New Deal
Philosophy and economy of new Deal
The government of the United States became greatly involved in economic issues after the stock market had crashed in 1929. This crash visited most serious economic dislocation on America's economy. It lasted 1929-1940. This prompted President Franklin D. oosevelt to launch the New Deal to alleviate the emergency. Very important legislations were and institutions were set up during the New Deal Era. These legislations extended federal authority in banking, agriculture, and public welfare (U.S. Dept. Of State, 2013). Minimum standards for wages and hours on the job were prescribed during this period. The legislations also served as a catalyst for expansion of labor unions in steel, automobiles, and rubber industries. Some of the very important agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Social Security System. The Securities and Exchange Commission regulates the stock market (U.S. Dept. Of…...
mlaReferences List
Bortz, A. (2012). Social Security: The Roosevelt Administration.
http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/social-security-the-roosevelt-administration/
Leuchtenburg, W. (1963). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940. New York:
Harper and Row.
New Deal
Politically-motived objections to President oosevelt's "New Deal" would long outlive FD himself. In 2003, when Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman was looking for a term to describe the ideologically-driven motivations of President George W. Bush and his administration, the phrase he selected was "the great unraveling" -- Krugman's image saw oosevelt's New Deal programs (above all Social Security) as having become the very fabric of the society in which we live, and the simpleminded libertarianism of the GOP attitude toward the social programs of the New Deal was a mistaken . Yet I think it would be easiest to answer the question of whether epublicans' libertarian objections to the New Deal are genuinely based on the New Deal's curtailment of actual liberty. I hope an examination of campaign speeches by both FD and oosevelt from the 1932 Presidential election will elucidate the relationship between individual freedom and the government…...
mlaReferences
Hoover, Herbert. "Campaign Speech, Madison Square Garden, October 31, 1932."
Krugman, Paul. The Great Unravelling. New York: Norton, 2003.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. "Campaign Speech to the Commonwealth Club."
New Deal
The Great Crash of 1929 and the Depression that followed paved the way to the American Presidency for Franklin D. Roosevelt, who won the elections in 1932 pledging "...to a new deal for the American people" 1. The Deal's application began in March 1933 and consisted of a series of banking reforms, work relief programs, emergency relief programs and agricultural programs.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was drafted in 1933 and was designed to relieve the farmers of the financial difficulties they were encountering due to the short demand and the continuous fall in product prices. The Act paid farmers not to raise pigs and lambs, not to grow crops and to cut production by about 30%. Its hopes were that lower production thus generated would help raise prices for the respective programs. In 1936, it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, however, in 1938, another AAA was passed…...
mlaBibliography
A.A. Sommer Jr. 1965. Federal Securities Act of 1933. Matthew Bender
Peter Clements. 2001. Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal. Access to History
Michael E. Parish. Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression 1920-1941. Norton Twentieth Century America Series
Eli Ginzberg. New Deal Days (1933-1934). Transaction Publishers
New Deal Repercussions for merica's Public nd Private Sectors
Indisputably, the Great Depression, which began with October 29, 1929 stock market crash and created a need for the subsequent extensive New Deal legislation of the 1930's, changed merica's public and private sectors, and merican citizens' expectations of their government, for the rest of the 20th century and beyond. Thus New Deal legislation and programs greatly altered the existing relationship between merican citizens and their government, as well as between public and private sectors of merican life. Earlier, (and throughout U.S. history up to this point) the United States government had been far more limited, in its ability to shape economic and social policies, programs, and changes. However, the great Depression and the subsequent New Deal programs, policies, and social changes that sprang from it, helped create powerful labor unions; and ushered in farm subsidies; and government-sponsored projects like the WP and…...
mlaAmericans as a whole first began to lose faith in their government when, after the October 29, 1929 stock market crash, then-President Herbert Hoover blithely referred to the crash as "a passing incident in our national lives"("The Great Depression"). Hoover's individualistic bent and 'trickle down' economics were the wrong medicine at the wrong time for a country in acute economic (and psychological) agony, with so many of its people frightened, terrified in fact, about the future. Herbert Hoover encouraged American businessmen to wait out what he felt certain would be just a bad (and brief) economic patch, and patiently let 'trickle down' economics work, instead of laying-off workers.
Average men and women could no longer even feed their families or secure anymore the basic necessities of life. Such widespread national misery led to FDR's election, by a landslide, in 1932, and to Hoover's dramatic defeat. Almost immediately, Roosevelt, as the new President, began pushing federal government toward a new, far more interventionist role. Roosevelt urged Congress to quickly pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act that would re-stabilize tottering U.S. banks. On March 9, 1933, it did so. That, however, was a mere prelude to Roosevelt's extensive New Deal legislation that slowly pulled the country out of the depression in the years leading up to World War II.
For better or for worse, then, America's public and private sectors would never be quite as independent from one another again; and average Americans' relationship to their federal government would never again be the same. That is how the Great Depression, and Franklin D. Roosevelt's resulting New Deal, forever changed the relationship between the public and private sectors within America.
The American government has since steered clear of measures like price regulations and has instead promoted a model that trusts the elasticity of the market. However, New Deal measures like unemployment insurance and social security have remained in place.
orld ar Two, rather than any direct effects of the New Deal, helped stimulate the American economy. Since the Reagan administration, the American government has followed a trajectory nearly opposite to that of Roosevelt's. Laissez-faire government attitudes toward economic growth and a dismissal of welfare needs have been touted as bulwarks against future economic depression. The market dictates the business environment, which supposedly thrives with minimal governmental intervention or regulation.
However, the American government may be facing a new crisis soon. Its national debt is astounding. The dollar is no longer backed by gold as it was during the Roosevelt administration, making the entire global market economy dependent on the performance of…...
mlaWorks Cited
Gupta, Pranav and Lee, Jonathan. "The Great Depression and the New Deal." Mar 7, 1996. Retrieved April 10, 2007 at http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/depression/
Hermann, William. "Debate Over New Deal's Role in Great Depression Still Alive." Goldwater Institute. September 8, 2003. Retrieved April 10, 2007 at http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/AboutUs/ArticleView.aspx?id=338
Roosevelt and the New Deal." Spartacus. Retrieved April 10, 2007 at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAnewdeal.htm
New Deal Assistance
President oosevelt's New Deal Program failed to do enough for those hit hardest by the Depression: Impoverished Afro-American and white citizens working in the rural areas of the U.S., the elderly, and the working class. There are several reasons why these constituents remained outside the reach of the New Deal program. First, there had been in general very little focus on the needs of these constituents. The New Deal created a state brokering the competing claims of numerous groups, hence named a "broker state" (see New Deal, p. 17). Competition in political and economic life increased tremendously. To an amount never seen before, workers, farmers, consumers, and others now able to press their demands on the federal government in the way that in the past had been available to the corporate world only, competed with each other (see New Deal, p. 17).
The New Deal set up numerous agencies…...
mlaReferences
American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Domestic Affairs, derived 14 August 2011 from millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt.
Farmers and the New Deal, derived 14 August 2011 from www.historylearningsite.co.uk > ... > America 1918-1939
Higgs, R. (1997) Regime Uncertainty: Why the Great Depression Lasted So Long and Why Prosperity Resumed after the War. The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 4, Spring 1997, pp. 561-590. Derived 14 August 2011 from www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_01_4_higgs.pdf
Higgs, R. The Mythology of Roosevelt and the New Deal. September 1, 1998, pp. 1 -- 6. Retrieved 14 August 2011 from www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=176
New Deal Program
The Great Depression hit America in ways that affected everyone, from the richest of the country's society, to the poorest of the urban and rural inhabitants. The stock market crashing left many rich society folk with no wealth, the farmers found themselves without any consumers to buy their overabundance of too-expensive products, and the urban families found themselves precariously scrounging for means of survival, oftentimes going hungry for days on end. This situation certainly set forth the cause for governmental involvement, and by 1933, the FD administration sought to remedy this catastrophe by constructing the New Deal.
The number of the unemployed before the stock market crashed in 1929 was as low as 4%; however, by 1933, this rate had skyrocketed to around 25%. One in four of the working class could not find work, and thus could not support the livelihoods of their families or themselves. Businesses were…...
mlaResources
Bertelli, A. (2010). Congressional Ideology and Administrative Oversight in the New Deal Era. Historical Methods, 43(3), 125-137.
Brinkley, Alan (1991). The Reader's Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Greider, W. (2011). The End of New Deal Liberalism. (Cover story). Nation, 292(4), 18-23.
Moran, R. (2011). Consuming Relief: Food Stamps and the New Welfare of the New Deal. Journal Of American History, 97(4), 1001-1022.
New Deal 1933-1941
Chapter 27, entitled he New Deal, chronicles Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan for extricating the United States from the Great Depression through policies that came to be known as 'he New Deal.' he chapter focuses on Roosevelt's early and more controversial plans before the events of World War II propelled America into European and Asian affairs and stimulated the economy into a rapid state of mobilization after a time of initial, cautious clinging to isolationism.
he first hundred days of the Roosevelt Administration, given Roosevelt's desperation to stimulate the American economy, oversaw an alphabet soup of government created industry and administrative bodies, and eventually took the form of such noteworthy organizations as: he National Recovery Administration (NRA), he Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), and he ennessee Valley Authority (VA) the last of which brought electricity to areas of the United States that had never enjoyed such power. he VA proved to…...
mlaThe first hundred days of the Roosevelt Administration, given Roosevelt's desperation to stimulate the American economy, oversaw an alphabet soup of government created industry and administrative bodies, and eventually took the form of such noteworthy organizations as: The National Recovery Administration (NRA), The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), and The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) the last of which brought electricity to areas of the United States that had never enjoyed such power. The TVA proved to be one of the most popular and successful embodiments of the so-called New Deal Spirit and optimism that gripped the hearts of dispirited Americans of the time. Roosevelt even made outreaches to disenfranchised Native Americans during this tumultuous and formative period of 20th century American history.
One need look no further than works of literature as The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck to see how deeply the unemployment rate had impacted the American spirit of economic expansiveness and optimism of the 1920's. The New Deal infused Americans with much needed confidence and hope in the future. The chapter, however, also chronicles the rise of the so-called social extremists of the era, including the dominating, controlling Governor Huey Long of Louisiana and the conservative Catholic radio priest Father Coughlin, as well as the more radical socialists of the era. Many politicians and advocates tried to dominate either politics or the media to serve their own personal or extremist ends. The collective although different examples of extremity of such men as Long and Coughlin can seen as embodying the desperation of the times.
By the election of 1936, and the softening of the next wave of the New Deal, clearly the call for radical change had stemmed, something Roosevelt himself had to face when he attempted to 'pack' the Supreme Court with his own justices. Still, the New Deal's infusion of social and interventionist policies into the American bureaucratic fabric remains today, even as its spirit was replaced by wartime fervor after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
New Deal Regulation and Revolution in American Farms
Sally Clarke introduces her article, "New Deal Regulation and the Revolution in American Farm Productivity," with a brief description of the generally accepted views on government regulation and its role in the American economy from 1900 to 1940. The author points out that a generally negative view is taken of regulation, as it has had many disastrous consequences. However, in the second paragraph she explains how, while there are definite concerns relating to the burden to taxpayers and commodity markets resulting from farm regulation, this same regulation in the 1930s made possible the acquisition of labor-saving machinery.
The thesis of Clarke's article relates to the reasons for which farmers who did not invest in labor-saving machinery during the 1920s did eventually do so during the 1930s. She demonstrates that the Commodity Credit Corporation and the Farm Credit Administration facilitated these investments through regulation. The…...
mlaBibliography
Clarke, Sally. "New Deal Regulation and the Revolution in American Farm Productivity: A Case Study of the Diffusion of the Tractor in the Corn Belt, 1920-1940." The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 51, No. 1 (March 1991), 101-123.
New Deal is often studied as a set of policies targeted towards welfare relief and economic development. However, the New Deal had a very important social justice component as well, particularly with regards to racial justice. Eleanor Roosevelt was leading crusader for human rights and racial equality, while President Roosevelt had an informal network of African-American appointees who were known as the "Black Cabinet." Part of the goals of the New Deal was thus to promote racial equality by creating federal agencies to help ease discrimination against African-Americans and creating economic opportunities for the advancement of black citizens.
This paper examines two scholarly articles examining the New Deal's effects on discrimination against black people. The first article, written by Robert C. eaver in 1935, reveals a cautious support and optimism regarding the New Deal's relief efforts for black factory workers and black farmers in the South. By 1992, however, Dona…...
mlaWorks Cited
Hamilton, Dona Cooper and Hamilton, Charles. "The Dual Agenda of African-American Organizations Since the New Deal." Political Science Quarterly. Fall 1992. 107(3): 435-453.
Weaver, Robert C.. "New Deal and the Negro: A Look at the Facts." Opportunity, Journal of Negro Life July 1935. October 17, 2003 http://newdeal.feri.org/opp/opp35200.htm.
New Deal and the Great Society
The stock market crash of 1929 brought an economic crisis worldwide, and unemployment in the United States rose from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933 (New Deal pp). hen Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated as the Democratic nominee, in July 1932, he promised "a new deal for the American people" and thus this phrase came to label his administration and its many domestic achievements (New Deal pp).
The Great Society was a phrase used by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964, to announce his goal of social reforms to end poverty and racial injustice (Great pp). Johnson said, "e have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society ... The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all ... It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice" (Great1 pp). Much like…...
mlaWork Cited
US Foreign Policy.
http://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/U.S.%20Foreign%20Policy.htm
Muravchik, Joshua. "NATO's Impact on Democratic, Economic Institutions."
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/1097/ijpe/pj4murav.htm
New Deal, Great Depression, and World War II's Impact
The New Deal, the Great Depression, and World War II had an immense impact on American history and African-Americans and women in particular. The New Deal was the largest, most concerted, most blatant spending venture by the federal government to date. It was unprecedented both in its scope and in its effect on working-class Americans.
Some of the revolutionary acts of the New Deal were the Emergency anking Act, which gave the president the power to regulate banking affairs, the Economy Act, which balanced the budget, the Federal Emergency Relief Act, which helped out the states, the National Employment System Act, which helped states place people in jobs, and the National Industrial Recovery Act, which regulated labor, eliminated child labor and instituted a minimum wage. (http://www.nv.cc.va.us/home/nvsageh/Hist122/Part3/NewDealSummary.htm)
The New Deal allowed America to pick itself up the bootstraps and recover from the Great Depression.…...
mlaBibliography
Two books requested, and cites above.
oosevelt administration and the New Deal programs treated African-Americans. To what extent did they receive a better treatment? To what extent did the programs reinforce racial discrimination? Please provide two examples to answer each question.
oosevelt's New Deal programs were designed to alleviate poverty, not to specifically heal racial discrimination. However, because of the historical legacy of slavery and discrimination in America, African-Americans were often disproportionately affected by the Great Depression and thus could benefit from these social service programs to an equal degree as whites. In the era before extensive legal protections such as the Civil ights Acts, African-Americans were often the first employees let go by employers seeking to reduce their labor costs during economically trying times like the Great Depression ("FD and the New Deal, 2014). They also were less likely to be unionized and to receive the protections given by union membership.
FD passed anti-lynching and anti-forced…...
mla
New Deal Prolong the Great Depression?
The modern day economy is currently facing the biggest challenges it has faced since the Great Depression of the 1929 -- 1933. Much like then, the leaders of today are striving to develop and implement laws and reforms, with their main emphasis being on stability and prudence -- at least at a theoretical level.
The modern day economic crisis has emerged from within the American real estate sector and was deepened by the crush of the banking sector and the precarious morals of the Wall Street and soon spiraled to impact the entire global economy. But more than three years after the crisis broke out, the Wall Street power players do not seem to have learned their lessons. They continue to grant excessive bonuses to their executives and they disregard the prudential principles in the hope for easy gains.
It is often argued that the global…...
mlaReference:
Biles, R., 1991, A New Deal for the American people, Northern University Press
Folsom, B.W., 2008, New Deal or raw deal? How FDR's economic legacy has damaged America, Simon & Schuster
S. Hoover chose a conservative approach in fighting the depression. However, his tactic proved to be inefficient, as it only succeeded in making people furious that their president could not help them.
The Americans experienced rapid changes during the period, as the new president had been keen on accomplishing everything that he wanted. Indeed, the programs started by the new president seemed to be very effective, as many things had changed in the country. Roosevelt had managed to change the way that the whole nation had been thinking at the time, and he did it in a matter of days.
A legislative revolution occurred instead of a real one on the streets of the U.S. Roosevelt's program became known as the New Deal. Compared to Hoover's methods of dealing with the depression, Roosevelt's ones had been far more radical.
In the present, there are some people comparing Barack Obama to FDR, as they…...
mlaWorks cited:
1. Sugrue, Thomas J. "The Hundred Days War: Histories of the New Deal." The Nation, 27 April, 2009.
2. "The New Deal or Radical Change." Retrieved May 19, 2009, from the Austin Community College District Web site: http://www.austincc.edu/lpatrick/his1302/deal.html
"The New Deal or Radical Change." Retrieved May 19, 2009, from the Austin Community College District Web site:
Ecological Impacts of the Dust Bowl
The Devastating Effects of Dust Storms on Plant and Animal Life
Soil Erosion and the Loss of Agricultural Productivity
The Long-Term Ecological Legacy of the Dust Bowl
Economic Impacts of the Dust Bowl
The Collapse of the Agricultural Economy in the Great Plains
The Migration of Farm Workers and the Rise of Migrant Labor Camps
The Government Response to the Economic Crisis and its Lasting Impact
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I. Introduction
A. Background information on the history of America
B. Thesis statement: The study of American history is important to understand the development and progress of the country
II. Early American history
A. Exploration and early colonization
B. The founding of the thirteen colonies
C. The American Revolution and the establishment of the United States
III. The expansion of America
A. Westward expansion and the frontier
B. The Civil War and its impact on the nation
C. The Reconstruction era and the struggle for civil rights
IV. The United States in the 20th century
A. The Progressive Era and the rise of....
Key Figures in Shaping American History
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George Washington (1732-1799): The Father of the Nation
As the first President of the United States, George Washington played a paramount role in establishing the young republic. His unwavering leadership during the Revolutionary War earned him the moniker "Father of the Nation." As President, he presided over the formation....
I. Introduction
A. Explanation of the Wall Street Crash of 1929
B. Importance of understanding the causes and consequences of the crash
II. Background
A. Economic conditions leading up to the crash
B. Speculation in the stock market
C. Overproduction and underconsumption
III. Causes of the Crash
A. Stock market bubble
B. Excessive borrowing and margins
C. Lack of government regulation
D. International economic instability
IV. Effects of the Crash
A. Stock market collapse
B. Bank failures
C. Unemployment and poverty
D. Worldwide economic downturn
V. Response to the Crash
A. Government interventions
B. New Deal policies
C. Reforms in banking and financial sectors
VI. Lessons learned from the Crash
A. Importance of regulation and oversight
B. Need for diversification and risk management
C.....
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