Ontology Essay



Introduction

Ontology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of existence and reality. It seeks to understand what it means for something to exist and what kinds of things exist in the world. Ontology examines the relationships between various entities and how they interact with each other. In other words, ontology is concerned with the fundamental categories of being and how they are organized.


One of the key questions in ontology is the distinction between different types of entities. For example, is there a fundamental difference between physical objects and abstract concepts? Ontologists also explore the relationships between entities, such as causality and dependence. By studying these relationships, ontologists aim to uncover the underlying structure of reality.


Ontology is not only a philosophical pursuit but also has practical applications in various fields. In computer science, ontology is used to model knowledge and represent concepts in a structured way. This…...

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References

1. Aristotle. \"Categories.\" Translated by E. M. Edghill, The Internet Classics Archive, MIT.

2. Plantinga, Alvin. \"The Nature of Necessity.\" Clarendon Press, 1974.

3. Quine, Willard Van Orman. \"On What There Is.\" Review of Metaphysics, vol. 2, no. 5, 1948, pp. 21–38.

4. Baker, Lynne Rudder. \"The Metaphysics of Everyday Life.\" Cambridge University Press, 2007.

The research too has to be reliable and valid cohering to an internal and external scientific definition of reality that is more physical and eschews the metaphysical and the abstract.
Ontological Basis

Positivism accepts a certain reality of existence and insists that this reality can be discovered by universal and immutable scientific / mathematical principles (Tribe, 2009) .

Epistemological Basis

The researcher has to distance himself as much as possible from his research in order to come to verifiable attempts. The scientific approach can help hims distance himself.

Interpretive Paradigm

An alternate rendering of this can be the constructionist paradigm where the approach depends upon the researcher in question and is often inductively created. It is subjective and avowedly so and the meaning / conclusions / perspective is generated from one's particular experiences, way of thinking, and origin (Oakes & Minca 2004, p. 30).

Ontological Basis

The researcher acknowledge existence of multiple realities

Epistemological Basis

The researcher sees himself…...

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Sources

Armstrong, DM (1973). Belief, Truth and Knowledge. Cambridge University Press

Catarina Marques, Elizabeth Reis & Joao Menezes (2010): Profiling the segments of visitors to Portuguese protected areas, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18:8, 971-996

Hartmann, Nicolai. 1953. New Ways of Ontology. Chicago, IL: H. Regnery Co.

Knorr-Cetina, K. (1999). Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Ontological Presence and Activity of the Living Lord Jesus within and Through the Christian.
Christianity's real meaning is described as an ontological instead of epistemological. The phrase "ontology" is deduced from two Greek words: ontos signifying 'being" and logos signifying "study" and illustrating 'study of the logical consideration of." Ontology is defined as the philosophical study of being. It takes into account the whole subject of existence and being. Most particularly, we are applying 'ontology' as describing the heavenly being of God, the creator, together with his personal relationship to His own created beings. God's personal being, the I AM (Exod. 3:14), as well as the relationship He has with human beings ought to be ontologically instead of epistemologically thought about (Fowler, p1).

He came into the world as a man with the aim of taking away man's sin, to vicariously endure the consequences of sins of man, to reinstate humankind…...

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References

Fowler, J.A. Christianity is NOT Epistemology. Christ in You, 1998. Accessed on October 6, 2015, from:  http://www.christinyou.net/pages/Xnotepis.html 

N.A. Harmartiology - What is it? Compelling Truth. Accessed on October 6, 2015, from:  http://www.compellingtruth.org/Hamartiology.html 

N.A. "What is Soteriology?" Accessed on October 6, 2015, from:  http://www.gotquestions.org/Soteriology.html 

N.A. Jesus' Teachings on Value. Technology and Christian 'Values'. Accessed on October 6, 2015, from:  http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~funkk/Technology/JesusTeachings.html .

It was empirical and inductive. Understanding being alone was a problem to Heidegger. It would be a greater problem to infer a God from that understanding.
On the other hand, St. Anselm poses a generalized stand by drawing on a negative hypothesis. God is that than which nothing could be imagined as greater. Nothing can be greater than that imaginable entity. He furthermore argues that an existent God is greater than a non-existent God. From these two premises, he concludes that the greatest imaginable entity is God and that a God that exists is greater than a God that does not exist. St. Anselm uses absurd logic, phrased in the negative. Heidegger uses everyday and tangible experience and presents it in the affirmative. St. Anselm derives everything else from that generalization of God's existence from logic. Heidegger finds it painstaking and nearly impossible to even completely understand the concept of…...

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Bibliography

Charlesworth, M.J., editor/trans. Proslogion Chapter II by St. Anselm. University of Notre Dame Press, June 1979

Korab-Karpowiez, W.J. Martin Heidegger. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007. Retrieved on December 26, 2007 at  http://www.iep.utm.edu/heidegger.htm 

Kent, WH. St. Anselm. The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol I. Robert Appleton

Company, 1909. Tim Holt, 2006. Retrieved on December 26, 2007 at http://www.newadvent.org.cathen/015466.htm

Matrix, a 1999 film, the Wachowski brothers depict several interrelated and overlapping realities and thereby pose complex philosophical, ontological questions. The filmmakers urge the audience to believe that the world of the matrix -- in which Zion exists -- is "real," whereas the world we live in is an illusion. By doing so, the Wachowski brothers imply that the world in which we live might also be one in which we are simply dreaming or in which we are actually enslaved by powerful overlords as in The Matrix. The fact that there are "architects" of the matrix does also create a philosophical problem in that there are potentially infinite false realities and possibly no absolute truths.
In The Matrix, the protagonist Neo-starts off an ordinary person who has been duped into believing that the workaday world he lives in is "real." When he meets his mentor Morpheus and takes the…...

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References

Randrup, Axel. "Idealist Philosophy: What is Real?" Retrieved online:  http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1216/1/reality.html

Race is a philosophical issue because it has a strong bearing on identity construction and metaphysical or ontological self-concept. As long as race remains relevant as a means of constructing personal identity or projecting identity onto other people, race will remain a critical component of humanistic philosophies. A discussion of race as a metaphysical concept is distinctly different from a discussion of race as an ethical concept, even though both metaphysics and ethics fall under the rubric of philosophy. However, a discussion of race as an ontological issue depends on an understanding of race as an ethical issue as race has been socially constructed in status-oriented and hierarchal societies like the United States. Race is socially constructed, but race is also subjectively constructed, which is what Ally's case demonstrates. Ally's case is best understood through the lens of what Mills calls subjectivism, in which race designations and categories are arbitrary…...

POSITIVISM vs. INTEPETIVISM DEBATE
Epistemology and Ontology

For my part, however, I no longer want to be labeled as a positivist researcher or an interpretive researcher. It is time for us to move beyond labels and to see the underlying unity in what we are trying to achieve via our research methods. The commonalities in my view are compelling and paramount. We ought to celebrate them because they underpin the value of our role as scholars. The differences, on the other hand, are ancillary. We should understand them, but they should not divide us. The challenge for us now is to rethink and develop a new rhetoric so we come to a deeper understanding of the metatheoretical assumptions that underlie our research. (Weber, 2004, X)

Weber's declaration is at the heart of this paper's examination. The paper attempts to gauge the frameworks of three articles in relation to Weber's concerns and ideas. Weber…...

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References:

Ashforth, B., & Humphrey, R. (1997). The Ubiquity and Potency of Labeling in Organizations. Organization Science, 8(1), 43-58.

Becker, J., & Niehaves, B. (2007). Epistemological perspectives on IS research: A framework for analysing and systematizing epistemological assumptions. Information Systems Journal, 17(2), 197-214.

Boland Jr., R., & Tenkasi, R. (1995). Perspective Making and Perspective Taking in Communities of Knowing. Organization Science, 6(4), 350-372.

Jackson, J.W. (1993). Realistic group conflict theory: A review and evaluation of the theoretical and empirical literature. Psychological Record, 43(3), 395-405.

Philosophy of Science, Paradigm, Epistemology, and Ontology
Note that defining philosophy of science is different from asking you about your personal philosophy of your discipline, such as your philosophy of education, or your philosophy of management.

• The distinction between and among these terms

• n explanation of why these terms are important for researchers to know

Philosophy of science, paradigm, epistemology, and ontology

Philosophy as a discipline concerns itself with understanding the pursuit of knowledge: how we know things and what we can know. The branch of philosophy specifically known as the philosophy of science is concerned with how knowledge deemed to be 'scientific' is constructed. It concerns itself with questions about what constitutes science (versus art, commonsense knowledge, speculation, and superstition); how scientific knowledge is created; and the standards for establishing scientific principles (Definition of philosophy of science, 2013, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia).

lthough scientific knowledge is often viewed as 'objective' or at least…...

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Although scientific knowledge is often viewed as 'objective' or at least more 'objective' than subjective opinion, the ways in which scientific knowledge is created are not written in stone. The notion of a paradigm shift, which "refers either to a model or an example to be followed or to an established system or way of doing things," was developed by Thomas Kuhn to explain how science progresses and changes (Lewis-Beck, Bryman, & Futing 2004). Another way of defining a paradigm might be that of a 'lens' or the particular way in which a group of persons within a specific discipline sees the world, consciously and unconsciously filtering the stimuli around them. But Kuhn's concept of the scientific paradigm was a departure from previous ways of looking at science. "As a reaction against philosophies of science that prescribed the appropriate scientific method, such as Popper's falsificationism, Kuhn (1970) focused on the practices of communities of scientists" (Lewis-Beck, Bryman, & Futing 2004). Instead of science developing in a linear fashion in a quest for ' truth,' Kuhn saw scientific developments as a series of ideological changes, in which there was a radical break with the past when the scientific community as a whole was willing to change long-standing approaches to generating knowledge. Kuhn saw scientists as engaged in a constant negotiation "consisting of their views of the nature of the reality they study (their ontology), including the components that make it up and how they are related; the techniques that are appropriate for investigating this reality (their epistemology); and accepted examples of past scientific achievements (exemplars)" (Lewis-Beck, Bryman, & Futing 2004).

Previously, the philosophy science was viewed primarily through a positivist framework: "in a positivist view of the world, science was seen as the way to get at truth, to understand the world well enough so that we might predict and control it" (Trochim 2006). (This is what Popper meant when he said that if a claim could not be proven false, it could not be proven true, either). Kuhn took what came to be known as a post-positivist view, suggesting that science could be affected by history and a willingness of people (who happened to be scientists) to change: "Post-positivists reject the idea that any individual can see the world perfectly as it really is" (Trochim 2006).

The question of epistemology, or how knowledge can be established, is quite critical to science, given that modern science often attempts to answer questions about the physical world in a manner that can have a demonstrable material impact upon human lives: for example the conditions for demonstrating that

The authors pointed out the fact that the integration of semantic Web with the existing remote sensing processes can help in solving the problem. The ability of the remote sensing of information to provide certain functions in an online environment is superb. This results in dynamic transfer of information across the web. The authors further points out the fact that semantic information processing gives rise to semantic-based service reasoning and descriptions. This leads to an automatic web. The building of an environment fuelled by the semantic web leads to the combining of various advantages of various aspects and respects while conducting a service-oriented study. This result in a deeper appreciation of semantic services in providing richer and improved services for various users. Li et al. (2008) provide a discussion of the various classifications of remote sensing and information processing services as well as an ontology-based service that makes use…...

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References

Astels, D.(2002): Refactoring with UML, In Proceedings of 3rd International Conferenceon

eXtreme Programming and Flexible processes in Software Engineering (XP2002), (2002) 67-70

Banko et al. (2006).Open Information Extraction from the Web

Chiu, PH.,Lo, CC.Chao, KM (2009)Integrating Semantic Web and Object-Oriented

" Real Americans support the right of religious people to worship, and would never base legislation on a religious conviction rather than a conviction based on constitutional rights, constitutional law, and Enlightenment ethics.
American political identity is continually changing also because of the incredible ethnic and cultural diversity within the nation's borders. hen gender, sexual identity, socio-economic class, and other factors are also included in the mix, America's political philosophy is naturally heterogeneous. hen new immigrants enter the United States, they contribute to the common ideals of a nation founded on principles like universal liberty and justice. "Debates about immigration and national identity cut to the core of our national self-image as a nation of immigrants, and invariably includes allusions to the past -- real and idealized -- as a way of under- standing and coping with social and demographic changes today," (Segura 278). hite supremacist Americans are currently in a…...

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Works Cited

Brooks, David "One Nation, Slightly Divisible." The Atlantic Monthly; Dec 2001; 288, 5; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 53

Hartz "The Concept of a Liberal Society"

Hooks, Bell. "Postmodern Blackness." 19 Apr 1994.

King, Martin Luther. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail." 16 April 1963.

Management and Theory
Leadership and coaching go hand in many ways because to coach is to lead, and to lead is to coach others. Indeed, leaders and coaches, whatever the title is really theoretical mentoring within the context of a particular organization or activity. For centuries, scholars and philosophers alike have been trying to find a specific and complete definition for coaching and leadership, but have not had much success. True, leadership is, in part, decision making at the nth level; while coaching takes that decision making and often compartmentalizes it into split-second action. In the era of gloablization, theoretical decision making this has become even more critical now that there are so many divergent cultural opportunities that require new skills, approaches, and even that allow coaching to occur not just in the physical environment, but in the virtual as well, with no regard for geographic or political boundaries (Drucker, P.F.,…...

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REFERENCES

Alvesson, M., & Karreman, D. (2007). Constructing mystery: Empirical matters in theory development. Academy of Management Review, 32(4): 1265-1281.

Cortes, J. (2012). How Many Coaching Models Can You Find?, Retrieved from:

http://www.what-is-coaching.com/coaching-models.html

Drucker, P.F., et al. (2001), Harvard Business Review on Decision Making, Boston, MA:

Counseling Master Questionnaire
Counseling Questionnaire

Define research

A counseling session with an individual may qualify research as, putting together of information and understandings, followed by determination of validity of the conclusions and activities central on the shared knowledge (McLeod, 2003 p.4). A working definition of research is; an organized course of decisive investigation resulting to legitimate suggestions and conclusions, which are conveyed to other interested people. Based on this definition, there are several concepts that need evaluation. Critical inquiry is the drive whereby human beings are curious to know, learn and offer solutions to problems. As a process, research includes steps or stages, which further relies on observation, reflection and experimentation.

In the case of systematic, this means that research takes place within a theoretical system, and research includes application of principles aiming at achieving valid information. esults of research are propositions meaning that, after a research, there is a need to communicate the…...

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References

McLeod. J. (2003). Doing counseling research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Crotty, M. (2005). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspectives in the research process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Houser. R. (2009). Counseling and educational research: Evaluation and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

The reward for the effort of learning is access to a vocabulary that is shared by a very large population across all industries globally" (p. 214). Moreover, according to Bell, because UML is a language rather than a methodology, practitioners who are familiar with UML can join a project at any point from anywhere in the world and become productive right away. Therefore, Web applications that are built using UML provide a useful approach to helping professionals gain access to the information they need when they need it.
Overview of the Study

This paper used a five-chapter format to achieve the above-stated research purpose. Chapter one of the study was used to introduce the topic under consideration, provide a statement of the problem, the purpose of the study and its importance of the study. Chapter two of the study provides a review of the related peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning search…...

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Reference:

Domain Specifications

Specification Name:

Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM)

Description:

Periechontology
In order to understand the underlying concepts of faith with respect to philosophy, first it is important to understand 'philosophy' adequately. Jaspers was concerned about noting the originality and singularity of philosophy and he frames it as "to elucidate" (erhellen). As per Jaspers, this clarification or elucidation does not come to philosophers through an external agent but it happens by itself during the philosophical process and this happening is an innermost act. (Wildermuth, 2007). Philosophers understand the meaning and philosophy behind actions and things as they seek to explore hitherto mysterious, unexplained happenings and phenomenon.

However, only a few philosophers speak about the death. Even then, the best they can reveal about death is about its awareness. As such, although death is an unavoidable event and that is the only knowledge we have about it. All are aware that they have to face death one day and it will come eventually.…...

, 2001)
The use of support vector machine learning is widely supported to be used to notice micro calcification clusters in the digital mammograms. It is indeed a learning tool that originated from modern statistical theory of learning. (Vapnik, 1998). In the recent past years, SVM learning has got a large range of real life applications. This includes handwritten digit detection (Scholkopf et al., 1997), recognition of object, (Pontil&Verri, 1998), identification of speaker (Wan&Campbell, 2000) and detection of face in images,(Osuna et al.,1997) . Categorization of text is done by SVM. (Joachims,1999). SVM learning formulation has its basis on structural risk minimization principle. It does not minimize an object function on the basis of training examples but on the contrary, SVM tries to minimize leap on generalization error. This is usually the error that is done by the learning machine on the test data that is not used while undertaking the…...

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References

Abraham, a., Nath, B., and Mahanti, P.K. (2001). Hybrid intelligent systems for stock market analysis. Computational Science, pages 337 -- 345.

Aliferis, C., Tsamardinos, I., and Statnikov, a. (2003). Hiton, a novel markov blanket algorithm for optimal variable selection.

Berger a., a Brief Maximum Entropy Tutorial

Chickering, D.M. (2002). Learning equivalence classes of bayesian-network structures. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3:507 -- 554.

Example Bibliography for an essay on assisted living.

Writing about assisted living facilities can be challenging, because many of the sources that you will find online will be advertising for assisted living, rather than factual and informative pieces.  An assisted living facility is a housing facility for people who cannot or choose not to live independently.  They can range from facilities where there is a minimum amount of help to full-care nursing facilities.  In fact, many facilities offer a range of housing options, which are adaptable as a person’s ability to live independently....

1. The Concept of Justice in Rawls and Nozick's Political Theory:
- Analyze and compare John Rawls' and Robert Nozick's theories of justice.
- Discuss the implications of their views on social and economic equality.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their respective arguments.


2. Utilitarianism vs. Deontology: A Comparative Analysis:
- Compare and contrast the ethical theories of utilitarianism and deontology.
- Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each theory in terms of their application to political decision-making.
- Discuss the relevance of these theories in contemporary political debates.


3. The Legitimacy of Political Authority:
- Examine different theories of....

Outline: The Complexity of Human Nature

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a thought-provoking question or anecdote that highlights the enigma of human nature.
B. Thesis statement: State the central argument that humans are multifaceted beings with both noble and darker impulses.

II. The Social Facet
A. Prosociality: Discuss humans' capacity for empathy, altruism, and cooperation.
- Cite evolutionary theories on the benefits of social behavior.
- Provide examples of individuals who display extraordinary acts of kindness.
B. Conformity: Analyze the tendency to follow group norms, even when they conflict with personal beliefs.
- Explain the psychological mechanisms behind conformity.
- Discuss....

I. Introduction

A. Background and Significance
- Emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing presence in society
- Potential benefits of AI, such as automation, efficiency, and personalized experiences

B. Ethical Concerns

- Ethical implications of AI in areas such as:
- Privacy and data security
- Job displacement and economic inequality
- Bias and discrimination
- Automation of decision-making and accountability

II. Literature Review

A. Existing Research on Ethical Implications of AI
- Review of previous studies that have examined ethical issues related to AI
- Identification of key ethical concerns and perspectives

B. Theoretical Frameworks
- Discussion of ethical theories that can be applied to AI, such as:
....