Nigeria is one of the largest economies in Africa, with a GDP of $414 billion, ranking it 31st in the world (CIA orld Factbook, 2012). Nigeria also has tremendous human capital with 170 million people, the 7th-highest in the world. Despite the wealth that comes to the country from its oil reserves, economic growth in Nigeria is hampered by both corruption and a dearth of infrastructure. There are many areas where the infrastructure can be improved. For a business investor, the areas that will make the best investment are those where a return on investment can be realized.
The first such investment would be in power grids. The country's production is 70th in the world, much lower than its GDP, indicating some level of underdevelopment. Adeninkinju (2005) notes that power outages cost Nigerian businesses in 1990 was 1 billion nairas. In addition, many businesses are forced in invest in generators in…...
mlaWorks Cited:
Adenikinju, A. (2005). Analysis of the cost of infrastructure failures in a developing economy: The case of the electricity sector in Nigeria. AERC Research Paper No. 148.
Business Day. (2011) CBN, banks in $15bn transportation infrastructure plan. Frontier Market Intelligence. Retrieved March 18, 2012 from http://www.tradeinvestnigeria.com/news/187069.htm
CIA World Factbook. (2012). Nigeria. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 18, 2012 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryName=Nigeria&countryCode=ni®ionCode=afr&rank=31#ni
Nigerian Ports Authority. (2008). Investment opportunities in the port sector. Nigerian Ports Authority. Retrieved March 19, 2012 from http://www.nigerianports.org/dynamicdata/uploads/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20CHINA%20FORUM.pdf
Nigeria Market Entry Strategy Somebody's Mother's Chocolate Sauce, LLC
Export opportunity for ginger and cocoa
Somebody's Mother's Chocolate Sauce, LLC is manufacturer and processor of cocoa located in Houston, TX with gross annual sales of approximately $700,000 per year (Manta, 2010). The fluctuating costs of cocoa and the introduction of a new ginger-based product have prompted the company to seek export opportunities in Nigeria to vertically integrate its sources of cocoa and for ginger to expansion of its chocolate sauce sales. The company also plans to sell some of the cocoa beans and ginger wholesale for a profit to other chocolate processors in its local and regional market. In the long-term the Company may explore producing its chocolate sauce in Nigeria for export to European markets.
B. Entry Mode
Somebody's Mother's Chocolate Sauce, LLC (the "Company") is new to the international market and believes the most successful avenue to begin exporting is hiring a…...
mlaReference List
Alibaba.com (2010). His Mercy Exporters & Investment. Retrieved December 03, 2010 from: http://www.alibaba.com/member/ng110369470.html
ICON Group International (2007, June). Executive Report on Strategies in Nigeria. Retrieved December 03, 2010 from: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=603074
International Cocoa Organization (2010, December 3). ICOO Daily Prices of Cocoa Beans. Retrieved December 03, 2010 from: http://www.icco.org/statistics/daily_prices.aspx
Manta (2010, June 15). Somebody's Mother's Chocolate Sauces, LLC. Retrieved December 03, 2010 from: http://www.manta.com/c/mtvkdm3/somebody-s-mother-s-chocolate-sauce-llc
Yet, Kay eller speaks of geography as "concerned with spatial differentiation," which is to say that anyone who is going to understand the problem from a geographical perspective must look at Nigeria's human geography -- in other words, Nigeria's regions. eller goes on to state that "ethnic geography is important to an overall understanding of Nigerian human geography. One definition of an ethnic group is that of a group of people with a common language, common values and beliefs, and a common material culture." In Nigeria, "tremendous cultural and ethnic diversity" exists, which means that multiple languages, values and beliefs can be found within a small, relatively localized area. Hausaland, Yorubaland, and Igboland, for example, are home to Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups. Most smaller groups have similar core territories, which they claim as their home regions. As with all human geography, these ethnic regions are neither static nor fixed.…...
mlaWorks Cited
"Collaborating with Corporations." Savage Minds -- Notes and Queries in Anthropology.
8 Oct 2006. Web. 26 Mar 2011.
"Deadly Collusion." New Internationalist, March 1999. Web. 26 Mar 2011.
Dowd, Robert; Hoffman, Michael. "Religion, Gender and Political Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Nigeria, Senegal and Uganda." Midwest Political Science Association: 67th Annual National Conference, the Palmer House Hilton. Chicago, IL: 2 Apr 2009. Web. 26 Mar 2011.
Few if any of the militant groups in Nigeria using the weapons have the means to obtain these weapons directly; instead, they are typically purchased by otherwise legitimate Nigerian businessmen from illicit manufacturers and distributors and traded for oil "bunkered" (stolen) by the groups themselves (Keili 2008). Nigeria and other countries in the region placed bans on the importing, exporting, or manufacturing of most small arms and weapons within their borders as far back as 1998, but Nigeria is known to have especially porous borders on both land and sea, and lax export controls in many weapons supplier countries have exacerbated the problems caused by Nigeria's sudden wealth but lack of security and infrastructure still further.
The issue is made still more complex by the political situation within Nigeria. Groups like the Movement for the Emancipation of the Nigerian Delta claim that their country -- or their specific region --…...
mlaReferences
BBC News. (2006). "Nigeria's shadowy oil rebels." April 2006. Accessed 14 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4732210.stm
Keili, F. (2008). "Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa:
A stock-taking." Disarmament forum. Accessed 14 May 2009. http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2832.pdf
Thachuk, K. (2007). Transnational Threats Smuggling and Trafficking in Arms, Drugs, and Human Life. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
Nigeria faces a number of obstacles to becoming a modernized state. The country is currently ranked 32nd in the world in GDP, but 182nd in GDP per capita (CIA orld Factbook, 2011). These figures are inflated by oil revenues that most of the country's people never see, as 70% of the population lives below the poverty line and the country ranks 147th in gross fixed investment and 183rd in education expenditure as a percentage of GDP. The country has major issues in AIDS, corruption, political instability, socio-religious conflict and a lack of economic diversification. There is hope for Nigeria, however, as many Nigerians work and become educated overseas, bringing back money and ideas to the country, in addition to estern standards of ethics and governance. This may help Nigeria overcome some of its issues, but the socio-religious schism may ultimately prove the most challenging.
Nigeria is an artificial country, carved out…...
mlaWorks Cited:
Alabi, A. (2010). Management of conflicts and crises in Nigeria: Educational planner's view. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 2 (6) 311-315.
CIA World Factbook. (2011). Nigeria. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 4, 2011 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html
Ngwane, M. (2010). The ethnicisation of the oil conflict in the Niger delta. Ngwane.com Retrieved March 4, 2011 from http://www.gngwane.com/2010/05/the-ethnicisation-of-the-oil-conflict-in-the-niger-delta.html
Salawu, B. (2010). Ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria: Causal analysis and proposals for new management strategies. European Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 13 (3) 345-353.
" Also 48 winners of the Nobel Prize (in Europe and the est) urged that there be a new election because the evidence of fraud was so blatant. I know you are aware of the fact that the European Parliament passed a resolution that urged the European Union of nations to stop sending financial aid to Nigeria "...until fresh elections are held." One of our most prominent political scientists - Rotimi Suberu - who is living in the United States (and working as a fellow with the U.S. Institute of Peace) said, "...There is a sense of disenchantment." And Suberu also said that the major challenge now for you is to "...salvage the legitimacy of government," and yet people will be willing to accept you if you make major strides toward political reform. Like other scholars from Nigeria, Suberu is part of the brain drain; we must make the country…...
mlaWorks Cited
Daily Independent. (2007). Editorial: Mr. President's Inaugural Speech. Retrieved August 22, 2007 at http://www.independentonline.com .
Edirin, Etaghene. (2007). Yar'Adua Presidency Not Legitimate - NBA. All Africa. Retrieved August 23, 2007, at http://allafrica.com .
Journalists Against AIDS Nigeria. (2007). Nigeria HIV / AIDS News. Retrieved August 23, 2007 from http://www.nigeria-aids.org/index.cfm .
Miller, Talea. (2007). Nigerian President Sworn in Following Controversial Election. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved August 22, 2007, at http://www.pbs.org .
Traditional social hierarchy, which was practiced in pre-colonial times, survived in the form of ethical norms. Nigerians are very respectful to the holders of traditional titles such as chief, emir, Oba or Eze; as in ancient times chiefs' role was semi-divine as they were considered to be appointed by supreme powers. Holders of these titles take high positions in modern community hierarchy, especially in rural areas. Inner tribe relations based on traditional hierarchy play a very important role in country's government activities and politics in general. It's very important to note that the title of chief for Nigerians is often of a higher merit than doctoral degree.
Because Nigeria is a patriarchal society, most of household work is done by women, which are helped either by relatives or by servants, depending upon their social status. Nigerian husbands in majority do not have household chores, which is influenced both by African and…...
mlaReferences
Gugler, J., and W.G. Flanagan.. Urbanization and Social Change in West Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1978
Aronson, D.R.. The City is Our Farm. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman1980
Toying Falola History of Nigeria Greenwood Press, 1999
The Dreams, Vision and Myth of Nigerian Reality, Article available online:
Nigeria UK respect
Comparison Between ights and Employment in Nigeria and in the UK
The issue regarding employment is an important issue in all countries, no matter their level of civilization and development. Although rules and regulations regarding employment are being continuously improved, there are certain categories that are not satisfied with the progresses made by authorities in the rights of employment field. These categories, whether they belong to the public or to the private sector, feel disfavored by certain aspects stipulated in employment laws.
Each country establishes employment rules in accordance with the characteristics of the country in case and of its workforce. There are clear differences between employment laws in developed countries and those in developing regions, like Africa and Asia. However, there are several similarities between these countries and their approach to employment rights.
In Nigeria, the employment rights are established by the Labor Act in the Laws of the…...
mlaReference list:
1. Labor Act (1990). Nigeria Law. Retrieved November 19, 2010 from http://www.nigeria-law.org/LabourAct.htm .
2. Employment Terms and Conditions (2010). Retrieved November 19, 2010 from http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/index.htm .
3. Basic Rights at Work (2010). Citizens Advice Bureau. Retrieved November 19, 2010 from http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/life/employment/basic_rights_at_work.htm .
Nigeria and the impact of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and orld Bank, and the impacts of those institutions in the country. The IMF is "an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty" (IMF, 2013). The IMF works primarily with governments and financial institutions, including with central banks. The IMF has also become involved in cutting fuel subsidies, which then increases the price of fuel in the economy. This is intended as a measure to stop smuggling and bring market forces to bear but it also reduces the ability of many to get out of poverty as more of their budgets will be spent on fuel (Engdahl, 2012). The IMF has also become involved in guiding fiscal and monetary policy in many nations, Nigeria included. For example, it has recently…...
mlaWorks Cited
Abiola, A. & Olofin, O. (2008). Foreign aid, food supply, and poverty reduction in Nigeria. MPRA Paper. Retrieved December 7, 2013 from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16263/
Canada. (2013). Nigeria. Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. Retrieved December 7, 2013 from http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/Nigeria-e
Engdahl, W. (2012). Geopolitical stakes in Nigeria: Curious role of the IMF. RT.com Retrieved December 7, 2013 from http://rt.com/news/
IMF (2013). About the IMF. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved December 7, 2013 from http://www.imf.org/external/about.htm
Naegleria Fowleri in Florida: Pathways and Consequences
Life Cycle
Pathways
Effects on Humans
N. Fowleri in Florida
Naegleria fowleri in Florida: Pathways and Consequences
Complex Life Cycle
This section describes the life cycle of N. fowleri and describes the results of representative studies to date.
Ferrante (1986);
Chang (1978);
Fowler & Carter (1965);
John (1982);
Abraham & Lawande (1982);
de Jonckheere & Voorde (1977);
Jonckheere, Van Dijcka and van de Voorde (1975);
Ugonabo & Gugnani (1989); and,
Lawande (1983).
Pathways
This section describes the pathways by which humans can become infected by the N. fowleri amoeba.
Paracer & Ahmadjian (2000);
Bakalar (2003);
Fowler & Carter (1965); and,
Marciano-Cabral (1988).
Effects on Humans
A description of the N. fowleri's effect on humans is provided in this section.
Visvesvara, Moura and Schuster (2007);
Matthews, S., Ginzl, D., Walsh, D. et al. (2008);
3. Bakalar (2003);
N. Fowleri in Florida
Finally, a description of the three most recent deaths in Florida that were attributable to N. fowleri is presented in this section.
Matthews, S., Ginzl, D., Walsh, D. et al. (2008).
Abstract
The Naegleria fowleri…...
mlaReferences
Abraham, S.N. & Lawande, R.V. (1982, October). Incidence of free-living amoebae in the nasal passages of local population in Zaria, Nigeria. The Journal of Tropical Medicine And
Hygiene, 85(5), 217-222.
Bakalar, N. (2003). Where the germs are: A scientific safari. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Chang, S.L. (1978, February). Resistance of pathogenic Naegleria to some common physical and chemical agents. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 35(2), 368 -- 375.
Nigeria: A Country eport
As a federal republic in West Africa, the country of Nigeria, formerly a British dependency, became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1960. In 1961, Nigeria became part of the British Cameroons, a trust territory of the United Nations. In 1963, Nigeria adopted a republican constitution, yet it retained its membership in the Commonwealth.
By far the most populous country in Africa, the population estimates for Nigeria vary greatly; however, due to its vast natural resources, the country has managed to support an ever-expanding population. One of the most important events in Nigeria which has highly influenced its current economic state was the discovery of oil in 1959. In addition, traditional agriculturists in all regions of Nigeria have learned to use and exploit the nature of various soils through plant selection and by allowing a good portion of the land to remain unfarmed. Yet Nigeria's…...
mlaREFERENCES
"A Country Study: Nigeria." (October 1, 2004). Internet. Country Studies. Library of Congress. Accessed April 23, 2005. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ngtoc.html .
Folayan, Adekunle. (1983). Agriculture and Economic Development in Nigeria. New York: Vantage Press.
Nelson, Harold D. (1982). Nigeria: A Country Study. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
"Nigeria." (February 10, 2005). Internet. CIA World Factbook. Accessed April 23, 2005. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni.html .
Entrepreneurs in Nigeria
The ole of Entrepreneurs in Nigeria's Past and Continuing Development
The ole of Entrepreneurs in Nigeria's Past and Continuing Development
Entrepreneurship has long been regarded as a practice in which an owner or manager of a business enterprise makes money through taking risks and further taking initiative (Deakins and Freel, 2009, p.4). Traditionally, entrepreneurs have been seen as individuals who are willing to launch a new venture or enterprise and accept full responsibility for the outcome (Levesque and Minniti, 2010, p.305). Such business maneuvers and strategies employed by such entrepreneurs have the capacity to shape an area's entire economic standing. In terms of development, countries with strong entrepreneurial backgrounds have had the capacity to both develop quickly and maintain a significant economic standing in both the international and their respective domestic markets. The utilization of a true entrepreneurial spirit has long had the capacity to shape a country into the…...
mlaReferences
Ahiauzu, A. (2010). Entrepreneurship and economic development in Nigeria: the way forward. Africa, 1.1: pp 278-296. Web. Retrieved from: ProQuest Database.
Bamkole, P. (2007 March 1). The entrepreneurship challenge in Nigeria. Web. Retrieved
from: on 7 October 2011.http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1675 ,
Bizcovering. (2008 May 24). The history of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Web. Retrieved
The motivation on the part of the exploited Nigerian nationals is simply to receive a few thousand (or even a few hundred) dollars, which represent much larger value in impoverished areas than those amounts of money do to the purchasers. On the part of the prospective purchasers, money is less often the issue because the main obstacle to receiving organs for transplant in more developed countries is the fundamental limitation on the source of such organs (Osita, 2003). Most developed countries have strict laws prohibiting the sale for profit of human organs and therefore, the main source of donor organs are cadavers who are typically accident victims.
While this explains the demand, the factors responsible for the ready supply of human organs in Nigeria (and other similar communities) is simply that public corruption has become epidemic and systemic within the local government and regulatory agencies responsible for enforcing human rights laws.…...
mlaReferences
Osita, A. "Corruption and Human Trafficking: The Nigerian Case" West Africa Review,
Vol. 4, No. 1; (2003).
The Ministry of Women Affairs had been present always; however it was a waning organization under the military rule. In some of the states the Ministry of women affairs was headed by men, but ever since the initiation of the democratic era, the Commissions are presently made responsible to the Ministry of Women Affairs since they are functioning collaboratively with civil society functionaries. (Nigerian women fairing well)
Nigeria authorized the conclusion of all four United Nations World Conferences on Women since 1975 inclusive of the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies - NFLS in 1985 and took part at the 1995 Beijing Fourth World Conference on Women and from then on dedicated herself to the encouragement of gender impartiality. A Women's Department in the Federal Capital Territory - FCT, Abuja was formed in the thirty-six States of the Federation for the intention of growing common grassroots' partaking in the execution of the…...
mlaReferences
Actual Women Situation in Nigeria. Retrieved at on 21 March, 2005http://www.wildaf-ao.org/eng/article.php3?id_article=46Accessed
AFROL Gender Profiles: Nigeria. Retrieved at Accessed on 22 March, 2005http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Women/profiles/nigeria_women.htm.
Thompson, Elsie. Women's Political Participation in Nigeria. 16 September, 1999. Retrieved at Accessed on 21 March, 2005http://www.sdnp.undp.org/ww/women-power/msg00188.html.
Imoukhuede, Nogi. Female Genital Mutilation - FGM. Workshop on FGM and Violence against women: Senate Committee on women affairs and youth. Benin City, Edo State. 19 July, 2004. Retrieved at http://www.rufarm.kabissa.org/articles/fgm.htm
Performance of Stated Owned Enterprise in Nigeria
A State-Owned enterprise is certainly one where government carries a share with controlling equity, as well as, has a great deal of influence in the day-to-day affairs of the enterprise. Numerous elements made up higher government involvement within the institution of businesses in Nigeria. During independence and also thereafter, the non-public sector had been extremely fragile to muster sufficient investment resources required for industrialization and also growth. Their State-Owned enterprises had been additionally required to offer social services as well as tools which had been designed to have external impact on all the other sectors involving the country's economy, as well as whose social level of profit surpassed the non-public level of eturn on investment. With all of these elements as well as the windfall of oil during 1970s, an extremely dominating State-Owned enterprises began appearing and also by 1980, they made up approximately…...
mlaReferences
Akinlo, A.E., Nassar, M.L., 1999. An assessment of privatisation program in Nigeria. International Journal of Studies Humanities 1 & 2, 26 -- 37.
Beesley, Little-Child, 1983. Privatization; principles and priorities. Lloyds Bank Review 149, July.
Efange, P. 1987. "An overview of Public and Private Enterprises in Africa: Role, Status, Scope, Performance and Challenges for Implementing the Lagos Plan of Action" In Proceedings of the Africans Association of Public Administration and Management. Sixth Round Table Conference held in Blantyre, Public Enterprises Performance and the Privatization Debate: A Review of the option for Africa. India: Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD India.
Hayford, A., 1999. Usman cautions Nigerians on privatization. Nigerian Tribune, Monday, 6th December.
development and governance of Nigeria is to invest in building a strong and capable public service that is equipped to tackle the challenges of the modern world. This can be achieved through prioritizing education and training programs that focus on developing technical expertise, critical thinking, and logical reasoning skills among public servants. By doing so, Nigeria can enhance its investment climate, promote economic growth, and effectively address the complex issues facing the country. It is imperative that leaders recognize the importance of a competent public service in driving progress and development in Nigeria. Leaders in Nigeria must also prioritize fostering a....
Equipping Nigerian Public Servants to Tackle Global Challenges Effectively
Nigeria, like many nations, faces a myriad of global challenges that require effective public servants to navigate and mitigate. Equipping these individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge is paramount to ensuring their success in addressing these challenges.
1. Enhanced Education and Training:
Public servants should be provided with access to comprehensive educational programs and specialized training that focus on global affairs, international relations, and cross-cultural communication. These programs should equip them with a deep understanding of global issues, diplomatic protocols, and the ability to navigate diverse cultural contexts.
2. Capacity Building in Core Competencies:
Technical....
1. The significance of aroko in traditional Yoruba culture
2. The role of aroko in fostering communal solidarity and social cohesion
3. A comparative analysis of aroko and oral tradition in African societies
4. The evolution of aroko in contemporary Nigerian society
5. The impact of globalization on the practice of aroko
6. Aroko and the preservation of cultural heritage in Nigeria
7. Aroko as a tool for conflict resolution and mediation in Yoruba communities
8. Gender dynamics in the transmission and interpretation of aroko messages
9. The relationship between aroko and power dynamics in Yoruba society
10. The potential challenges and opportunities for the future of aroko in....
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