Evolution of the United States through from the Perspective of Native AmericansMost modern Americans are unable to appreciate the profound and lasting impact that the arrival of English colonists in the early 17th century would have on the indigenous people of North America. Indeed, although the scientific community remains divided about the precise date, most authorities agree that Native Americans arrived in North America more than 30,000 years ago, thereby making their claims to these lands original and legally superior to all others (Higham 2020). Nevertheless, many Native Americans welcomed the early English colonists and even helped them win their independence from Great Britain (Arnold 2020). Likewise, some Native American nations even fought for the preservation of the Union during the Civil War despite aggressive efforts by the South to recruit them first (Nishikawa 2022).Moreover, despite assertions to the contrary by early English settlers that Native Americans were just primitive…...

Introduction One of the most disturbing aspects of life as a Native American is the fact that this population suffers from historical trauma—the trauma of having lost their land, their way of life, and essentially their freedom to self-determination when the American colonies began to assert themselves and push the Natives off their land. The Cherokee were expelled from the East, for instance, by the Indian Removal Act in the 19th century, and countless more were slaughtered in brutal territorial wars of conquest as the US expanded westward. Historical trauma is a real struggle for this invisible minority (Brown-Rice). It has led to a deterioration of mental health among Native Americans, who in turn now suffer from alcoholism, substance abuse and a lack of access to adequate mental health care (Hartmann and Gone). Compared to other ethnicities and racial groups, Native Americans experience higher lifetime substance abuse rates. There are many…...

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Works Cited

Alexie, Sherman. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. NY: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.

Alexie, Sherman. Flight: A Novel. New York: Black Cat, 2007.

Brown-Rice, Kathleen. "Examining the Theory of Historical Trauma Among Native Americans." Professional Counselor 3, no. 3 (2013).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “American Indian and Alaska Native death rates nearly 50 percent greater than those of non-Hispanic whites.” CDC, 2014.  

Garrett, Mario D., et al. "Mental health disorders among an invisible minority: Depression and dementia among American Indian and Alaska Native elders." The Gerontologist 55.2 (2015): 227-236.

Hartmann, William E., and Joseph P. Gone. "Psychological?mindedness and American Indian historical trauma: Interviews with service providers from a Great Plains reservation." American Journal of Community Psychology 57.1-2 (2016): 229-242.

Krogstad, J. “One-in-four Native Americans and Alaska Natives are living in poverty.” Pew Research, 2014.  http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/13/1-in-4-native-americans-and-alaska-natives-are-living-in-poverty/ 

Mental Health America. “Native and Indigenous Communities and Mental Health.”https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0422-natamerican-deathrate.html 

History 105 American Colonial Diversity and Marginalization of Oppressed Groups
It is often said that history is written by the winners. In the case of early American history, this is also true. Although America’s founding settlers, much like the Founding Fathers of the new nation, are often portrayed as enthusiastic proponents of liberty, the truth is far more complicated. Although the New World did offer greater social mobility to some groups than did the original Mother Country from which so many settlers came, a new form of social immobility, partially based upon race was instituted in many ways, which disenfranchised African Americans and Native Americans.
Economics and Race
The New World colonies were founded for diverse reasons, and this is reflected in their evolution. Geography, the character of the settlers, and a number of other critical social and historical factors ensured that the colonies evolved in very diverse ways. For example, the early English…...

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Works Cited

Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty. New York: W.W. Norton, 2011.

Foner, Eric. Voices of Freedom. New York: W.W. Norton, 2016.

Black Elk utilizes his visions to create understanding of nearly all things he is later exposed to. The discussion in closing will further illuminate his utilization of vision, to ask for help for his people in a time of crisis.
To discuss the vertical model of artistic communication it is difficult to narrow the filed to just one example, as Native American literature, and to a lesser degree film have become somewhat prolific as genres. Two authors who build upon this tradition are Scott Momaday and Alexie Sherman as they are significant and prolific writers of Indian tradition. Each has written and published several works, including a variety of genres, that all attempt to translate the oral traditions of their nations into a written form that contains the expression of the oral tradition.

In Alexie Sherman's collection of short stories, the Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven he offers a…...

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Works Cited

Allison, Sherry R., and Christine Begay Vining. "Native American Culture and Language." Bilingual Review (1999): 193.

Bluestein, Gene. Poplore: Folk and Pop in American Culture. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104248317

Churchill, Ward. Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003.

While I understand the journalistic merit of your entry, I object to your having observed such atrocities while standing idly by and doing nothing. Therefore, I consider you complicit in these acts.
It seems as if those colonists that you observed took great pleasure in babies "hacked to pieces in the presence of the parents, and the pieces thrown into the fire and in the river." You, too, may have believed such practices crucial to the survival of the colonies. What hypocrisy, that the settlers would travel so far to flee tyranny only to dole it out to others -- let alone to babies. That you could bear to write down the events in your personal journal without a shred of remorse spilling onto the page is remarkable and suggests you and your fellow settlers may be truly…...

Native American trickster tales "Coyote, Skunk and the Prairie Dogs," and "Owlwoman and Coyote" and "Walden," by Henry David Thoreau. Specifically it will look at the depiction of the interactions of humans and nature, their similarities and differences, and what relevance the depictions have for Americans today.
HOW HUMANS INTERACT WITH NATURE

Walden" is often called Thoreau's ode to his beliefs - he wrote in while he spent over two years in a cabin on Walden Pond, about a mile away from Concord, Massachusetts. He did see friends and go into town occasionally during his solitary life, but for the most part, he lived apart, wrote, and philosophized.

His time there was serene, and he said, "Both place and time were changed, and I dwelt nearer to those parts of the universe and to those eras in history which had most attracted me. Where I lived was as far off as many…...

Mary Rowlandson, Hannah Dustin, and Mary Jamison coped with captivity in their own way. The stories of their captivity revealed the great variety of customs among native American through the greatly different treatment afforded to the three women. Depending on the customs of the tribe that they encountered, or the specific political situation, each of the women was treated differently as either prisoners of war, slaves, or adopted as family members. Natives took captives in order to show their resistance to the settler's occupation of their land, as a custom to increase the members of their tribe, or even for monetary gain.
Mary hite Rowlandson, wife of Puritan minister Joseph Rowlandson, was captured by native Americans in February of 1676. During this time, King Philip, the leader of the ampanoag tribe of southern Massachusetts organized a rebellion against the incursion of white settlers on native land. In total 23 settlers were…...

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Works Cited

About.com. Mary White Rowlandson, Women's History. 12 April 2004.  http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_mary_rowlandson.htm 

Cook, Tom. Mary Jemison. Glimpses of the Past, People, Places, and Things in Letchworth Park History.

12 April 2004.  http://www.letchworthparkhistory.com/jem.html 

HannahDustin.com. The Story of Hanna Dustin/Duston of Haverhill, Massachusetts. 12 April 2004. http://www.hannahdustin.com/hannah_files.html

The politics were simple. The Government and the settlers had all the power, ultimately the Natives did not, and so, the settlers and the government subjugated the Natives and forced them into treaties that only served the European settlers. Another writer notes, "In 1983 ichard White argued in the oots of Dependency that Euro-Indian relations in various parts of North America had in common the 'attempt... By whites to bring Indian resources, land, and labor into the market.'"
Of course, they brought them into that "market" on their own terms most often, rather than that of the Natives.

Joseph Brant - Mohawk leader - British Army officer - Studied at "Moor's Indian Charity School - Translator for Department of Indian Affairs - esponsible for restoring lands to the Mohawk people.

Wampum belt - Fashioned from seashells - Used as money or for trade - Given during times of peace making - Means…...

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References

Editors, First World. Voyager's World, (2009), (  9 Feb. 2009.http://www.tfo.org/television/emissions/rendezvousvoyageur/en/world/context/firstnations.html )

Hatfield, April Lee. "Colonial Southeastern Indian History." Journal of Southern History 73, no. 3 (2007): 567+.

Konkle, Maureen. Writing Indian Nations: Native Intellectuals and the Politics of Historiography, 1827-1863. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

Editors, First World. Voyager's World, (2009), (

Visits home were frowned upon and discouraged, and most Indian families could not afford to pay for the long journey home from the schools, so children remained there year-round until their schooling was complete in many cases.
However, many families did see the worth of a formal education for their children. Author Child notes, "Still, many Ojibwe parents, persuaded of the importance of an education or learning a trade for their child's future, would have agreed with the North Dakota father whose son and daughter attended Flandreau when he expressed his desire for their success in school and wish to keep them there, 'as much as we can stand it'" (Child 54). These parents often hoped their children would receive an education, but also learn a trade, so they could make their way in the world as adults. In theory, children attended school for half the day, and then learned…...

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References

Child, Brenda J. Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.

Coleman, Michael C. American Indian Children at School, 1850-1930. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1993.

Editors. "Native Languages of the Americas: Chippewa." Native Languages.org. 2008. 5 Dec. 2008.  http://www.native-languages.org/chippewa.htm .

Meyer, Melissa L. Ethnicity and Dispossession at a Minnesota Anishinaabe Reservation, 1889-1920. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

NEGPAInsights on Native American Graves Protection and epatriation Act (NAGPA)What it isOne of the crucial issues that Messenger and Bender (2019) highlight relate to the Native American Graves Protection and epatriation Act (NAGPA). From the onset, it would be prudent to note that this happens to be an instrumental federal law in efforts to ensure that fairness, respect, and dignity is observed in the treatment of any ancestrys human remains and various cultural items. Indeed, as the National Park Service NPS (2019) points out, one instrumental/pivotal aspect of this particular statute happens to be the acknowledgement that human remains and other cultural items removed from Federal or tribal lands belong, in the first instance,tolineal descendants, Indian Tribes, and Native Hawaiian organizations.elevanceAccording to the NPS (2019), one of the greatest benefits of this particular federal law is that it facilitates respectful return. This, as the NP further points out, enhances understanding…...

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ReferencesMessenger, P.M. & Bender, S.J. (2019). History and Approaches to Heritage Studies. University Press of Florida. National Park Service –NPS (2019). Facilitating Respectful Return.  https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/index.htm

......starting around noon, I visited the art gallery at the Woolaroc property. The property itself is a sprawling celebration of the landscape and wildlife unique to this part of North America: there are herds of buffalo on the property although we did not get to see any when we arrived. I headed straight to the gallery, which is locally renowned for its collection of paintings from the Taos group. Many of the artists on display I had heard of before, and was eager to encounter first hand and was not disappointed. Although I relished the paintings themselves for their objective aesthetic beauty, I came away from the experience with profound mixed feelings about the way Native Americans have been appropriated for use as subjects by white artists.
The objectification of Indians in European-American art parallels their subjugation as a people. Caldwell (n.d.) points out the "longstanding history and tradition of America's…...

Native American elder discussed on page 13 in the text is a peculiar one. However, the employment of the five-axis diagnosis provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides a good deal of information about what sort of issues this elderly man is dealing with. One of the facets of this manual that I would readily utilize is the capacity to use a provisional diagnosis and defer full diagnosis until later, so that I could properly gather more information than that which is provided in the text regarding his ailments.
The first axis is for clinical disorders except those pertaining to personality disorders and mental retardation (APA, 2013, p. 28). Again, based on the information at hand, I would make a provisional diagnosis that the client is suffering from clinical depression, perhaps in some part due to the fact that he was previously an alcoholic. In John…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Marszalek, J. (No date). DSM. Diagnosis and Assessment.

Indian Education
Although sometimes it goes unrecognized, ethnicity or other superficial prejudices can help to determine an individual's role in a group or community. For example, in a community that is predominately white, those who are among this majority will often receive the most opportunities. Although this does not necessarily guarantee their success, those individuals in the majority will often have the first chance to fulfill the desirable roles. By contrast, individuals within the minority might commonly receive a mediocre education as well as more obstacles to have the same opportunities as other groups; sometimes these obstacles are virtually insurmountable. The feeling of unfairness and inequality can led many students who are disadvantaged to give up or drop out and their futures do not have the same probability for success. In the short story "Indian Education" by Sherman Alexie, the author tells a story in which the stereotypes that people acquire,…...

America has long held on to the beliefs of its past. Built on slavery and oppression, the United States of America dealt with people of color by enslaving them, segregating them, and now deporting them. hile the U.S. is constantly working on ending racism in its borders, there still exists a racial/immigrant problem among the people residing in the country. Furthermore, there is a growing class issue where the top 1% earn the most money with the rest earning very little. hat has America become? Is it a land of opportunity for everyone or is it still a place of institutionalized racism where only white people are granted real power and privilege?
Institutionalized racism has existed in the U.S. for centuries. It began in colonial America with the introduction of black, African slaves. hite settlers needed a way of keeping black slaves under their control and remove some of the guilt…...

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Works Cited

Aghai, Vahab. America's Shrinking Middle Class. Authorhouse, 2014.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Between the World and Me. 2015.

Gulati-Partee, Gita, and Maggie Potapchuk. "Paying Attention to White Culture and Privilege: A Missing Link to Advancing Racial Equity." The Foundation Review, vol. 6, no. 1, 2014.

Habib, Rafey. A History of Literary Criticism and Theory: From Plato to the Present. Blackwell Pub, 2008.

Indeed, the period now spanning the so-called Modern Era and the Industrial Revolution has been dependent upon humanity taming and turning nature to our own ends. This has led to a process whereby we downplay the natural world and of native peoples in general who live in a more harmonious fashion with their surrounding world. hile this process, especially during the Industrial Age, has led to dehumanization process and it has also led to a cheapening of human life in general as well. One can therefore see in New Age approaches to nature (and religion) that there is a hunger to rediscover an intra-natural balance that was lost in the last few centuries. By studying and internalizing these myths and their moral lessons, we can recapture this lost balance. The author compared these other approaches and built upon what we learned in class, especially by comparing and contrasting and…...

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Works Cited

Brightman, Robert Alain. (2002). "there was just animals before." Grateful Prey: Rock

Cree Human-Animal Relationships (pp. 38-76). Regina, Saskatchawan: Canadian Plains Research Center.

Ibid. (2002). "they come to be like human." Grateful Prey: Rock

Cree Human-Animal Relationships (pp. 38-76). Regina, Saskatchawan: Canadian Plains Research Center.

Congratulations on your entry into grad school. Because of its astounding geography, the Grand Canyon would make a fascinating topic for your master’s thesis.  Hopefully, you will have plenty of opportunities to visit it while you are in Arizona, though it looks like access is currently limited because of a combination of COVID-19 restrictions and normal winter access restrictions. 

Geography is a fairly broad area of study and focusing on the Grand Canyon as an example of arid-land erosion is probably not the kind of through-provoking material that you want for a master’s thesis.  Fortunately, its immense size....

In the book Indian Horse by Richard Wagamese, the author describes a Native American child and his family who retreat into the woods in order to avoid the child being taken from them and raised away from the family, which was happening not just to members of their Ojibway nation, but to Native Americans across the country.  The book is a fictional novel, but is based in the historical fact that not only were Native Americans forcibly removed from their ancestral lands throughout North America, but were also subjected to having their children stolen from....

In turn-of-the-century America, there were some major civil rights advances for some groups, while other groups saw no advances in their civil rights and even saw advances that had been made begin to erode.  The time period was well after the end of the Reconstruction era and the beginning of Jim Crow laws, the rise of the suffragette movement, and a continued assault on rights for Native Americans.  There was also a significant increase in anti-Asian discrimination. Here are some suggested titles and thesis statements for an essay about civil rights in this era.

Essay Title....