Open source software has recently emerged as the frontrunner for many industries as the primary method of code production, as it is widely predicted to provide more options for its users in a quicker, quality improved, and cost effective format than the more traditional proprietary software. Linux, the dominant player in the market, is a considerable threat to the Microsoft operating system, which has successfully established itself in the global market. eyond its commercial potential, open source software possesses a potential goldmine in the government sector. However, questions regarding security and privacy continue to plague government officials in their pursuits of this option. The following discussion will provide an overview of open source software as well as proprietary software and their primary components, an evaluation of government options in relation to the products available on the market, and the social construction of open source software vs. The technological determinism of…...

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Bibliography

Allison, J. "Which is more secure? Open source vs. proprietary."

Interactive Week 8.28 (2001): 23.

Brockmeier, J. "Microsoft makes a good argument for open source."

April 2003:  http://www.osopinion.com/perl/story/21199.html

Shopping online takes some of this concern away, but customers still want to be able to contact the company and expect to receive their merchandise quickly and in good shape - and they want to know who to talk to if this does not happen. Using open-source software for database management cuts down on operating costs and provides a tailor-made system without sacrificing customer satisfaction.
Database management is also becoming much easier from both an organizational and a sociotechnical standpoint. This is due to the fact that both open-source and proprietary software has changed over time to become much more user-friendly. Many people in one company can now get access to specific records that come from another person or another department, and this makes it easier to take care of customers and everything that they might need, both now and in the future. It also makes it easier on employees,…...

Open Source Software
Should a company select proprietary, open source, or free software for its most important business information systems?

All companies should be using open source applications. This is when they will be able to download programs (for free) to run certain aspects of their business. This basic idea behind this strategy is to dramatically reduce the underlying costs that they are paying for IT solutions. As a result, the total number of companies utilizing these applications, to run various functions for their business has been rising dramatically. Evidence of this can be seen with a study that was conducted by Forrester Research. They found that the total amount of companies they surveyed using these applications was 52%. Furthermore, researchers determined that businesses should be utilizing these kinds of applications to run major aspects of their operations. (Wheeler, 2007) This is significant, because it is highlighting why a wide variety of…...

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Bibliography

Open Source. (2006). Silicon. Retrieved from:  http://www.silicon.com/technology/software/2006/08/31/open-source-is-it-a-risk-for-your-business-39161867/ 

Wheeler, D. (2007). DW Wheeler. Retrieved from:  http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html 

Wiles, F. (2011). Rev Sys. Retrieved from:  http://www.revsys.com/writings/oss-in-business.html

Open-Source Software and the Field of Database Management Tools:
In the past several years, the open-source database market has continued its upswing with no signs of slowing down. Actually, the value of the open-source database market has increased from $850 million in 2008 to over $1.2 billion because of the increased use by enterprises to support Web 2.0 applications among other workloads. However, the increase is despite of the fact that many organizations are not in a hurry to rip out the proprietary database management tools. This is partly attributed to the fact that enterprises are rather slow in using open-source database management tools for mission-critical applications. According to the findings of a research, enterprises were utilizing open-source databases to avoid paying for extra database licenses from proprietary vendors for new projects in particular application areas. These areas include development and evaluation environments in addition to factors like migration costs and…...

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References:

Assay, M. (2007, October 2). Why Choose Proprietary Software Over Open Source? Survey

Says! Retrieved May 30, 2011, from  http://news.cnet.com/8301-13505_3-9789275-16.html 

Prince, B. (2008, July 21). Open-Source Databases MySQL, PostgreSQL, Adoption Rising.

Retrieved May 30, 2011, from  http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Database/Open-Source-Database-Adoption-Upswing-Continues/

It is therefore a reiterative process for the benefit of the public. This is then also the basis of the claim that software evolution is faster via OSS because of its multiple participants in the processes of writing, testing, or debugging. According to Raymond [42], the participation of more people will result in the identification and elimination of more bugs, which in turn will likely result in faster software improvement. Along with this, a further claim is that the resulting rapid evolution of software via the OSS model also results in better software. The cited reason for this is that the traditional closed model is seen by "only a very few programmers" [38], while most users are obliged to use the software "blindly." When taking the above into account, OSS development can be said to be a process of perpetual maintenance. It is a series of maintenance efforts by…...

The F-16s can be used if bigger warheads are necessary. The F-16s can carry bunker buster missiles, which can penetrate anything that might be protecting the nuclear sites. A-10s are fighter planes that are used against tanks and in close combat support.
4. Have the political options run out?

As it relates to the issue of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, the political options have not run out. This statement is made despite the fact that any hope for a peaceful resolution to this problem seems unlikely. The Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has made a number of negative statements against the United States and Israel in the last five years. His statements reveal a clear, deep hatred against these so-called "Zionist" countries. He has even gone so far as to vow that a new Middle East will arise, one without the presence of Israel. However, his comments seem to be based on…...

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References

Balad Airbase. (2010). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved from:  http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/balad-ab.htm 

Berman, Ilan. (2007). The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: Latest Developments and Next Steps.

Retrieved from:  http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Berman_Ilan 

Clark, Robert M. (2003). Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. Washington,

The term "open source software" has been used to refer to computer software whose source code is available for public use, either exactly the way it is, or after certain alterations are made to it. Such software normally requires no license fee. OSS applications are available for various purposes like web design, communications, office automation, content management, and operating systems (Necas & Klapetek, 2012). One major difference between proprietary software and OSS is license. Just like copyright material, one will nearly always find that software is licensed. Software licenses reveal what use the software is intended for. OSSs are unique as they are always distributed under certified licenses for meeting open source criteria (Gaff & Ploussios, 2012), including the rights of unrestricted software redistribution, source code access, source code modification, and distribution of the software's modified version.
Review of literature

OSS originates from the following 3 operating systems' creation -- Linux, UNIX,…...

Open Source Intelligence and Organized Crime
In the words of Bell and Congram (2014), TOC-Transnational Organized Crime can be defined as a crime carried out by an enduring organization or structure created and primarily involved in pursuing profits through several illegal businesses. It shares certain traits with formal organizations: using rules and codes to coordinate activities, division of labour, and allocating tasks with the aim of actualizing some given goals. While it is appropriate to see TOC as being composed of several activities, it can be seen that some specified organized criminal activities fall into the same category. They include activities such as drug trafficking, money laundering, people smuggling, human/sex trafficking, endangered species trafficking, arms trafficking, and most significantly since the last decade, terrorism.

Structure of TOC Groups

According to Bell and Congram (2014), the domestic and transnational groups that perpetrate crimes have succeeded in modifying their structures into flexible, lively though loosely…...

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REFERENCES

Bell, P., & Congram, M. (2014). Communication Interception Technology (CIT) and Its Use in the Fight against Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) in Australia: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Social Science Research, Vol 2, No. 1, 46-66. Retrieved from www.macrothink.org

Burke, C. (2007, January 5). Freeing knowledge, telling secrets: Open source intelligence and development . CEWCES Research Papers, pp. 1-23. Retrieved from  http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cewces_papers 

Central Intelligence Agency. (2016, May 12). About CIA. Retrieved May 13, 2016, from Central Intelligence Agency:  https://www.cia.gov 

Hayes, B. (2010). Spying in a see through world: the "Open Source" intelligence industry. Statewatch Journal, Vol 20, No. 1, 1-10. Retrived from  https://www.ceps.eu

" (Information Society and Media, 2005) f. The eContent Programme and the eTen Programme
The 100 million dollar eContent Programme (2001-2005) focuses on encouraging growth and development of tie European digital content industry. This programme funds projects with short time-to-market and as well experiments with new models in business and partnerships through use of technology that is presently available. The programme's stated 'main thrust' is to;

Improve access to an expand the use of public sector information,

Enhance consent production in a multilingual and multicultural environment,

Increase the dynamism of the digital content market by making it easier to access capital and by developing a consistent European approach to digital rights trading." (Information Society and Media, 2005)

The programme will address "organizational barriers and promote take up of leading-edge technical solution to improve accessibility and usability of digital material in a multilingual environment." (Information Society and Media, 2005)Market areas are addressed by the programmes in…...

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Bibliography

Warrene, Blane (2005) Navigating Open Source Licensing 2005 March 9 Online available at  http://www.sitepoint.com/print/open-source-licensing .

Greenmeier, Larry (2005) Needed: Open Source Education, Understanding - Information Week 2004 Oct 27 Online available at   ID=51200984.http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?article 

The Open Source Definition (2005) Open Source Initiative OSI Online available at: http/ / www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php.

Perens, Bruce (2005) The Open Source Definition - Online available at http://perens.com/OSD.html.

Linux and Open Source Software
Pros and Cons of Linux

"Open source secure operating systems are now available, which are compatible with existing software, and hence are attractive for organizations…" (Guttman, 2005). SE Linux offers well thought out security services. It is good for systems that host Web-facing services that must be exposed to potential attacks…" (rooks, 2004). SE Linux strengthens the operating system security through tighter privileges and allows for choice among OS vendors. It provides for mandatory access controls and types that determine which resources may be assessed and by whom.

Changing a system's behavior from granting broad permissions to require specific clearance is a complicated process. It requires expertise to configure and use properly and is vendor lacking in support. Writing policies is time consuming and is possible to write conflicting policies. From a user's desktop, this could be confusing during a set up or migration phase.

"Vista will have enhanced…...

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Bibliography

Brooks, J. (2004). In operating systems we trust. Eweek, 21(36), 43-46.

Fantana, J. (2006). Change in Microsoft Vista Security System Promises Windows migration headaches. Network World, 23 (18), 9.

Guttman, J.D. (2005). Verifying information flow goals in Security-Enhanced Linux. Journal of Computer Security, 13(1), 115-134.

Sturdevant, C. (2002). FIXES FOR CRACKS IN WINDOWS. Eweek, 19 1), 45.

Open Systems Models
The company that I am going to study is Google. Their primary business is online advertising, where they are the industry leader. Google owns many of the world's top websites, and uses its immense database of information about user preferences to give it competitive advantage in this business. The company has also proven to be one of the most collaborative and innovative companies. Two of its other products -- the Android mobile operating system and the Chrome browser, are also market leaders, even though they do not generate significant revenue for the company. This paper will focus on open systems as Google, to illustrate how the principles of open systems work.

Open Systems Elements

There are several elements to systems, including inputs (resources), organization culture, organization structure, behavior, processes and technologies. All of this lead to outputs. When these elements work well together -- when they are aligned -- the…...

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References

Harrison, M. (2004). Diagnosing Organizations: Methods, Models, and Processes (Applied Social Research Methods) (3rd ed.) Sage Publications.

Tapscott, D. (Artist), & TEDTalks, (Producer) (2012).Don Tapscott: Four principles for the open world [Web]. Retrieved from  http://www.ted.com/talks/don_tapscott_four_principles_for_the_open_world_1 

Innocentive. (2014). Google's 9 principles of innovation -- open innovation through culture. Innocentive. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  http://www.innocentive.com/blog/2014/01/29/googles-9-principles-of-innovation-open-innovation-through-culture/ 

Google. (2014). Ten things we know to be true. Google. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  http://www.google.ca/about/company/philosophy/

Open Data: Trends, Benefits, and Implementation Challenges Introduction
Technology has revolutionized the way things are done. Today, thanks to advances in technology, information is being shared and distributed in ways that appeared impossible a few decades ago. With the Internet of Things (IoT) promising to further revolutionalize the availability and distribution of information, it would be fairly accurate to state that we are likely to witness greater possibilities on this front going forward. This text concerns itself with the trends in open data. In so doing, it will also highlight the benefits of open data as well as the implementation challenges that continue to be witnessed in various jurisdictions. The discussion will be founded on lessons and examples from India.
Discussion
It is important to note, from the onset, that there is no single assigned definition of open data. This is to say that various definitions have been presented in an attempt to define…...

Open and Closed Systems
• Differentiate between two types of management theories- open-system theories and closed-system theories with regard to criminal justice organizations. Which of the two theories would better suit the operation of the agency you chose?

When it comes to explaining behavior in organizations, "the closed-system models tend to focus on internal events when explaining organizational actions and behavior, while open-system model focus on events occurring external to the organization that influence changes within the organization" (Open vs. closed systems, 28). Closed-systems models tend to focus on the degree to which organizational culture produces certain results: for example, if there were accusations of racial profiling in 'stop and frisks' in a police department, a closed systems model would suggest examining how officers are trained and the ideas and incentives that are communicated to the officers through that training about who appears to be a criminal. The presumption of a closed…...

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References

Community policing defined. (2014). DOJ. Retrieved from:

 http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/vets-to-cops/e030917193-CP-Defined.pdf 

Open vs. closed systems. Sage. Retrieved from:

 http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/33001_2.pdf

(E).

Loss of jobs: though most Americans are skilled unlike the unskilled Mexican population, there is a small number of Americans estimated at 10 million who lack high school degree who are under threat from job losses due to availability of cheap unskilled labor from the immigrants.

It is worth noting however, that the immigration issue does not only cover the Mexicans alone but also the Canadian immigrants into the U.S. As well. A good number of these are educated and skilled. What that portends for USA is that there would be someone who may take up a skilled job, at equal salary since they have same qualifications and education as an American. This may not benefit the community since it brings about the unfair competition for jobs between immigrants and the native-born Americans. Then again the issue of money circulation comes up since the Canadians will send the cash back to…...

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References

Centre for Immigration Studies (CIS) (2001). Immigration from Mexico

Study Examines Costs and Benefits for the United States. Retrieve March 21, 2011 from www.cis.org/articles/2001/mexico/release.html

Seattle Post, (2002). Dropout rates highest among Mexican immigrants, study says. Retrieve March 21, 2011 from  http://www.seattlepi.com/national/57060_dropout05.shtml 

The Boston Tea Party, (2011). Concerns about an Immediate Open Borders Policy. Retrieve March 21, 2011 from http://www.bostontea.us/node/907

Open vs. Closed Healthcare
Compare and contrast the U.S. healthcare system with that of another developed country. What aspects of open and closed systems are exhibited by the United States and by your selected country?

The country that will be used for comparison is Great Britain, which operates its healthcare through the National Health Service (NHS, 2013). Most, but not all, of the healthcare in the country emanates and/or is regulated by the government. This stands in contrast with the United States which is basically the opposite in that there are a lot of taxpayer dollars spent on needs-based and age-based healthcare through programs like Medicare and Medicaid but most healthcare not directly tied to one or both of those services in the United States is ran by the private sector even if the government heavily regulates it as it operates. The United States spends roughly half its budget on retiree benefits…...

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References

Beck, M. (2013, July 29). More Doctors Steer Clear of Medicare - WSJ.com. The Wall Street Journal - Breaking News, Business, Financial and Economic News, World News & Video - Wall Street Journal - Wsj.com. Retrieved August 7, 2013, from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323971204578626151017241898.html 

CBPP. (2013, August 7). Policy Basics: Where Do Our Federal Tax Dollars Go? -- " Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved August 7, 2013, from  http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=1258 

NHS. (2013, August 7). NHS Choices - Your health, your choices. NHS Choices - Your health, your choices. Retrieved August 7, 2013, from  http://www.nhs.uk/Pages/HomePage.aspx 

Potempa, K. (2013, June 20). The Experts: Physician Shortage Solutions for the U.S. - WSJ.com. The Wall Street Journal - Breaking News, Business, Financial and Economic News, World News & Video - Wall Street Journal - Wsj.com. Retrieved August 7, 2013, from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323393804578555741780608174.html

Essay Topic 1: The Evolution of Computational Photography and Its Impact on Digital Camera Development

Advancements in computational photography and image processing algorithms
Integration of AI and machine learning for enhanced image quality
The blurring line between smartphones and dedicated digital cameras

Essay Topic 2: The Rise of Mirrorless Cameras and Their Disruption of the DSLR Market

Advantages of mirrorless cameras over DSLRs in terms of size, weight, and versatility
Impact of mirrorless cameras on the professional photography industry
The future of DSLRs in the face of mirrorless camera innovation

Essay Topic 3: The Emergence of Computational Photography as a Separate Art....

- The impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on programming
- The ethics of coding and responsible programming
- The future of programming languages and their evolution
- The role of coding bootcamps in shaping the future workforce
- The importance of diversity and inclusion in the tech industry
- The intersection of programming and other disciplines such as art, music, or biology
- The environmental impact of coding and sustainable programming practices
- The challenges and opportunities of remote and distributed programming teams
- The role of open source software in advancing programming skills and collaboration
- The....

Search-based software testing (SBST) is a testing technique that uses search algorithms to automatically generate test cases. This approach is based on the premise that test cases can be considered as solutions to optimization problems, and search algorithms can be used to find the best possible test cases. SBST has gained popularity in recent years due to its ability to efficiently explore the vast search space of possible test cases and increase the coverage of a software system.
One of the key benefits of SBST is its ability to find test cases that are difficult to manually create. By using search....

1. Leveraging Blockchain Technology to Enhance Sustainable Development and Cybersecurity

2. Implementing Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development and Cybersecurity

3. Integrating Big Data Analytics for Sustainable Development and Cybercrime Prevention

4. Developing IoT Solutions for Sustainable Development and Cybersecurity Enhancement