Natural selection is the very efficient and predictable means of evolution by which a species adapts to its environment, that results in evolutionary change as individuals with particular characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than others in a population, and these genetic characteristics are then passed on to their offspring (Natural pp). In other words, natural selection is a consistent difference in survival and reproduction between different genotypes in what is referred to as reproductive success (Natural pp).
Although Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection caused much ado when it was published in 1859, science now accepts that evolution is indeed a fact, and that natural selection effectively explains how adaptive evolution takes place (Natural pp).

There are two requirements that are essential in order for natural selection to occur (Evolution pp). One is that there must be heritable variation for some trait,…...

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Work Cited

Evolution and Natural Selection. Retrieved August 10, 2005.

 http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html 

Natural1 Selection. Retrieved August 11, 2005 from:

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection

Natural Selection
First described in full by Charles Darwin, natural selection refers to the process by which organisms evolve by adapting to their environments. Natural selection does not occur instantly in response to an environmental change, however. Rather, natural selection occurs over the course of several successive generations. Those organisms that successfully survive the environmental changes due to their inherited traits will pass on their genes to their offspring. Thus, only those organisms with hardy genes will survive; hence the phrase "survival of the fittest." While natural selection does occur unaided by human beings in the natural world, humans are beginning to alter the course of natural evolution through the creation and implementation of certain chemical products. Moreover, environmental pollution and other human factors impact the process of natural selection and evolution in the plant and animal kingdoms. Chemical products such as antibiotics, pesticides, and herbicides in particular threaten to create…...

Evolution Is True
What Is Evolution?

This chapter highlights the six elements that make up evolution: 1) growth/evolution; 2) gradualism; 3) speciation; 4) shared origins; 5) natural selection; and 6) nonselective evolutionary change mechanisms (Coyne, 2009). Of these, the foremost is the evolution concept itself, which implies genetic modification of any given species with time. To elaborate, over a number of generations, species of animals may transform into a rather different animal because of DNA modifications whose origins lie in the mutation process within the body. The gradualism concept constitutes the second element of the theory of evolution. Over several generations, a significant evolutionary transformation occurs in the species (e.g., reptiles' transformation into birds). The subsequent elements may be considered two halves of one coin. It is an incredible and unbelievable fact that although innumerable living species exist, each and every one has a few common basic characteristics, including the biochemical…...

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References

Coyne, J. A. (2009). Why evolution is true. Penguin

Neuner, K. (2012). Why Evolution Is True - Notes & Review. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from  https://vialogue.wordpress.com/2012/05/06/why-evolution-is-true-notes-review/ 

Vecchi, D. (2009). Review - Why Evolution is True. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from  http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=4953

Evolution
The book Why Evolution is True by Jerry Coyne presents a cogent case for evolution, a concept that can be controversial for some but accepted fact for others. This paper will work through the book -- the case that Coyne makes -- and offer reflections on my own journey of understanding the concept of evolution and its manifestation in the natural world.

Understanding Evolution

Evolution is not "fact," so much as a theory that is supported by a wealth of evidence. Just this alone lies at the heart of a lot of the misunderstanding about evolution. First proposed by Charles Darwin as a theory based on his observations of the natural world, evolution reflects the processes of adaptation that species go through, over time and successive generations. In adapting to their environments, species undergo changes that will, given enough time and dramatically different environments, result in the development of entirely new species.

The…...

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References

Coyne, J. (2010) Why Evolution is True. Penguin Books.

Young Earth Creationist
These are summaries of interviews on views and thoughts of origin

Three people were interviewed. They included a professor of biology, an aunt of oman Catholic religious persuasion and a family friend. In the interview with the professor, she states that she is not sure of the length of the days in Genesis 1 because they have been a controversial subject. She stated that life on this earth is approximately four and a half billion years old. Further she believes that humans and apes share common ancestry. She says she does so because she took part in a research that found many similarities. She does not believe in religion and so she does not believe in the existence of first humans; Adam and Eve (Writer Thoughts). The family friend on his part states that the days stated in Genesis 1 are normal days that are just as long as…...

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References

Booth, W. (2003). Days of Genesis 1: Literal or Nonliteral? Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 14(1). Retrieved, from  http://www.atsjats.org/publication/view/40 

Ghose, T. (2013). Live Science: Scientific News, Articles and Current Events. Genetic 'Adam' and 'Eve' Uncovered. Retrieved September 28, 2016, from  http://www.livescience.com/38613-genetic-adam-and-eve-uncovered.html 

Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Science (2 ed.). (1999). Retrieved from  https://www.nap.edu/catalog/6024/science-and-creationism-a-view-from-the-national-academy-of 

Wall. (2013). Great Ape Genomics. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal, 54(2). Retrieved, from  http://ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/82.full#ref-19

evolution and natural selection is the addition of information. The process of evolution requires massive amounts of new information be added to an existing gene pool. What most people refer to as evolution is, in fact, natural selection. Natural selection occurs when genes that already exist in an animals' DNA, or sometimes on defective genes that have lost information (called mutation) are somehow altered. Neither process adds information to the gene pool so cannot be considered to be evolution. The evolutionary process is a slow and meticulous one and is preceded by numerous incidents of natural selection. True evolution is truly rare and takes place over the span of many years. Natural selection occurs far more frequently and can occur in the space of several generations.
Natural field experiments are efforts by the scientific community to apply the scientific method to real life situations. This process allows scientists to test…...

Darwin's Finches And Natural Selection
Polymorphism pertains to the existence of two distinctly different groups of a species that still belong to the same species. Alleles for these organisms over time are governed by the theory of natural selection, and over this time the genetic differences between groups in different environments soon become apparent, as in the case of industrial melanism." (Biology Online, 2000) Darwin's finches are an excellent examples of such polymorphism, "of the way in which species' gene pools have adapted in order for long-term survival via their offspring." (Biology Online, 2000)

The finches Darwin studied were a species of small Galapagos finches and were only found on the Galapagos Islands. They were geographically isolated and without competition from similar species but these finches developed distinctive anatomy. Darwin noted how finches in some areas had completely different shaped beaks than other finches. Even though all were of the same…...

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Works Cited

Darwin, Charles. The Galapagos Islands. London, England; New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1995.

Darwin's Finches and Natural Selection. (2000) Biology Online.  http://www.biology-online.org/pfriendly.htm?tutorial=15

(1958: 191) (Scott, 2003, p.50) Simon states that a hierarchy of goals is established in which each level is "...considered as an end relative to the levels below it and as a means relative to the levels above it. Through the hierarchical structure of ends, behavior attains integration and consistency, for each member of a set of behavior alternatives is then weighted in terms of a comprehensive scale of values -- the "ultimate" ends. (Simon, 1997: 74) "In addition to simplifying decisions for participants in all these ways, organizations also support participants in the decisions they are expected to make.
WEER'S THEORY of UREAUCRACY

DESCRIPTION of THEORY

Scott (2003) notes that it was observed by Collins (1986) that there is nothing "...known in the field of organizations, perhaps in all sociology, than Weber's model of bureaucracy. It also happens that there is no more complete misunderstanding of a major sociological theory than…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scott, W. Richard (2003) Organizations; Rational, Natural and Open Systems. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Police Selection
The Selection Process for Aspirant State Police Officers

Becoming a police officer at the state level requires dedication, courage and tenacity. Indeed, the process for state officers can often be more streamlined, bureaucratic and selective than that engaged at the municipal or local levels. Therefore, becoming a State Trooper will call for a commitment to the recruitment, preparation, testing, and training processes that are streamlined and specific to each state. As the discussion here shows, there are a number of eligibility requirements, guidelines and expectations which can help the aspirant officer navigate the process.

According to the Law Enforcement Preparation Center (LEPC), the process of being hired into a department as a state level officer can actually take up to 9 months. This is because of the lengthy testing, monitoring and training periods which follow the acceptance of the candidate's application. According to the LEPC, "the requirements to be a…...

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Works Cited:

Indiana State Police (ISP). (2009). State Troopers. In.gov.

Law Enforcement Preparation Center (LEPC). (2010). How To Become a Police Officer in Your State. Passthepolicetest.com.

Learning Express Editors (LEE). (2010). Becoming a Police Officer: The Selection Process. Education.com.

Other evolutionary biologists suggest that environmental pressures can create a phenomenon whereby natural selection creates a rapid transformation within a species, not simply gradual change over time. It was believed that the rapid internal natural selection during 1982-1984 was due to the fact that the animal that fed upon the snail, the crab Carcinus maenas (L.) had entered into the area. nails with high- spierd shells were found to be far more vulnerable to this predator, as demonstrated in both field and research studies, which observed the crab's behavior with the two types of snails. nails with low-spierd shells, because of the increased overlap in their shells, are better defended from crab attacks. The crab had no presence within the area under study before 1900 but its numbers began to steadily increase after that date. The fact that the snail populations of high and low-spierd shells are not genetically…...

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Specifically, the article deals with a snail native to Northern New England known as Littorina obtusata. Researchers observed that the snail's shell shape and shell thickness had apparently altered in a noticeable fashion between the years 1871-1984. Because of the information available from previous research, scientists were able to discern that the shells of the snails that were harvested before 1900 were almost exclusively characterized by high-spierd, thick walls, versus the shells collected of a far more recent duration from 1982-84. These more recently gathered shells were largely characterized by low-spierd, thick walls. In one instance, the snails shells collected in Nahant, Appledore Island, or Isle au Haut prior to 1900 were higher- spierd and thinner than those collected in 1982-1984, showing a deviation of .9 within at most 86 generations, which is highly unusual in terms of the rapidity of morphological change.

The specific controversy the study of the snail was attempting to address was the contention by some evolutionary biologists that the gaps in fossil records are not due to natural selection within a species but are instead due to the development of entirely new species. Other evolutionary biologists suggest that environmental pressures can create a phenomenon whereby natural selection creates a rapid transformation within a species, not simply gradual change over time. It was believed that the rapid internal natural selection during 1982-1984 was due to the fact that the animal that fed upon the snail, the crab Carcinus maenas (L.) had entered into the area. Snails with high- spierd shells were found to be far more vulnerable to this predator, as demonstrated in both field and research studies, which observed the crab's behavior with the two types of snails. Snails with low-spierd shells, because of the increased overlap in their shells, are better defended from crab attacks. The crab had no presence within the area under study before 1900 but its numbers began to steadily increase after that date. The fact that the snail populations of high and low-spierd shells are not genetically isolated further confirmed the notion that rapid evolution through natural selection had taken place within the snail population.

This article used a highly specific, concentrated example to understand the mechanisms of rapid natural selection within a population. However, the thoroughness of its methodology and its use of both field and experimental research makes the conclusions of the authors convincing enough to be applied to a variety of scenarios. Snails with low-spierd shells were protected against attacks by the predatory crab in a manner in which their higher-spierd, thinner-shelled brothers and sisters were not. This ensured that low-spierd snails were able to produce more offspring, passing on their genetic material to later generations. The demonstrable speed with which this variation occurred provides important evidence in fleshing out the mechanisms through which natural selection may have occurred earlier in time and gives evolutionary biologists firmer ground in making assumptions about the trajectory of evolution in general.

Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that deserves attention because of the complexities involved with that selection. Sexual selection focuses on the idea that certain traits give competitors an edge. Studies around the world attempt to clarify the elements involved with this type of selection.
Probably the most fundamental explanation of sexual selection is that of choosing a mate that is most likely to survive and a mate that is fertile. But sexual selection goes deeper than that, making an interesting case of study. This paper will focus on female selection and try to examine the reasoning behind it.

Darwin realized that something else was going on when it came to mate selection, as demonstrated though the example of the male and female peacocks. Other examples to back this theory up are female finches zebra finches choosing male zebra finches whose legs were decorated with black or red bands as…...

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Works Cited

Burley, N. "Wild Zebra Finches Have Color-Band Preferences." Animal Behavior. Vol. 36. 1988.

Fisher, R.A. "The Evolution of Sexual Preference." Eugenics Review. Vol.7 1915.

Starr, Cecie. Biology, Concepts and Applications. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 1991.

Forest
Date and time of observations: May 13, 2017; 12 pm to 4 pm.

Why the setting was chosen: The selection of the setting was largely informed by the observer's interest in the setting. Also, the setting is unique, providing an opportunity to observe the natural world without interruption.

Description of the setting: The forest is located in central Utah. The property is expansive, covering more than one million acres. It features not only woods, but also wildlife, a lake, and rocks.

Observations:

Hear: A smooth breeze can be heard rustling through the woods. In the background, noises of various birds and animals can be heard. The noises are of birds and animals ranging from raccoons to vultures, beavers, hummingbirds, woodpeckers, and cougars. Movements of animals can also be heard.

Smell: The air is cool, clean, and refreshing. There is a slight smell of decaying animals in the air.

Touch: The ground is generally hard and…...

Evolutionay Undestanding of Physical Attaction and Mate Selection
Item Page

Financial stability

Physical attactiveness

Fequency Statistics

Oveall Analysis of Pefeences Effect

Factos Influencing Mate Choices

Financial stability

Physical attactiveness

Evolutionay Undestanding of Physical Attaction and Mate Selection

What factos would usually dive a peson to pefe one peson as a mate, to anothe? Ae thee any obsevable diffeences between the mate selection stategies employed by men, and those employed by women? A numbe of theoies have been put fowad to povide answes to these questions. Buss and Banes (1986), while making specific efeence to the Evolutionay Theoy, posit that the qualities women look fo in a potential mate diffe consideably fom those that men look fo. These diffeences, they suggest, manly accue fom the biological systemic diffeences between men and women, as well as the common belief that women age faste than men.

Women's fetility has been obseved to decease with age, and owing to this fact, men would often place…...

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references influence your mate choices. Your cooperation is well appreciated. Thank you.

1. What is your gender? (Please circle one) (GENDER)

a. Male = 1

b. Female = 2

c. Transgender = 3

Job Analysis Selection InterClean merged EnviroTech, a result, a strategic direction. The company longer sell cleaning products, provide full-service cleaning solutions organizations health care industry.
Job analysis and selection

As InterClean merged with EnviroTech, the resulting company is one with an increased operational complexity. Specifically, instead of simply selling cleaning products, the new firm would also be offering cleaning services to customers in the health care industry. This specifically means that the quality of the products and services delivered has to be of the utmost highest standards, in order to serve the extreme hygiene needs of the medical field.

In order for the company to succeed in its endeavors, it is necessary for it to adequately staff, train or otherwise manage the human resources. This necessity is pegged to the fact that the employees are the ones who create and sell the products, and also the ones who deliver the services. This means…...

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References:

Gross, J., 2009, What is workforce planning system? PayScale,   last accessed on December 20, 2010http://blogs.payscale.com/compensation/2009/10/what-is-a-workforce-planning-system.html 

Heathfield, S.M., Hiring employees: a checklist for success in hiring employees, About,   last accessed on December 20, 2010http://humanresources.about.com/cs/selectionstaffing/a/hiringchecklist.htm 

Employee selection process, Management Study Guide,   last accessed on December 20, 2010http://www.managementstudyguide.com/employee-selection-process.htm 

Practical steps to employee selection, University of California,   last accessed on December 20, 2010http://cnr.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-labor/7labor/02.htm 

Spielvogel, 2009).
Hobbes cites two ways to attain absolute monarchy; by institution and by acquisition. The first one is achieved by voluntary agreement among a multitude of people wherein the selection of the sovereign power is done through the casting of votes or similar. He states that the main reason why people want a commonwealth by institution is because of fear of one another; they want a greater power to dictate the direction where everyone should go to avoid the possibility of everyone going against everyone else due to their opposing points-of-view. On the other hand, the second one requires the use of force by the sovereign power wherein people subject themselves under him due to fear of death or any other punishment should they choose otherwise.

When a sovereign power is put into place whether by institution or by acquisition, Hobbes represents the commonwealth as The Leviathan which is an…...

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References

Hobbes, Thomas. Oxford World's Classics -- Thomas Hobbes Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Spielvogel, Jackson. Western Civilization (7th ed.). California: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2009.

....

Genetic Determinants of Complex Traits

The Role of Gene-Environment Interactions in the Development of Multifactorial Disorders
The Complexity of Polygenic Traits: Unraveling the Contribution of Multiple Genetic Variants
Epigenetics and Gene Expression: How Environmental Factors Influence Genetic Inheritance

Advancements in Genetic Technologies

The Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies on Genetic Research
CRISPR-Cas9 and Gene Editing: Ethical Considerations and Therapeutic Applications
Precision Medicine: Tailoring Treatments Based on Individual Genetic Profiles

Hereditary Diseases and Treatment

Genetic Testing for Hereditary Diseases: Implications for Prevention and Management
Gene Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Prospects
The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Treatment for Genetic Disorders

Genetic Diversity and....

Topic Idea 1: The Role of Nature and Nurture in Human Behavior

Discuss the relative contributions of genes and environment to human traits and behaviors.
Examine the interaction between genetics and upbringing, and how they shape personality, intelligence, and other characteristics.
Explore the ethical implications of understanding the role of nature and nurture in human behavior, particularly in the context of genetic testing.

Topic Idea 2: Nature vs. Nurture in Learning and Cognitive Development

Analyze the influence of genes and environment on cognitive abilities, such as language, memory, and problem-solving.
Discuss the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping intellectual development.
....

The Intriguing Enigma of the Panda's Black and White Fur: Unraveling its Significance

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), an iconic and enigmatic creature, captivates our imagination with its distinctive black and white fur pattern. This remarkable coloration has long intrigued scientists and naturalists, leading to a fascinating exploration into its origins, functions, and profound implications for the panda's survival.

Cryptic Camouflage: Blending into the Bamboo Forest

In the dense undergrowth of temperate bamboo forests, the panda's black and white fur provides an ingenious camouflage. The bold, contrasting patches disrupt the panda's outline, making it difficult for predators to discern its shape among the....