Open Market Operations
Monetary policy may involve several facets, including reserve requirements, discount rate and interest rate targeting. The U.S. Federal Reserve's long-time strategy has been to use interest rate targeting through Open Market Operations primarily to keep the economy in its attempts to keep the economy in a state of equilibrium.

Today, open market operations (purchase and sale of U.S. Treasury and other federal agency securities) are the principal tool used by the Federal Reserve in implementing monetary policy (Federal Reserve eb site). The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the Federal Reserve decides on the short-term objective, an objective that can be either a desired quantity of reserves of a desired price, also called the federal funds rate; this, in turn, will have the effect of making interest rates increase or decrease. "The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions lend balances at the Federal Reserve…...

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Works Cited

Chappell, Henry W., Rob Roy McGregor, and Todd Vermilyea. "Majority Rule, Consensus Building, and the Power of the Chairman: Arthur Burns and the FOMC." Journal of Money, Credit & Banking 36.3 (2004): 407+. Questia. 19 Apr. 2005 .

Chappell Jr., Henry W., and Rob Roy McGregor. "A Long History of FOMC Voting Behavior." Southern Economic Journal 66.4 (2000): 906. Questia. 19 Apr. 2005 .

Open market operations. 2005. Federal Reserve,  http://www.federalreserve.gov /fomc/fundsrate.htm

Orphanides, Athanasios. "Monetary Policy Rules, Macroeconomic Stability, and Inflation: A View from the Trenches." Journal of Money, Credit & Banking 36.2 (2004): 151+. Questia. 19 Apr. 2005 .

Open Market Operations of the Federal Reserve System
Functions of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)

To many Americans, it may appear that U.S. monetary policy is the work of one man, Alan Greenspan, Chairman, oard of Governors of the Federal Reserve oard ("The Fed"). ut that is only because Dr. Greenspan, while certainly an extremely powerful and influential person, is just the most visible of a number of powerful and influential individuals serving on important boards. In the background, out of the limelight, are many other key players, including members of the Federal Open market Committee (FMOC) (which Dr. Greenspan also chairs).

What are the short-term functions of the "open market operations" of the FOMC? asically, the FOMC sells and purchases U.S. Treasury securities, and securities from federal agencies. This is an important series of tasks, since these transactions are the primary tools for implementing monetary policy established by the Federal Reserve.…...

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Bibliography

Akhtar, M.A. Open Market Operations. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1997.

Edwards, Cheryl L. "Open Market Operations in the 1990s." Federal Reserve Board's Division of Monetary Affairs, 2000.

Fisher, Peter R. "Highlights of Domestic Open Market Operations 1998." Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1999.

Kaufman, George G. The U.S. Financial System: money, markets, and institutions. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980.

Federal Open Market Committee discussed several important issues during their meeting of September 17th and 18th of this year. Naturally, the issue of the economy and specific items related to the national financial situation were of primary importance for all present.
One of the topics was the current economic situation and the federal debt, as well as any new developments which have been made toward the bettering of national circumstances. In the last few months, the committee has begun work to establish a "fixed-rate, full-allotment overnight reverse repurchase agreement (RRP) facility" (Minutes 2). Many benefits were attributed to the construction of such a facility including the ability to manage interest rates and support the idea of a floor to determine rates. During the September meeting, the research into this facility was further explored and it was ultimately determined that additional research must be done before going ahead with the project.

The…...

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Works Cited

"Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee." FRB: Meeting Calendars, Statements, and Minutes (2008-2014). Federal Open Market Committee, 3 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

FEDs and MoneyAre CCs and Debit Cards Money?Credit cards and debit cards are not money but are actually considered tools or financial instruments that facilitate transactions in which money is exchanged. Both types of cards represent a convenient way to access and spend funds in a bank account (or made available to one via a line of credit). Because they are accessing different types of accounts, they act differently (Chand, n.d.).First of all, what is money? Money is a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value (Beattie, 2022). It comes in various forms, such as cash, coins, or digital currency (Chand, n.d.). Debit cards are linked to a bank account, and when you make a transaction using a debit card, the money is directly withdrawn from your account. The transaction is made using the funds you already have, so it can be thought of as…...

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ReferencesAmadeo, K. (2021, January 26). Federal reserve tools and how they work. The Balance.   K. (2022, October 9). How inflation works Its effect on you and the economy. The Balance.  https://www.thebalancemoney.com/inflation-impact-on-economy-3306102 Beattie, A. (2022). The history of money: From barter to banknotes to bitcoin. Investopedia.  https://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/roots_of_money.asp Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2023). Monetary policy.  https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy.htm .Chand, S. (n.d.). 5 stages of evolution of money. Your Article Library.  https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/money/5-stages-of-evolution-of-money/30311/https://www.thebalancemoney.com/federal-reserve-tools-and-how-they-work-3306134 Amadeo,

Market-State
oth Phillip obbit and Richard Robison offer accounts of what a market-state is. obbit contends that the core features of the market-state are a crisis of the nation-state, a transformation of core state functions, relations of national states to transnational markets, and cosmopolitan culture. Finance is at the center of the culture, the money economy. Governments are more centralized but weaker because power is allocated by the money men, the banks, the managers of finance and capital, and governments are merely their footstools. According to Robison, on the other hand, market-states are neo-liberal, techno-managerial and instrumental, and citizens are clients and consumers. oth describe the materialistic, consumerist society, yet each has its own theoretical approach and unique conceptualization. This paper will compare obbit's and Robison's accounts of market-states and use the writings of Smith, Keynes, Marx and others to help illustrate the nature of the two.

Differences of What a Market…...

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Bibliography

Bobbit, P (2011) The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History, NY:

Anchor Books

Keynes, JM (1920) The Economic Consequences of the Peace, NY: Harcourt Brace.

Pabst, A (2010) The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy, Telos 152: 44-67.

Open Systems ISA, Inc.
Due to the delay of my understanding, I was able to complete the writing but haven't inserted the APA footnotes yet. I'm doing that now but I opted to upload the text first. I will use the message system and provide you with another version with the footnotes shortly. Sorry, but I wanted to show you it would be ready pretty close to the due date and time! You should have the second version with the footnotes in less than an hour.

Whether one goes to a large medical facility or to a free community clinic, step one is generally the same: Someone in the organization initiates both a financial and a physical assessment of your condition. It's as if the doctor needs to know your symptoms and what resources are at hand before he or she can even consider how to plot out their response. Medical health…...

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Burke-Litwin Model of Organizational Performance & Change (1992) -- The end result of the experiences of the past, this approach is seen as introducing a broad-based assessment of the best of the above. It introduces new or more refined constructs and anticipates the differences between an operational climate (which may be time or location specific) and culture in similar ways to how transactional and transformative considerations come into play. Invested with a strong theoretical foundation, this approach is deemed measurable and is nearly fully encircled with feedback loops that are now thought to be measurable because of their inclusion in the theories that support the complexity.

MAKING THE ISA CASE

As previously noted, ISA is well appreciated because it deems itself responsive to both the patient and the circumstances (including costs) for prescribing and implementing a cure to what ails the many communities/clients that have waste disposal issues. It has learned how to maximize and resell what it reclaims and has survived into a market where the repurposing of recycled materials is now as cost-effective as finding the raw resources themselves. The company has experienced some quarterly profit fluxuations, but overall is has continued to grow in response to the needs and expectations of its mission, or perhaps more importantly, the varying levels and spectrums of its many missions that are thought to be highly responsive to the needs of its many clients. It is this variability in the company that has allowed it to be successful in the emerging environmental market and thus enable reviewers to diagnose its organizational functionality. However, because the conditions for environmental understanding and complexity are somewhat decentralized and tied to the needs of particular locations, it is best diagnosed using not the final, most interactive of models (Burke-Litwin), but instead the DIGB model. In diagnosing individual and group behavior that is specific to its various clients' conditions, it is possible to get a greater understanding of the dynamics of what is brought to each condition and enables them to adapt as needed to local requirements and expectations. The feedback they receive in being able to provide everything from basic transportation to appropriate uses of "each pound" of their reclamations allows for the kind of responsiveness that is tied to the actions and reactions of particular players. While it might generally be said that any environmental entity of this sort must be conceived of as being effectively without boundaries -- because of the diversity of expectations of their clients -- in reality, they appear to be operating within measurable expectations that exist at the time of their activity. In so doing, however, they appear to allow for growth and change that comes as communities or political forces bring about new expectations and as governing laws evolve.

Open Systems Models
The company that I am going to study is Google. Their primary business is online advertising, where they are the industry leader. Google owns many of the world's top websites, and uses its immense database of information about user preferences to give it competitive advantage in this business. The company has also proven to be one of the most collaborative and innovative companies. Two of its other products -- the Android mobile operating system and the Chrome browser, are also market leaders, even though they do not generate significant revenue for the company. This paper will focus on open systems as Google, to illustrate how the principles of open systems work.

Open Systems Elements

There are several elements to systems, including inputs (resources), organization culture, organization structure, behavior, processes and technologies. All of this lead to outputs. When these elements work well together -- when they are aligned -- the…...

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References

Harrison, M. (2004). Diagnosing Organizations: Methods, Models, and Processes (Applied Social Research Methods) (3rd ed.) Sage Publications.

Tapscott, D. (Artist), & TEDTalks, (Producer) (2012).Don Tapscott: Four principles for the open world [Web]. Retrieved from  http://www.ted.com/talks/don_tapscott_four_principles_for_the_open_world_1 

Innocentive. (2014). Google's 9 principles of innovation -- open innovation through culture. Innocentive. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  http://www.innocentive.com/blog/2014/01/29/googles-9-principles-of-innovation-open-innovation-through-culture/ 

Google. (2014). Ten things we know to be true. Google. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  http://www.google.ca/about/company/philosophy/

Market Patterns
One industry that has shifted in the past few years in terms of its structure is the smartphone operating system market. A few years ago, most of the early smartphones were based around proprietary operating systems. Palm and Blackberry dominated the market. Apple joined the industry with the introduction of the iPhone, but more recently other firms have entered the market as well, including Google (Android), indows, Symbian and other systems. The market has moved from a stable oligopoly of four firms basically between two firms into a market that is much closer to monopolistic competition. However, there is the risk that as operating systems shake out, the market could return to an oligopoly of just three operating systems (est & Mace, 2007).

In the short-run, firms in this industry will seek to gain market share through differentiation. The products are slightly differentiated from each other -- they perform the…...

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Works Cited:

West, J. & Mace, M. (2007). Appropriability, proximity, routines and innovation. Druid Summer Conference 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2012 from http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=1675&cf=9%20{^

Seppala, (no date). Monopolistic competition. University of Illinois. Retrieved February 4, 2012 from http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~seppala/econ102/lect15.pdf

Watkins, T. (no date). The transaction cost approach to the theory of the firm. San Jose University. Retrieved February 4, 2012  http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/coase.htm 

Blodget, H. (2011). Android is destroying everyone, especially RIM -- iPhone dead in water. Business Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2012 from http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-04-02/tech/30089528_1_android-phones-google-s-android-smartphone-market

The traditional bilateral air service agreements do have some restrictions that prevent foreign airlines to invest in foreign hubs, however, with the open skies agreements such restrictions do not exist and an airline will be able to fully exploit its investments in a foreign country thereby facilitating service between preferred cargo airports. The provision of such agreements also promote cargo services by guaranteeing access to customs facilities and processing, offering a range of ground-handling options, and availing surface transportation necessary for flights. Such provisions enable cargo carriers to efficiently monitor and control cargo from their point of departure to their final destination. This will enhance faster and safer delivery of cargo translating into value-added service to customers.
The benefits derived from the development in the international air transport is not limited to air services industry alone but spreads to cover several service providers, labor market, manufacturers, and the general economy…...

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References

Alford, E. And Champley, R. (2007). The impact of the 2007 U.S.-EU open skies air transport agreement. ITA Occasional Paper no. 07-001

Brueckner, J. And W.T. Whalen, (2000). "The Price Effects of International Airline Alliances,"

The Journal of Law and Economics: 43(2), 503-545

Hertel, T.W. (1997) Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications. Cambridge University Press: New York

Even public transportation is growing more expensive, given that cash-strapped states are raising fares.
SOT Analysis:

Strengths

Victory offers customizable bikes with great value and power, according to its promotional literature. I

eaknesses

Victory began as an "offshoot" of Polaris Industries, which is mainly known for marketing snowmobiles and ATVs. Amongst the target audience, particularly in the South and areas where snowmobiling is uncommon, it may have little brand recognition.

Opportunities

The economic downturn and demand for more fuel-efficient vehicles could be capitalized upon as a great opportunity for the company -- more individuals are likely to be seeking out motorcycles as a mode of transportation.

Threats

In a recent head-to-head of Harleys and Victories, one trade magazine said that Victory produced the superior model, but Harley had the better-known name: "It comes down to cooler character of the Harley vs. The better handling, more powerful Cross Country. I know which one I'm choosing," concluded the reviewer (Cherney,…...

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Works Cited

Cherney, Andrew. 2010 H-D Road Glide vs. 2010 Victory Cross Country: New breed of baggers busts out. Motorcycle Cruiser. 2010. October 7, 2010 at  http://www.motorcyclecruiser.com/roadtests/1004_crup_2010_hd_road_glide_vs_2010_victory_cross_country/motorcycle_design.html 

Scooters and Motorcycles Popularity and Wrecks Increase. Technology for the Future. July 21, 2010. October 7, 2010 at  http://techus.org/2010/07/scooters-and-motorcycles-popularity-and-wrecks-increase/ 

Victory Motorcycles. Official website. October 7, 2010.

 http://www.polarisindustries.com/en-us/victory-motorcycles/Pages/Home.aspx

Of course, this is a good thing for customers on short-term, but is negatively affects other companies on the market. This is because smaller competitors and especially those that intend to enter the market addressed by IBM find it at least difficult to provide product prices in accordance with those provided by IBM. These smaller companies do not have the ability of reducing their production or operating costs, which does not allow them to introduce competitive prices on the market. This way, they are clearly disfavored by IBM's position and market power.
In addition to this, in a field like it, it is imperative to make continuous investments into the research and development activity. This requires significant capital amounts from these companies. The investment levels that IBM reaches cannot be reached by many of these companies. This makes it difficult for these companies to keep up with IBM and its…...

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Reference list:

1. Oates, J. (2009). IBM Faces EU Monopoly Probe. Enterprise. Retrieved November 14, 2010 from  http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2009/01/20/ibm_eu_probe/ .

2. Annual Report (2010). IBM. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from  http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/000104746910001151/a2195966z10-k.htm .

3. Monopoly: A Brief Introduction (2006). Linux Information Project. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from  http://www.linfo.org/monopoly.html .

4. O'Gara, M. (2010). EC Opens Two Antitrust Investigations of IBM. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from http://soa.sys-con.com/node/1478919.

Market Efficient espect Set Information Impossible Makes Abnormal Profits
Market Efficient

In his work, Fama argued that given the massive use of resources by the brokerage firm to conduct studies on trends in the industry, the effects of changes in interest rates on corporate balance sheets and expectations of managers and/or political analysts of the companies should be able to systematically beat a generic portfolio with the same risk characteristics.

Since, according to Fama, professional in every situation, the analyst has a fifty percent chance of beating the market; although its specific capabilities did not exist he would beat a lot of the market. The analyst did "help" the market to be efficient if all the investors, in fact, would hold portfolios composed of stock indices, would open up significant opportunities for professional traders to take advantage of the situation. But the movement of traders to that "new market" would mean that the…...

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References

Arrow, K.J., 1959. 'Toward a theory of price adjustment', in M. Abramovitz (ed.), The Allocation of Economic Resources, and Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 41 -- 51.

Aumann, R.J., 1964. "Markets with a Continuum of Traders," Econometrica, Vol. 32, No. 1/2, Jan. - Apr., pp. 39 -- 50.

Clifton, J.A., 1977. "Competition and the evolution of the capitalist mode of production," Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 137 -- 151.

Frank, R., 2008. Microeconomics and Behavior 7th ed. (McGraw-Hill) ISBN 978-007-126349-8.

Market Audit
The first point that has to be looked into is the health of the company, Colorado Australia. The company is passing through a bad phase and this is not the time for a product launch as generally no new introduction can make money for a period of time after launch. When the company launching the product is itself in a relatively poor condition of finances, then it is less likely to take risks that will be required for the successful development of the new product. Here the situation is likely to be of a new brand in a new market, rather than a totally fresh launch. The company is already exporting substantial quantities and it is possible even the same item is being exported for sale by another organization under a different brand name. It may be possible that expansion of sale of quantities under that arrangement may be…...

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REFERENCES

"Before You Buy Hiking Boots" Retrieved from http://shoes.about.com/od/athleticshoes/bb/bybhikingboots.htm

Accessed 12 October 2005

"Colorado dashes hopes of retail recovery" (August 5, 2005) Retrieved from   Accessed 11 October 2005http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Colorado-dashes-hopes-of-retail-recovery/2005/08/05/1123125885090.html 

"Colorado Group Ltd.: (Australian Stock Exchange: CDO)" Retrieved from camp=EC5001& GCID=C15112x004& ovchn=INK& ovcpn=International& ovcrn=onesource-international-1& ovtac=PIB Accessed 11 October 2005http://www.onesourceexpress.com/companyreports/default_ec.asp?keyid=44678842&

Market Society and the Public Sphere
My journal text comes to illustrate the utmost significance of globalization viewed as the force molding and shaping the current world. It describes the multidimensional aspect of globalization that influences and encompasses all facets of life through an integrated network. Currently, globalization is the buzzword in media articles, daily talks of media people and talks of politicians. There is no aspect of life that is not influenced or affected by globalization (Tober, 2006, 33). However, many people find it difficult to reflect on this phenomenon. This is because the term is applied in so many aspects leading to its ambiguity in defining it according to my text.

Numerous volumes of work have written about globalization in numerous fields such as political, science, business, economics, sociology and many more. This has made the term globalization lack a precise cogent theory and definition. This is seen as a…...

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References

Barnet, R. & Cavanagh, J. (2004). Global dreams: imperial corporations and the new world order. New York: Simon & Schuster

Hass, R. (2003). The corporation without boundaries. The new paradigm in business: emerging strategies for leadership and organizational change. New York: Tarcher/Perigee.

Kapstein, B. (2004). Governing the global economy: international finance and the state.

Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press

Market Behavior
One industry that has seen a shift in the market model is the smartphone industry. During the mid-2000s, this industry was an oligopoly, populated basically by two firms that emerged from the old PDA market. Palm and RIM (Blackberry) operated as a duopoly, catering primarily to business customers with early smartphones. Apple joined the industry with the iPhone, and was quickly followed by a number of other players. The organization of the industry is somewhat unique, as some firms are vertically integrated providers with operating systems and hardware integrated (Blackberry, Apple) and other firms have a number of hardware manufacturers working in conjunction with operating systems makers. Thus in operating systems there remains almost an oligopoly with two or three major firms and a couple of other minor ones, whereas on the hardware side the industry is fully in a state of monopolistic competition.

Short Run and Long Run Behaviors

During…...

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Works Cited:

Ha-aburda, H. & Yehezkel, Y. (2011). Platform competition under asymmetric information. NET Institute Working Paper. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from  http://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/31399/2/11_05.pdf 

Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., Thisse, J-F. & Zhelbodko, E. (2011). Monopolistic competition with big firms. Google Scholar. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from  http://d852eff6-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/mathieuparenti/home/research/KPTZ.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpH5Fs5HfC7W-DaU_jYLfshpIWuFjGQCtwDfIlgmj8XZQjc6ooKbOToLXP9dRdEkSMqCS3FwU-WOisyNmvlPGWdewkrOq-OL-nY4y7rJEDKgYcUsXNwq7m3JMiSWKrhtM4Is8Y-uys6Gtdw6GUAnSX_Xs5P4Dk7UKBmzE9KRySQadZg8JhrIirYITG4tkbdGRW7B4m1KuzWLj1MU3t3s4aCiZn7Z3CgXyu5CyRzRvOHGirSCKg%3D&attredirects=0 

Thierer, A. (2012). Bye Blackberry: How long will Apple last? Forbes. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamthierer/2012/04/01/bye-bye-blackberry-how-long-will-apple-last/

Healthcare reform is a hot topic because healthcare remains prohibitively expensive for so many people in Florida.  While the Affordable Care Act has expanded access to healthcare for many people, the reality is that healthcare remains prohibitively expensive for many people.  Between the cost of insurance premiums, deductibles, and out-of-pocket expenses, basic healthcare can cost people thousands and thousands of dollars a year, with much higher expenses if people experience healthcare challenges requiring care.

Florida benefitted substantially from some of the federal healthcare reform laws.  For example, Floridians cannot be denied healthcare coverage for a pre-existing....

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and the sixth-largest in the world by GDP. It is considered one of the most developed countries in the region, with a diversified economy that includes strong industries such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services.

Compared to other Latin American countries, Brazil's wealth is significantly higher. Countries like Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile also have relatively strong economies, but Brazil's GDP and overall wealth surpass those of its neighbors. However, Brazil also faces significant challenges such as inequality, corruption, and high levels of poverty.

Overall, Brazil's wealth is one of the strongest in Latin....