain. In Kentucky, there are no limits on the amount of opioids that a physician can prescribe, and there is no mandatory training on pain management or safe…...

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ReferencesFink, D. S., Schleimer, J. P., Sarvet, A., Grover, K. K., Delcher, C., Castillo-Carniglia, A., ... & Cerdá, M. (2018). Association between prescription drug monitoring programs and nonfatal and fatal drug overdoses: a systematic review. Annals of internal medicine, 168(11), 783-790.Schnell, M., & Currie, J. (2018). Addressing the opioid epidemic: is there a role for physician education?. American journal of health economics, 4(3), 383-410.Scrivani, S. J., Keith, D. A., Kulich, R. J., DaSilva, A. F., Donoff, R. B., Handa, S., ... & Schatman, M. E. (2021). Pain management for dental medicine in 2021: Opioids, coronavirus and beyond. Journal of Pain Research, 14, 1371.Ti, L., Mihic, T., James, H., Shalansky, S., Legal, M., & Nolan, S. (2022). Implementation of an Opioid Stewardship Program to Promote Safer Opioid Prescribing. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 75(2), 113-117.Young, S. G., Hayes, C. J., Aram, J., & Tait, M. A. (2019). Doctor hopping and doctor shopping for prescription opioids associated with increased odds of high?risk use. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 28(8), 1117-1124.

legislation on PA SB 1299
The General Assembly of Pennsylvania

Senate Bill No. 1299

Session of 2014

Introduced by: Ward, Pileggi, Erickson, Schwank, Washington, White and Baker.

The significance of PA SB 1299 Bill

Preamble

The deaths from overdose on opioids have been a common occurrence across the nation with many of the people falling victims to either ignorance or intentional negligence by the people around then when they suffer the overdose symptoms to death. Initially, there were rampant incidences of the arrest and prosecution of the volunteers who called the law enforcement and the first responders to the scene since they too were often found to have used the drugs. The first responders were also not allowed to administer opioid antagonist at the scene to the person suffering obvious signs of overdose on the opioids hence the death rates from the overdose kept increasing even amidst the knowledge that such deaths could be eradicated in…...

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References

Incorvaia M., (2015). Lawmaker: Allow more first responders to give antidote to opiate overdoses. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2015/01/lawmaker-wants-more-first-responders-allows-to-deliver-antidote-to-opiate-overdoses/

Wenner D., (2014). Pa. expands use of heroin overdose antidote, provides 'good Samaritan' protection in overdose cases. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from  http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2014/09/pennsylvania_heroin_good_samar.html 

EMS1, (2015). 85,000 Emergency Responders Reduce Response Time with IamResponding.com. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from  http://www.ems1.com/ems-products/communications/press-releases/1033418-85-000-Emergency-Responders-Reduce-Response-Time-with-IamResponding-com/ 

Heightman A.J., (2014). Should Naloxone Be Available to All First Responders? Retrieved February 20, 2014 from  http://www.jems.com/article/administration-and-leadership/should-naloxone-be-available-all-first-r

Some patients knowingly abuse the healthcare system to obtain drugs and substances, which only adds to the complexities of the substance misuse relationship with the medical community. In 2008, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health reported approximately 4.7 million Americans used pain medications for non-medical use within the last month (Fishbain et al., 2010). This statistic is only one indication of the substance misuse prevalence and its inherent demand on the medical community.
The medical community not only combats substance misuse in adult patients, but must also address misuse among adolescents. The years of adolescence are widely regarded as an age defined by curiosity and experimentation (Crome, 2004). Adolescents are continuously trying to identify with their world and engage in new experiences. Within this context, taking drugs and experimenting with such substances as alcohol and tobacco can be understood within a setting of normal behavior. The time of…...

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References

Crome, I. (2004). Young people and substance misuse. London, UK: Gaskell.

Fishbain, D., Johnson, S., Webster, L., Greene, L., & Faysal, J. (2010). Review of regulatory programs and new opioid technologies in chronic pain management: balancing the risk of medication abuse with medical need. Jounral of Managed Care Pharmacy, 16(4), 276-287.

Rassool, G. (1998). Substance use and misuse: nature, context, and clinical interventions. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Company.

Stark, M., & Payne-James, J. (2003). Symptoms and signs of substance misuse. (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Greenwich Medical Media Limited.

Croop et al. (1997).

The overall safety profile of naltrexone is good; however, care must be taken in prescribing the drug to certain patient populations; e.g., naltrexone shows a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity (package insert) and is therefore contraindicated in patients with significant hepatic impairment, which is frequently encountered in alcohol-dependent populations.

The clinical trials of naltrexone have typically been conducted in patients without significant impairment in hepatic function. Another consequence of the hepatic impact of naltrexone is the possibility of drug-drug interactions.

Kim et al. (2001) potentially clinically significant interaction has been reported between naltrexone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; these researchers found elevated liver function tests in study participants receiving both medications, although the doses of naltrexone used in this study were higher than the typical 50 mg daily dose.

Naltrexone is not appropriate for use with patients taking prescribed or illicit opioid drugs. Antagonism of the effects of these drugs at opiate receptors will…...

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References

Ait-Daoud, N., & Johnson, B.A. (1999). Medications to treat alcoholism. Alcohol Research & Health, 23(2), 99.

Anton, R.F., & Randall, C.L. (2005). Measurement and choice of drinking outcome variables in the COMBINE study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(4), 104.

Bhagar, H.A., & Schmetzer, a.D. (2006). New antidipsotropics. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 9(4), 29.

Bean, P., & Nemitz, T. (2004). Drug treatment: What works? New York: Routledge.

With so many states legalizing marijuana, whether recreational marijuana, medical marijuana, or both, the idea that medical marijuana is still being withheld from many patients, including nursing home residents, who are experiencing pain and could get relief from the treatment is ridiculous.  Marijuana remains illegal on a federal level, however, and this complicates it usage for pain in nursing homes. That is because many people in nursing homes are dependent upon both state and federal aid for their medical care and there could be issues with funding if they were treated with....

There are so many interesting topics to discuss surrounding the opioid epidemic,  There are debatable discussions about its root causes and questions of whether public response has been different given the impacted demographics.  Therefore, looking at any of the questions can provide opportunities for debate.  Before debating the topic, it is important to understand some of the facts about the epidemic.  In 2019, over 70,000 people died from drug overdose, 1.6 million people had an opioid disorder, 745,000 used heroin, 1.6 million misused prescription pain relievers for the first time, and 0.1....

Outline for an Essay on the Opioid Epidemic

I. Introduction

a. Overview of the opioid epidemic.

b. Brief history and how it evolved into a crisis.

II. The Scale of the Epidemic (500 words)

a. Statistics on opioid addiction, overdoses, and deaths.

b. The impact on various demographics and regions.

III. Causes of the Opioid Epidemic (600 words)

a. Over-prescription of painkillers and pharmaceutical companies' roles.

b. Economic factors and healthcare system issues.

c. Social and psychological factors contributing to addiction.

IV. Effects of the Opioid Epidemic (600 words)

a. On individuals (health, psychological impact, and....

1. The root causes of the opioid epidemic and how society can address them
2. The impact of opioid addiction on individuals, families, and communities
3. The role of pharmaceutical companies in fueling the opioid epidemic
4. The connection between mental health and opioid addiction
5. Strategies for preventing opioid addiction and promoting safe pain management
6. The criminal justice system's response to the opioid epidemic
7. The stigma surrounding opioid addiction and its impact on individuals seeking help
8. The economic costs of the opioid epidemic on healthcare systems and society
9. The role of healthcare providers in addressing the opioid epidemic
10. The potential for harm reduction....