So denotes Hobsbawm in considering the era of revolutionary independence. Here, Hobsbawm asserts that nationalism "aimed to extend the scale of human social, political and cultural units: to unify and expand rather than to restrict and separate. This is one reason why Third-world national liberation movements found the 19th century traditions, both liberal and revolutionary-democratic, so congenial. Anti-colonial nationalists dismissed, or at least subordinated, 'tribalism', 'communalism' or other sectional and regional identities as anti-national, and serving the well-known imperialist interests of 'divide and rule'." (Hobsbawm, p. 2)
This indicates that nationalism is not the imperative driving independence so much as the assertion of its existence is an instrument for helping to justify entitlement to this independence. In many ways, this concept of nationalism is countered in the exhaustive text by Smith (2010), which instead concedes to defining nationalism according to the traits superficially attributed thereto. For instance, Smith indicates that…...

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Works Cited:

Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso.

Gellner, E. & Breuily, J. (2006). Nations and Nationalism. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.

Guibernau, M. & Rex, J. (2010). The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Polity Press.

Hobsbawm, E. (1991). Address. American Anthropological Association.

This had a great role among the European people as it provided the people a sense of community. This means that Europeans felt a sense of belonging to a community. At the same time nationalism fosters a sense of tradition within the Europeans. Through nationalism a set of moral standards were impacted among the people that ensured that the people were morally upright and act according to what is required of them morally.
Europeans also derived a sense of motivation when it came to engaging in political activities. This means that they took part in politics and leadership role with their focus centered on uplifting their nation among other nations that broke away and give a justification to their political system (The Expansion Factor, Inc.2010).

It is worth noting as well that nationalism contributed significantly in the establishment of the democracy across Europe during the 20th century. Nationalism was a catalyst…...

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Reference

Matic D., (1999). Understanding the role of nationalism in "new democracies." Retrieved February 25, 2013 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10402727 

Mentzel, P. (2013).Eastern Europe Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Retrieved February 25, 2013 from  http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=372

The various branches of the American military, for example, have their own form of nationalism that is represented by hard power and military supremacy. This does not mean that nationalism must be necessarily political in nature, but often the two are tied together due to the ease in which they go hand in hand. This can be said of geography as well, especially political geography.
Often, political geography is mistaken for being the same as cultural identity, particularly when language comes into question. In countries that contain minority language speakers in large concentrations, such as Quebec, Canada or Basque, Spain, the various cultural differences inherent in native language is typically seen as the dominant factor of identity. Geography can play a large factor in student identity as well, however, and cannot be discounted, even amongst communities that have several languages within a small area, Queens, New York for example. The…...

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Work Cited

Schlosser, Kolson; White, George; Leib, Johnathon; Dalby, Simon. (2011) Nationalism in geography classrooms: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Geography, doi: 10.1080/00221341.2011.540252

This is because the ideas of self-determination would help inspire large numbers of people who shared a common identity and values. Yet, because they were being oppressed for whatever reasons these common ideas would fuel thoughts of self-determination. This is significant because this was the intention of all corresponding revolutions. However, this would morph into something more twisted. In many ways this would help fuel the rise of nationalism throughout Europe, as these ideas of self-determination were spread by Napoleon. At which point, his policies and unpopularity would support the rise of German nationalism. This is important because this would rival French nationalism and would result in a number of different wars (the most notable being World War II). While simultaneously, Russian nationalism would quickly rise from the ideas of communism. Where, the Soviet Union would be an ally of Germany and the West. This was because both Germany…...

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Bibliography

A Short Overview of Russian History. 2008. Study Russian.   (accessed April 201, 2010).http://www.studyrussian.com/history/history.html 

Marquis de Lafayette. 2003. The American Revolution.   (accessed April 20, 2010).http://americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/lafayett.htm 

Nationalism. 2010. Answers.com.   (accessed April 20, 2010).http://www.answers.com/topic/nationalism 

The Impact of the French Revolution. 2004. Cambridge. (accessed April 20, 2010).http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521579117&ss=exc

By the end of the century, many world leaders began to reject the ideals of nationalism. Instead of stressing responsibility to one's country, they began to stress responsibility to the world. In fact, the world economy was subject to globalization, and growing concerns about the effects of environmental pollution on all of the people in the world ushered in a growing sense of cosmopolitanism. However, that does not mean that nationalism died out. On the contrary, many Western nations continued to engage in a sort of cultural nationalism, in which they linked financial and other forms of aid for foreign countries to certain cultural conditions. In addition, though many countries discussed a global agenda, the majority continued to promote national interests at the cost of others, especially third-world nations.

Today, nationalism continues to be a force for divisiveness. In almost every setting, nationalism is touted as a source of unity, but…...

" (Githens-Mazer, 2007)
2. Use of Figures Labeled Martyrs in the Contemporary Discourse Regarding the Nationalist Movement

The concepts of nationalism and the effects of Nationalism on language are stated to be based on Joshua Fishman's essays entitled: "The Nature of Nationalism" and "the Impact of Nationalism on Language Learning and Language Planning." (Sharon, 1995) Sharon states that Nationalism is defined by Fishman (1972) as "the organizationally heightened and elaborated beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of societies acting on behalf of their avowed ethnocultural self-interest." Nationalism and Nationism were distinguished by Fishman (1972). Nationalism is stated to contain three components:

1) the expansion or generalizing of the perceived ethno cultural characteristics;

2) the stress on the recognition and importance of these characteristics; and 3) an emphasis on the past traditions, values and symbols normally preserved by the lower classes. (Sharon, 1995)

Nationalist movements are stated by Sharon (1995) to generally "originate among the educated sector of…...

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Bibliography

Githens-Mazer, Jonathan (2007) Ethno-Symbolism and the Everyday Resonance of Myths, Memories and Symbols of the Nation. Everyday Life in World Politics and Economics. International Conference - Centre for International Studies, LSE, Penryn, Cornwall, 11 May 2007.

Sharon, (unknown) (1995) Title Not Stated: Chapter 2. Online available at http://ponce.inter.edu/vl/tesis/sharon/chap1.html

Martyrdom (2009) Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Accessed March 28, 2009. Online available at  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/martyrdom 

Views from a Former Christian Conservative (2004) rghojai. Daily Kos 6 Nov 2004. Online available at  http://www.dailykos.com/story/2004/11/7/2421/07447

So, elgium chose a proportional representation system in 1899 in order to avoid a permanent confrontation between the two sides.
The sub-societies of elgium recognize and respect each other and they all agree on a principle of self-organization. The elgian government is based on a principle of mutual recognition of the segments, and permanent compromises between them to spread over public goods (Lijpharrt, 1977).

The federalization of the state was another consequence of the split of elgium in two. Regions managed to gradually have more independence in the federations, convincing traditional political parties to grant more competences to the regions, so that they could manage their problems themselves. This led to the situation that the elgium state is more an empty framework, than a state as the classical definition. The decision-making process is made at regional level, while policies are implemented to one of the two segments of nation, while central…...

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Bibliography

Brass, Paul R. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, New Dehli: Sage, 1991;

Crawford Young, M, Revisiting nationalism and ethnicity in Africa, UCLA International Institute, James S. Coleman Memorial Lecture Series, 2004;

Deprez, K. And Vos, L.(eds.), Nationalism in Belgium, Shifting Identities, 1780-1995, London:MacMillan, 1998;

Lijphart, a., Democracy in Plural Societies: a comparative exploration, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977;

Figueiredo posits that ambiguity regarding the leader's intentions is the key factor which determines whether a leaders is successful in inciting and ethnic group to violence.
Leaders who are "Gambling for Ressurrection" are unpopular leaders who have little to lose and much to gain by inciting conflict. However, Figueiredo astutely notes that unpopular leaders often hold little credibility among the citizenry, especially when the leaders are asking them to bear the costs of ethnic violence against their fellow citizens.

Figueiredo posits that unpopular leaders can be successful when there are aggravating factors which enhance the plausibility of the leader's threats to an uninformed citizenry.

These aggravating conditions are certain power and informational conditions that induce a rational person to rule out the possibility that the leader's threats are bogus.

Figueiredo observes that "Generating sufficient support for ethnic conflict requires a particular interaction with the opponents, which can lie beyond the leader's control."

ecause the…...

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Bibliography

Keith Darden. Resisting Occupation: Mass Literacy & the Creation of Durable National Loyalties. New York: Cambridge University Press (2011)

Michael Hechter. Containing Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).

James D. Fearon, "Rationalist Explanations for War." International Organization 43:3, p. 379-414 (1995).

Rui J.P. de Figueiredo and Barry R. Weingast. "The Rationality of Fear: Political Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict": Civil Wars, Security, and Intervention, ed. Barbara F. Walter and Jack Snyder. New York: Columbia University Press (1999)

Nationalism & Ethnic Conflict
Nationalism and the Modern Nation State: Two Critical Readings

In Umut Ozkirimli's work, entitled Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, the author attempts to come to grips with the idea of how ethnicity functions in the construction of modern nation states. In early, primordial history, nationality and nationhood could be taken as virtually synonymous. However, with the increasingly complex global and geo-political reality, ethnicity has become one of the most complex yet core claim of any particular new nation's defense of its right to exist. Ozkirimli discusses the importance of "ethno-symbolism," suggesting that ethnicity is often of an equally symbolic importance as it is of practical importance in creating a functional nation. (167)

In his chapter on the subject, Ozkirimli quotes the theorist John Armstrong, who suggests that the idea that particular group people inherently form an ethnic unit should not necessarily be taken as an historical fact. Modern…...

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Works Cited

Ozkirimili, Umut. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Foreword by Fred Halliday. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. pg. 167-233

Kaufman, Stuart J. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2001, pg ix-x, 1-48.

It reads: "esolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved," (Jensen 20). Yet it soon became clear that there was a need for some strength in a centralized federal government in terms of foreign relations and trade. Thus, the Articles were revised and the Constitution was written around ten years after the actual evolution. The Constitution allowed for states to keep elements of their sovereignty, but also included stronger federal power that could be used to help regulate the states and deal with foreign relations and trade. Yet even the creation of the very document that was supposed to unite them, "From the start of the new government under the…...

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References

Jensen, Merrill G. (1951). Regionalism in America. University of Wisconsin Press. Retrieved using Questia.com scholarly library December 13, 2009.

They offer a very insightful and at the same time entertaining view on nations and nationalisms as each of them tend to argue a different point-of-view.
Ernest Gellner is considered to be a theorist of the modern comprehension of the idea of nationalism. In this sense, one of the most important aspects of his theory revolves around the discussion of several time periods. More precisely, he advocated the belief that the society was in its history split in three major eras: "The hunter-gatherer; the agro-literate, and the industrial" (Revision Notes, n.d.). This is a consideration of the history of our civilization from an economic point-of-view which has an echo at the political level as well. Before moving any further it must be said from the beginning that Gellner takes on a different approach which includes this differentiation from an economic point-of-view and consider that in fact nations were born at…...

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Works Cited

Hobsbawm, E. (1962) the age of revolution. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Kissinger, H. (1995) Diplomacy. London: Simon & Schuster.

Mccrone, D. (1998) the Sociology of Nationalism: Tomorrow's Ancestors. London: Rutledge.

Nationalism Studies information Clearinghouse. (2007) the Nationalism Project. Accessed 18 July 2008, at  http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/Bodypage.html

In “Flagging the Homeland Daily,” the author shows how nationalism and patriotism are constructed in subtle, daily ways. The physical symbol of the flag is a visible reminder of nationalism, but itself not sufficient for the deep and meaningful ways nationalism is inculcated. Nationalism is inculcated through daily discourse, in words, phrases, and gestures that are often taken for granted. Even if nationalism on an overt level is no longer in vogue, a more “banal” type of nationalism has taken its place, according to Billig. This banal nationalism is “not necessarily benign,” which is the author’s central argument throughout the text (p. 94). For example, the citizens of nation-states still have an us-them mentality, conveyed through the discursive meanings of seemingly innocent terms like “the people,” (p. 94). It is difficult to recognize these subtle forms of brainwashing because they have become habits of speech. The mass media is of course…...

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Works Cited

Billig, Michael. “Flagging the Homeland Daily.”

Because of the laws prohibiting individuals from working anywhere but 'home' and the fact that the war he fought in was supposed to be for a national identity and home, home provides such a potent, gripping force for Halid that he does not leave his own town, even though he knows his 'friends' desire to kill him. The idea of friends is now confusing, as the Christians he once called friends before the war now loathe the sight of him. Thus the skill of Homecoming is that it shows the paradox of national identity. The power that we invest in the concept of home and national self-determination often kills us, and kills our sense of self, even though it is supposed to provide these essential elements of our character. National identity and familial ties are not so powerful that they can erase the memory of wartime atrocities committed on a…...

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Works Cited

LAmerica." Directed by Gianni Amellio. 1994.

Miss Sarajevo." Directed by Bill Carter. 1993.

Radojcic, Natasha Homecoming. Random House, 2005.

Nationalism and Its Importance in the Development of Nations in the 1900s
Nationalism is considered as the proliferation of a homogenous political identity to a community that is bounded by a territory through various means of communication. In some cases, nationalism is described as the feeling of patriotic zeal for an individual's country. Nationalism was a common factor in the development of nations in the 1900s that also contributed to the First orld ar. This concept played a crucial role in the development of nations in the 1900s by developing a sentiment that bounded large groups of people on the idea that they have certain things in common such as religion, culture, and ethnicity. However, the modern concept of nationalism is based on a sense of common national identity. Given the patriotic fervor it generates, nationalism played a significant role in the development of nations in the 1900s.

The Concept of Nationalism

Nationalism…...

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Works Cited

Best, Antony. The International History of East Asia, 1900 -- 1968: Trade, Ideology and the Quest for Order. New York: Routledge, 2010. Print.

Burke, Matthew. "Liberal Nationalism's Role in the Development of the German Nation-State." Historia. Eastern Illinois University, n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2015. .

Lewis, Dakota. "Nationalism in Europe 1815-1900." Prezi. Prezi Inc., 31 Jan. 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. .

O'LEARY, BRENDAN. "On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism." British Journal of Political Science 27 (1997): 191-222. Print.

Effectively, then, the insurgency is leftist, and in the cases of these films, the left wins, either by proxy or by morality and the world is once again a better place.
EFEENCES and WOKS CONSULTED

Braudy, L. And M. Cohen, eds., (2009). Film Theory and Criticism. Oxford University

Press.

Burgoyne, . (2010). Film Nation: Hollywood Looks at U.S. History. University of Minnesota Press.

Hayward, S. (2006). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. outledge.

Santas, C. (2007). The Epic in Film: From Myth to Blockbuster. owman and Littlefield.

TAILES and PEVIEWS

Brown, Todd. (2007). "Footage from Taras Bulba." Twitch. Cited in:

http://twitchfilm.net/news/2007/11/first-footage-from-russian-epic-taras-bulba-positively-stuns.php

"Cossack Brotherhood." (1962). Taras Bulba. Cited in:

http://www.tcm.com/video/videoPlayer/?cid=253615&titleId=17795

"Lion of the Desert." (1981). Film Clip. Cited in:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081059/

"Michael Collins," (1986). Cited in:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117039/

"Taras Bulba." (1962). Cited in:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056556/plotsummary

"The Patriot." (1998). Cited in: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120786/

"The Patriot." (1998) Film Clips. Cited in:

http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=336714&contentTypeId=130&category=trailer

"V for Vendetta." (2005). Film Clips. Cited in:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0434409/

It is also interesting to note that over time, the focus of the insurgency theme changes. In the examples…...

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REFERENCES and WORKS CONSULTED

Braudy, L. And M. Cohen, eds., (2009). Film Theory and Criticism. Oxford University

Press.

Burgoyne, R. (2010). Film Nation: Hollywood Looks at U.S. History. University of Minnesota Press.

Hayward, S. (2006). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge.

Title: The Impact of Global Wars on Societies: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons

Introduction:
Global wars have shaped world history, leaving indelible imprints on societies and cultures. This essay explores the causes, consequences, and lessons derived from the major global wars in history. By examining significant conflicts such as World War I, World War II, and the Cold War, we gain an understanding of the profound socio-political changes and humanitarian crises resulting from these wars. Utilizing a range of authoritative resources, this essay aims to present a comprehensive examination of global wars and their legacy.

I. Causes of Global Wars
A. Imperialism and Expansionism
-....

Topic 1: The Geopolitics of Resistance: Understanding the Regional and Global Implications of Ukraine's Defiance

Introduction:

The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has reverberated across the globe, highlighting the complex interplay between geopolitics, nationalism, and international relations. Ukraine's unwavering resistance against Russian aggression has tested the limits of power and diplomacy, with profound consequences for the region and the world. This essay will delve into the geopolitical implications of Ukraine's defiance, examining its impact on regional alliances, global security dynamics, and the future of the post-Cold War order.

Body:

1. Reshaping Regional Alliances:

Ukraine's resistance has strengthened ties between Western nations, solidifying NATO as a united front....

1. The historical background of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
2. The role of Crimea in escalating tensions between Russia and Ukraine.
3. The impact of the conflict on Ukrainian society and economy.
4. The international response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
5. Media coverage and propaganda surrounding the conflict.
6. Human rights violations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine.
7. The implications of the conflict for European security and stability.
8. Peacekeeping efforts and potential resolutions to the conflict.
9. The influence of Russian and Ukrainian nationalism on the conflict.
10. The role of energy resources in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
11. The impact of the conflict on the global economy and energy markets.
12.....

Title: The Rise of Political Discontent and Economic Transformation: Analyzing the Emergence of New Dynamics in the 1993 Canadian Federal Election

Introduction:
The 1993 Canadian federal election marked a pivotal moment in Canadian political history, characterized by a significant shift in the political landscape and the emergence of new electoral dynamics. This thesis aims to explore the emergence of these dynamics, focusing on the interplay between political discontent, economic transformation, and the rise of new political parties. It will investigate how these factors contributed to the electoral outcomes and reshaped the Canadian political landscape.

1. The Rise of Political Discontent:
a) Decline of Traditional....