This gave NATO the pretext to engage in the Yugoslav conflicts, but it did not do so until 1995. In the intervening years, NATO used primarily diplomatic means of dealing with the situation. The organization at this point was assisting the United Nations, and eventually took at the role of enforcing sanctions against the combatants. During this time, the conflict continued unabated, as the sanctions had only nominal impact. If the objective of NATO had been to stop the conflict, that objective was not met at all during this time. However, there is little evidence that actually stopping the conflict was the objective. The objective of 'managing' the conflict can be interpreted in a number of ways, but from NATO's actions the organization simply did not want the conflict to expand into other parts of Europe. There was a significant ethnic element to the conflict, and of course some…...

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Works Cited

Clark, W. (1999). The United States and NATO: The way ahead. Parameters. Winter 1999-2000, pp. 2-14.

Durusn-Ozkanca, O. (2009). Rebuilding Kosovo: Cooperation or competition between the EU and NATO? EUSA Eleventh Biennial International Conference.

Gallis, P. & Morelli, V. (2008). NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved December 6, 2011 from http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?hl=en&q=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA485984%26Location%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm1g0hR4gG5yjBCwwAf94IKoPY2FGA&oi=scholarr

Haglund, D. (2011). North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). History.com. Retrieved December 6, 2011 from http://www.history.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato

In fact on page 86 Pane insists that NATO's counter-terrorism strategy "seems to be oscillating between the M (ar Model) and ECJM (Expanded Criminal Justice Model)." The problem is of the 19 nations in NATO, many members see the ECJM model as the best role for NATO and others (the most recent members) prefer the U.S. approach, a more vigorous pursuit of the insurgents.
Pane concludes by saying that the "…philosophical divide between west Europeans and the Americans within NATO over counter-terrorism strategy will persist and in all probability grow wider as NATO digs deeper in Afghanistan" (p. 86).

Meantime the Atlantic Council published an article in June, 2010, that states in no uncertain terms that "Today's NATO is not the NATO of the Cold ar…nor is it even the NATO of just a decade ago" (Gorka, et al., 2010, p. 1). The article goes into NATO's original mission in some…...

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Works Cited

Gorka, Sebastian, and Lindley-French, Julian. (2010). NATO, Terrorism and Irregular Threats.

Atlantic Council. Retrieved Nov. 3, 2010, from: http://www.acus.org/print/11383.

Rane, Prasad P. (2007). NATO's Counter-Terrorism Strategies in Afghanistan. Strategic Analysis, 31(1), 73-91.

Valasek, Tomas. (2001). NATO's New Roles: A Vision From Inside the Alliance. Center for Defense Information (CDI). Retrieved Nov. 4, 2010, from  http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/nato.cfm .

As it related to the cold war the research indicates that the Marshall Plan and NATO created a strong alliance between the democratic superpowers led by the United States. This alliance was unified in their endeavors to prevent the spread of communism.
eferences

THE MASHALL PLAN (1947). United States Department of State http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm

Agnew J. And Entrikin J.N. (2004) the Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. outledge: London.

Bonds J.B. (2002) Bipartisan Strategy: Selling the Marshall Plan. Praeger. Place of Publication: Westport, CT.

Carpenter T.G., Conry B. (2001) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and eality. Cato Institute: Washington, DC.

Cohen L.J., Moens a., Allen G. NATO and European Security: Alliance Politics from the End of the Cold War to the Age of Terrorism. Contributors:. Publisher: Praeger. Place of Publication: Westport, CT. Publication Year: 2003.

Duignan P.J. And Gann L.H. (1997) the Marshall Plan. The Hoover Institution. http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3550632.html

Haftendorn, H.K., (1996) NATO and the Nuclear evolution: A Crisis of Credibility,…...

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References

THE MARSHALL PLAN (1947). United States Department of State http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm

Agnew J. And Entrikin J.N. (2004) the Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. Routledge: London.

Bonds J.B. (2002) Bipartisan Strategy: Selling the Marshall Plan. Praeger. Place of Publication: Westport, CT.

Carpenter T.G., Conry B. (2001) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute: Washington, DC.

European states generally backed NATO and the U.S. In the fight against terrorism. However, the EU appeared to be skeptical a propos the principal aims of the war and highlighted the fact that they were only willing to assume responsibility for their own actions in Afghanistan, claiming that they were primarily interested in defending the concept of peace through eliminating the terrorist threat. In an attempt to support the Afghanistan intervention, the EU has focused on investing as little finances as possible concomitantly with committing an effective strategy meant to guarantee that its mission would not be impeded.

NATO authorities acknowledged the fact that Russia assistance should not be ignored and that the country played an essential role in the Afghanistan Intervention. Considering Russia's complex military system and that the country was close to the Middle Eastern strategic point, it seems natural that NATO was dedicated to have Putin join the…...

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Bibliography:

Cross, S. Russia's Relationship with the United States/NATO in the U.S.-led Global War on Terrorism, the Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 19: 2, 175 -- 192, p. 180.

Duffy, H. The "war on terror" and the framework of international law, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 133.

Sloan, S.R. NATO, the European Union, and the Atlantic community: the transatlantic bargain challenged. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 267.

H. Duffy, the "war on terror" and the framework of international law, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 133.

NATO Continuous Acquisition & Life-Cycle Support (CALS)
The paper commence with a brief background and definition for CALS followed by an introduction. Addressed next is a glance at the Multi-National Program perspective, view of the government, industrialists and business for CALS.

What is NATO CALS, its mission, basic components and polices are briefed in the next section. At the same time, how its goes digital is also highlighted briefly in the paper. From the Defense System (DS) perspective, to close overview of the Staged Process for Through Life Information Management (TLIM) and Life Information Management (LIM), gives a clear vision of how NATO Continuous Acquisition & Life-Cycle Support (CALS) should go about.

Background & Definition

Proposed in 1985, the United States Department of Defense introduced the Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support (CALS) in order to increase the digital product information use and; obtain and support defense systems.

Thus, CALS can be described as a combined…...

NATO Defense Against Terrorism
The objective of this study is to examine NATO's defense against terrorism and specifically to do so through examination of a PowerPoint presentation entitled "Financing of Terrorism -- Suicide Bombing" presented at the Center of Excellence -- Defense Against Terrorism: Ankara International Workshop May 24-25, 2007 and prepared by Nick idley, associate researcher, John Grieve Centre, London Metropolitan University.

NATO'S Counter-Terrorism eport

The NATO publication entitled "Countering Terrorism" relates that fighting terrorism is on the top of NATO's agenda. The 'Strategic Concept' and the 'Lisbon Summit Declaration' clearly state that terrorism is a threat that is real and formidable in terms of the Alliance's safety and security and the safety and security of the NATO Alliance members. NATO reports that terrorism by nature is "multifaceted" and because of this NATO acknowledges that this is a challenge that the international community had to address in cooperation.

The threats of terrorism are…...

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References

Countering Terrorism (2013) NATO. Retrieved from:  http://www.nato.int/ cps/en/SID-834E72CE-C2545290/natolive/topics_77646.htm?

Ridley, N> (2007) Financing of Terrorism -- Suicide Bombing. Centre of Excellence - Defence Against Terrorism Ankara International Workshop 24-25 May 2007.

The European security and defence policy (ESDP) aims to allow the Union to develop its civilian and military capacities for crisis management and conflict prevention at international level, thus helping to maintain peace and international security, in accordance with the United Nations Charter." The Petersberg type missions done in association with the WEU were among the first steps taken to increase the voice of Europe on the international scene in the matter of security capabilities. However, they were abandoned or at least left aside due to the increased desire to develop the Union's own military capabilities and to become a relevant partner in insuring world security.
The most important challenge for the European Defence however came once the option of the war in Iraq appeared. In 2003 it was clear that there were different opinions arguing for and against the U.S. led military intervention. In this sense "the Iraq crisis…...

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References

Bailes, a.J.K. (2005). The European Security Strategy. An Evolutionary History. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

Braillard, P. (2001). The Development of a Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP) by the European Union and its possible Consequences for Switzerland. Geneva Centre for Security Policy.

CFSP and ESDP. A History of Foreign Policy Coordination in the EU. (N.D.) Retrieved 15 February 2008, at  http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/kreppel/cfsp.pdf 

Europa. (2004) Euro-Mediterranean Partnership/Barcelona Process. External Relations. Retrieved 15 February 2008, at  http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/euromed/index.htm

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Communist Bloc, the states of Eastern Europe sought to reassert themselves as independent political entities. Milosevic presented many of his activities in a nationalist context. The moves toward "ethnic cleansing" were part of a larger campaign to solidify the new Yugoslavia as an ethnically homogenous Serb Christian state. The artificial order of Communism was going to be replaced by something of natural, domestic origin. The conflict between Christian and Muslim had been going on for centuries. Milosevic was merely attempting to achieve what others before him had not. Added to this particular brand of nativist reasoning was also the notion that Yugoslavia, along with other formerly communist Eastern European nations, should be permitted to govern its own affairs free of outside interference. At the time, in fact, many argued that a NATO intervention on the grounds of bringing a "better,"…...

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Works Cited

http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5014679475

Butfoy, Andrew. "The Rise and Fall of Missile Diplomacy? President Clinton and the "Revolution in Military Affairs" in Retrospect." The Australian Journal of Politics and History 52.1 (2006): 98+.

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24653099

Cigar, Norman. Genocide in Bosnia the Policy of "Ethnic Cleansing." 1st ed. College Station, TX: Texas a&M University Press, 1995.

NATO was founded in the post-WWII environment as a means of Western nations defending their interests against the Soviet Union. With the fall of the U.S.S.. and the ending of the Cold War, the role of NATO has changed, and to a point it is still going through those changes. The initial concept of NATO was to combine North America and Western Europe in military alliance, capable of and willing to respond with nuclear force if there were any Soviet attacks on its members. This was in response to the Soviet-backed overthrow of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia. By 1952, Mediterranean countries like Greece and Turkey were in NATO, which served as an extension of all nations with Western democratic values.
The first major operation after the end of the Cold War came in the Balkans in the 1990s. NATO at this time sought to preserve the security of its members…...

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References

Daniels, K. (2015). Russia prepares for dogfights with NATO over Syria. InfoWars. . Retrieved December 8, 2015 from  http://www.infowars.com/russia-prepares-for-dogfights-with-nato-over-syria/ 

NATO (2015). A short history of NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved December 8, 2015 from  http://www.nato.int/ history/nato-history.html

Jackson, R. (1997). NATO and peacekeeping. University of Cambridge.. Retrieved December 8, 2015 from

ussia NATO relations
ussia was among the main opponents of NATO countries and despite this there is a history of collaboration between NATO and ussia which dates way back in 1991.This was when ussia became part of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. The ussian Federation in 1994 took part in a project titled partnership for peace and in 1997; the founding act of the NATO-ussian council was signed in France. It was to cover issues regarding security, mutual relations and security between NATO and ussia. There was the establishment of a diplomatic mission from ussia to NATO in 1998.

The relations between ussia and NATO continued developing as a result of the establishment of NATO-ussia council in 2002. ussia is however not a member of NATO and is not interested in joining its ranks (Bohm, 2010).However, the ussian ministry of defense carries out joint exercises together with NATO, as well as rescue…...

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References

Vasilenkov, S. (2012). Russia no longer NATO's enemy? Retrieved May 8, 2013 from  http://english.pravda.ru/russia/politics/20-11-2012/122861-russia_nato-0/ 

Bohm, M. (2010). 5 Reasons Why Russia Will Never Join NATO. Retrieved May 8, 2013 from  http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/5-reasons-why-russia-will-never-join-nato/423840.html

S. led forces.
Also, another drawback for the plan set in place was precisely the cosmopolite nature of the forces. Indeed, the actions taken in Afghanistan enjoyed a wider international support by comparison to the war in Iraq. Nonetheless, the specificities of each group taking part in the international effort took their toll on the fluency of the activities. The lack of coordination can be considered as being a natural result of the limited amount of time had for the establishment of the contingencies taking part in the operations and for the ambiguous nature of the mandate they were given. From this point-of-view, the results even if they were important for the population, were less than expected.

NATO got involved in the wider project for reconstruction of Afghanistan also through the Senior Civilian Representative, "the political leadership of the Alliance in Kabul officially and publicly (and) provides a direct channel of communication…...

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Bibliography

The Afghanistan Compact." United Nations Website. London 31 January 2006. 7 December 2007 http://www.unama-afg.org/news/_londonConf/_docs/06jan30-AfghanistanCompact-Final.pdf?

Chesterman, Simon. "Tiptoeing Through Afghanistan: The Future of UN State-Building." International Peace Academy. 2002.

Evans, Michael. "Britain sends 1,500 more troops to Afghanistan." Times online. 23 February 2007. 7 December 2007  http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1431548.ece/ 

Fiscus, James W. America's War in Afghanistan. New York: Rosen Publishing, 2004.

Kennedys 1963 Europe TripKennedy felt the need to strengthen the Atlantic alliance in 1963 for a number of reasons. He was suspicious of Gen. De Gaulles motives in backing away from the alliance in so far as France appeared to be withdrawing from NATO and promising not to help NATO defend the West in the case of an attack from the East. De Gaulle had stated that he would not help pay for NATO, and Kennedy viewed that France was, in its own way, trying to divide the West. Pick described Kennedys viewpoint in 1963 by writing: the President has evidently become convinced that General de Gaulle will stop at virtually nothing to divide Western Europe from Britain and the US. His actions are considered to have gone beyond mere nuisance value. The US resents the fact that the French decision against paying for United Nations peace-keeping operations was recently…...

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References

Kennedy, J. F. (1961). Joint statement. Retrieved from  http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8171 

Kennedy, J. F. (1963). State of the Union. Retrieved from  http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9138 

Pick, H. (1963). Why Mr. Kennedy is in Europe. Retrieved from  https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2018/apr/20/why-jfk-is-in-europe-archive-june-1963

Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949 as part of the post-war effort among the nations of the West to work together to establish the peace. Throughout the Cold War, NATO was more of a symbol than an actual military alliance. It was not until the Cold War ended that the first joint military NATO operations were conducted. The first was in 1990 and the second in 1991—Anchor Guard and Ace Guard were NATO’s response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. The Gulf War that followed, based on Bush’s trumpeting of the same kind of unsubstantiated claims that his son would make with U.S.’s second Middle Eastern intervention, was the first demonstration of NATO’s force[footnoteRef:2]—i.e., NATO as a wing of the U.S. military and a kind of political and international justification and show of support for what Bush wanted to do to Saddam Hussein. Bush used NATO forces…...

NATO and ussia: Selected EssaysEssay #1\\\"NATO should not be considered the most successful military alliance in the history because it \\\"won\\\" the Cold War by default. Taking into consideration that Europe failed to field sufficient conventional military forces, the Cold War ended not because of effective Atlantic containment, but because of the internal demise of the Warsaw Pact and the USS.\\\" Discuss and opinionate. In your essay, explain, exemplify, and assess the impact of the considerable disagreements and dissent between the US and its European allies during the Cold War. What was the role of Transatlantic relations and of NATO in ending the Cold War? Explain and justify.Although many Americans and Western Europeans today believe that the primary catalyst for the end of the Cold War was President onald eagans call to the Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev in 1987 to, Tear down this wall, the actual causes are far more…...

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ReferencesBouchet, N. (2022, May 10). The Impact of the War in Ukraine on the Transatlantic Relationship. The German Marshall Fund. Retrieved from org/news/impact-war-ukraine-transatlantic-relationship.Guyer, J. (2022, March 25). NATO was in crisis. Putin’s war made it even more powerful. Vox. Retrieved from  https://www.vox.com/22994826/nato-resurgence-biden-trip-putin-ukraine .Hammons, S. (2015, July 29). Reagan’s 1987 UN speech on ‘alien threat’ resonates now. CultureReady. Retrieved from https://www.cultureready.org/blog/reagans-1987-un-speech-alien-threat-resonates-now.https://www.gmfus.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Evolution of NATO-Russia Relations: From Strategic artnership to New Cold War:
This essay would explore the trajectory of NATO-Russia relations from the fall of the Soviet Union to the present day. It would examine the key events and turning points that have led to the current tensions, including the eastward expansion of NATO, the Russia-Georgia War of 2008, and the annexation of Crimea in 2014.

2. NATO's Enlargement Dilemma: Balancing Russian Concerns with Eastern European Security:
The essay would analyze NATO's enlargement policy and its impact on relations with Russia. This topic would delve into the reasons behind Eastern European countries' desire for NATO membership, Russia's perception of NATO expansion as a security threat, and the implications for regional stability.

3. Cybersecurity and Hybrid Warfare: The New Frontline between Russia and NATO:
This essay would examine how cyberattacks and hybrid warfare tactics have become central in the confrontation between Russia and…...

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Primary Sources

Russia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. \"Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation.\" Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 30 Nov. 2016. Web.

NATO. \"Brussels Summit Declaration.\" NATO Press Release (2018) 074, 11 Jul. 2018. Web.

Putin, Vladimir. \"Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy.\" President of Russia, 10 Feb. 2007. Web.

The North Atlantic Treaty, 04 Apr. 1949. NATO,

Lavrov, Sergey. \"Russia’s Foreign Policy in a Historical Perspective.\" Russia in Global Affairs, 23 Mar. 2016. Web.

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm.

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