PERSONALITY DISORDERS CONTROVERSYControversies Associated with Personality DisorderFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), personality disorders could be defined as an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture (National Institute of Mental Health NIMH, 2017). There are various personality disorders recognized under the DSM-5 Manual. These are inclusive of, but they are not limited to; schizoid personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, etc. It would be prudent to note that a significant number of persons are at some point diagnosed with a personality disorder. Over time, various diagnostic mechanisms have been suggested and treatment approaches formulated. However, there are various controversial elements that have in the past emerged in relation…...

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References

Drisko, J. (2020). Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Children: Applying a Controversial Diagnosis to Guide Treatment. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 27(2), 139-156.

National Institute of Mental Health – NIMH (2017). Personality Disorders.  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/personality-disorders 

Mason, C. (2021). Narcissism: Understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Tilcan Group Limited.

Miller, J.D., Lynam, D.R., Hyatt, C.S. & Campbell, W.K. (2017). Controversies in Narcissism. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13(5), 291-315.

Three DisordersOCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)This is a mental health disorder that affects people of all ages and walks of life, and occurs when a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings. Compulsions are behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease his or her distress (Torres et al., 2006).SchizophreniaThis is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family and friends. They may hear voices or see things that are not really there (Torres et al., 2006).Personality DisorderThere are several different types of personality disorders. In general, they involve enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and…...

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ReferencesTorres, A. R., Moran, P., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Bhugra, D., Coid, J. W., ... & Prince, M. (2006). Obsessive–compulsive disorder and personality disorder: evidence from the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 862-867.

personality" and personalities. Everyone has a personality, their own unique collection of traits and characteristics. The facets of a person's personality may be partly inherited and partly the result of the person's life experiences. In the personality disorder, the person has inflexible traits and patterns of behavior not typical of most people and that cause the person to function poorly in life. Up to 13% of people may have some kind of personality disorder.
"Odd" Personality Disorders: are characterized by odd or eccentric behavior that can include a high degree of suspiciousness or social withdrawal.

Paranoid personality disorder: is characterized by high levels of distrust regarding other people. Believing that others have it in for them, they avoid close relationships. They find proof that their suspicions are justified in the actions of others, which they perceive as either threatening or putting them down in some way. They are highly critical of…...

The research on HPD causes is clearly linked to personality theory, and can help to understand each theory. By first examining causation research, and then by locating personality theory which supports the research, it was easy to see the validity of personality theories, and how they can be used in real world research. The research also tied in to course material by again forcing real world situations to be applied to theoretical perspectives.

As research surrounding the causes of HPD is undertaken, more is learned about factors that affect those with HPD. If a definite cause, or a list of possible causes, can be discovered through such research, treatment options specifically designed to address those causes can be developed, resulting in a higher possibility of success. This type of research is vital if those with histrionic personality disorder are to ever be fully cured. Therapy without certain cause can reduce symptoms,…...

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References

American Psychological Association. (2000). Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR.

Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., pg. 293.

Aston-Jones, G.D. (2002). Chapter 4. In K.L. Davis (Ed.), Neuropsychopharmacology: The fifth generation of progress (pp. 133-167). Nashville, TN: American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

Britton R. (2004, Sept). Narcissistic disorders in clinical practice. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 49(4), 477-490.

Bipolar psychiatric disorder (BD) -- which is characterized by "…cycles of depression and mania" -- is a "euphoric, high-energy state" that can produce remarkable bursts of creativity or, on the other hand, can produce erratic behavioral events that are risky and provocative (Gardner, 2011). About 2.4% of the world's population has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder (at one time or another in their lifetime) but the rate in the United States (4.4% of the population) is the highest of any nation (Gardner, p. 1). The lowest rate on record is in India, 0.1%. This paper reviews various aspects and ramifications of the effects of bipolar disorder through nine peer-reviewed research articles.
Bipolar disorder and cigarette smoking

In the journal Bipolar Disorders the authors point out that adults suffering from bipolar disorder are "…two to three times more likely" have begun a serious smoking habit, which is a "devastating addiction" and is very…...

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Works Cited

Calkin, Cynthia, and Alda, Martin. (2012). Beyond the Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder: Practical

Issues in Long-Term Treatment with Lithium. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(7), 437-

Gardner, Amanda. (2011). U.S. has highest bipolar rate in 11-nation study. CNN Health.

Retrieved March 27, 2013, from  http://www.cnn.com .

Swanson, Ph.D., University of California, Irvine, CA 92715
Gender:

Age: ____ Grade:

Ethnicity (circle one which best applies): African-American Asian Caucasian Hispanic

Other

Completed by:____ Type of Class:

Class size:

For each item, check the column which best describes this child:

Not at Just a Quite

Bit

Much

1. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork or tasks

2. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities

3. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

4. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties

5. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities

6. Often avoids, dislikes, or reluctantly engages in tasks requiring sustained mental effort

7. Often loses things necessary for activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, or books)

8. Often is distracted by extraneous stimuli

9. Often is forgetful in daily activities

10. Often has difficulty maintaining alertness, orienting to requests, or executing directions

11. Often fidgets with hands or…...

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References

The Columbia World of Quotations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Retrieved April 16, 2008, at  http://www.bartleby.com/66/3/33503.html 

Cloward, Janessa. "ADHD drugs pose heart risks, federal panel says," University Wire, February 15, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2008, at  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1118518952.html 

DeMarle, Daniel J.;Denk, Larry;Ernsthausen, Catherine S.. "Working with the family of a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.(Family Matters)," Pediatric Nursing, July 1, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2008, at  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1107215868.html 

Edwards, Jason H.. "Evidenced-based treatment for child ADHD: "real-world" practice implications." Journal of Mental Health Counseling, April 1, 2002. Retrieved April 17, 2008, at  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87015306.html

e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations" (DSM-IV, 2000));
d) has no empathy for those he has taken advantage of, such as family members (asking for a loan), landlords (failure to pay rent on time), investors (when the company goes "belly up" (DSM-IV, 2000)).

orks Cited

American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Desk Reference. (ashington, DC: American Psychiatric Association).

Assumptions held by BPD Sufferers." BPD Central ebsite. Retrieved November 20, 2003 at http://www.bpcentral.com/resources/basics/assumptions.shtm

Bardi, Jason Socrates. "Molecules on the Mind." News & View section. Vol. 3, Issue 5, Feb. 10, 2003. The Scripps Research Institute eb site retrieved November 24, 2003 at http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20030210/sutcliffe.html

Borderline Personality Disorder - Fear: A Roller-Coaster Ride." Retrieved November 20, 2003 at http://www.borderlinepersonality.ca/borderrollercoaster.htm

From the Inside Out by a.J. Mahari)

Diagnostic Criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

http://wave.prohosting.com/healnpd/DSMIV.html

http://www.upcmd.com/dot/diseases/00186/disease_definition.html

Dysthymia Symptoms." Retrieved November 24, 2003 from CounsellingResource.com eb Site at http://counsellingresource.com/distress/mood-disorders/dysthymic-symptoms.html

Kaplan, H.I., Sadock,…...

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Works Cited

American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Desk Reference. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association).

Assumptions held by BPD Sufferers." BPD Central Website. Retrieved November 20, 2003 at http://www.bpcentral.com/resources/basics/assumptions.shtm

Bardi, Jason Socrates. "Molecules on the Mind." News & View section. Vol. 3, Issue 5, Feb. 10, 2003. The Scripps Research Institute Web site retrieved November 24, 2003 at  http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20030210/sutcliffe.html 

Borderline Personality Disorder - Fear: A Roller-Coaster Ride." Retrieved November 20, 2003 at  http://www.borderlinepersonality.ca/borderrollercoaster.htm

Probably the most useful advice O'Donohue (2011) provides is to accept that Sam was incapable of changing. As I began to realize that Sam was going to be a significant source of stress in my life, his mere presence or sighting would cause my blood pressure to rise. In a way, Sam was controlling how I experienced my time on campus.

If I had learned to accept that Sam was not going to change, or cared little about me and the trouble he was causing, the heated confrontations would have ended because I would have learned to walk away. There were times that I sensed Sam was deliberately baiting me into arguments in order to damage my reputation with my coworkers. In addition, I should have been more forthcoming with my supervisors about my experiences with Sam because my word would have carried some weight. Doing so might have minimized how…...

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References

O'Donohue, William. (2011). Difficult Personalities: It's Not You -- it's Them [Kindle version]. Lucky Bat Books. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

Abnormal Psych: Narcissistic Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality Disorder is a mental disorder that is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a need for excessive attention and admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. People with this disorder often have a grandiose view of themselves and believe that they are special or unique. They may also take advantage of others to get what they want. Narcissistic Personality Disorder is more common in men than in women and usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood. The prevalence of the disorder is estimated to be between 1-2%. Narcissistic Personality Disorder can cause significant distress and impairment in functioning. The exact cause of the disorder is unknown, but it is thought to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors (DSM-V, 2022). As Bandura (2018) points out, this type of behavior typically has its cause linked to environmental factors, as…...

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ReferencesBandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2),130-136.DSM-V. (2022). Retrieved from   S. G., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2010). The empirical status of the “new wave” of cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Clinics, 33(3), 701-710.Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2007). Describing Ted Bundy\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s personality and working towards DSM-V. Practice, 27, 20-22.https://lib.ku.edu/database/dsm-v-diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-mental-disorders Hofmann,

Taxi Driver: A Case Study
Travis Bickle: An Introduction

The facts that are presented to the spectator about Travis Bickle in the most general sense do paint a portrait of a certain level of pathology. Travis Bickle is a decorated Vietnam veteran, and appears to suffer from PTSD. The spectator also quickly learns that Travis does not have many friends: he's socially very isolated and this appears in part to be connected to the fact that he has trouble starting and maintaining friendships.

The spectator learns very quickly that Travis Bickle is given to disturbances in his judgment and perception, as well as in his decision-making process. In fact, the very reason he takes a job driving a taxi, thus bestowing the film with its very title, is because he has trouble sleeping (suffering from insomnia, a common symptom of PTSD). Bickle claims that he got lonely just walking around so he thought…...

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References

Berry, K., Band, R., & Corcorran, R. (2007). Attachment styles, earlier interpersonal relationships and schizotypy in a non-clinical sample. Psychology & Psychotherapy:

Theory, Research & Practice.,80(4), 563-576.

Filmsite.org. (2013). Taxi Driver (1976). Retrieved from Filmsite.org:  http://www.filmsite.org/taxi3.html 

Hurst, R., Nelson-Gray, R., & Mitchell, J. (2007). The relationship of asperger's characteristics and schizotypal personality traits in a non-clinical adult sample. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1711-1720.

This is one of the reasons why it can be so damaging in relationships; many without a psychological background are not aware that the traits displayed by sufferers of the disorder are indeed the result of the disorder rather than the personality itself.
According to current estimations, about 0.7-1% of the population suffer from the disorder. The onset of narcissism generally occurs either in infancy, adolescence or early adulthood. Medication is rarely used to treat the disorder, unless it manifests with other conditions as well. Narcissism is generally treated with psychotherapy. Although the prognosis for adult narcissism sufferers is poor, talk therapy does help to integrate them into society and to function better within relationships.

eferences

Ashmun, Joanna M. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD): How to ecognize a Narcissist. 2000. http://www.halcyon.com/jmashmun/npd/

Mayo Clinic. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 2009. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/narcissistic-personality-disorder/DS00652

Vaknin, Sam. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Definition. 2008, Nov. 2. http://www.healthyplace.com/personality-disorders/malignant-self-love/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd-definition/menu-id-1471/...

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References

Ashmun, Joanna M. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD): How to Recognize a Narcissist. 2000.  http://www.halcyon.com/jmashmun/npd/ 

Mayo Clinic. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 2009.  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/narcissistic-personality-disorder/DS00652 

Vaknin, Sam. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Definition. 2008, Nov. 2.  http://www.healthyplace.com/personality-disorders/malignant-self-love/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd-definition/menu-id-1471/

As a result, the child's threshold for withstanding teen relationship challenges is reduced in future.
These personality traits are especially developed during adolescence because this is the period to which the boy would be defining ideologies behind relationships. It is also during this time that the boy's mental faculties would best comprehend attributes that define the relationship between a man and a woman. When the child is in the age group of 10-12/13, the impact might not be so domineering on the child's development as compared to later stages (14-18) in the life of the child (Livaditis, 2002).

Self-Esteem

Children brought up by narcissistic mothers are more likely to have a low self-esteem than those brought up by caring mothers. Narcissistic mothers make their children feel bad about themselves, thereby making the boy less confident, especially in his young adult life (between the ages of 13-18) (Chen, 2005). It is imperative that…...

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References

Chen, J. (2005). Cultivating Resilience in Children from Divorced Families. The Family

Journal, 13(4), 452-455.

Fine, M.A. (2003). Divorce, Childhood. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum

Publishers.

S., experts estimate the genuine number of incidents of abuse and neglect ranges three times higher than reported. (National Child Abuse Statistics, 2006) in light of these critical contemporary concerns for youth, this researcher chose to document the application of Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology to clinical practice, specifically focusing on a patient who experienced abuse when a child. Consequently, this researcher contends this clinical case study dissertation proves to be vital venture, which will contribute to enhancing research in the field of psychology.
For this clinical case study dissertation exploring Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology, along with researching information for the application of these theories to clinical practice, this researcher answered the following research questions.

esearch Questions

What is Winnicott's elational Model Theory?

What is Bowlby's Attachment Theory?

What is Kohut's Self-Psychology?

How may components of these three theories be applied to the clinical case chosen for this clinical case study dissertation's focus?

Enhancing…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association, (2004). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Test Revised. Washington DC.

Blatt, S. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclytic and introjective depression. New York: International University Press.

Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment. Volume One of Attachment and Loss, New York: Basic

Books.

obert omano on the TV show "E (obbins, 2005).
The metaphorical significance of greed in combination with selfishness, as currently mistaken for these two disorders combined, and its identification with social, economic, cultural, along with even religious status mistakes CEOs, media giants, and fortunate investors for people with this psychological disorder. In some cases, symbolic of praise; in others, disdain. The psychoanalytic explanation of greedy behavior further misleads people, who misunderstand greedy diplomatic, corporate, and political leaders, with those symptomatic of a disorder in need of treatment. At times the study of its insidious consequences on the self and on society drives a standard of hatred applicable to both.

Conclusion

Applicable Approach: Psychoanalytic Therapy

Clients interested in psychoanalysis must be willing to commit to an intensive and long-term therapy process. The intent of psychoanalytic therapy is to allow access to the unconscious as a source of conflicts and motivations. The therapist uses techniques…...

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References

Hiles, D.R. (2009) Envy, Jealousy, Greed: A Kleinian approach. Paper presented to CCPE, London.http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/drhiles/pdf's/Hiles%20(2009)%20Envy%20Paper%20(CCPE%20-%2009).pdf"

Winnicott, D.W. (1963) The Development of the matter of concern. In: The Maturational

Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the theory of emotional development. Hogarth Press.

Robbins, MD Lawrence. Personality Disorders. November 2005.

Personality DisordersHigh Self-Esteem refers to a person\\\'s positive view of themselves. This is generally healthy and is associated with resilience and a balanced perspective of one\\\'s strengths and weaknesses. Narcissism is a personality trait characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a mental disorder where individuals have an inflated sense of their importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others.For example, Tony Stark (Iron Man) is often shown as a high-functioning exhibitionist type of narcissist. His displays of wealth, charisma, and intellectual prowess are signature elements of his personality and success, but according to Keith Campbell\\\'s three types of narcissism, Tony Stark\\\'s personality is indicative of a person who is outwardly successful but struggles with personal relationships, which is true for Stark.The causes of NPD include cognitive causes, which could be…...

Writing a persuasive essay is different from other types of academic writing.  Rather than simply presenting facts, you are trying to convince the reader to agree with your opinion or position on a topic.  The topic of psychology is extremely broad.  There are several different types of psychological theories, and each of these theories have several subtypes.  They also have different degrees of support among psychologists, so you could pick one of those theories or sub-theories and use it as the basis for a persuasive essay. 

To help you with writing your persuasive....

Defining Mental Illness According to the American Psychological Association (APA)

Introduction

Mental illness, commonly referred to as mental health disorders, is a broad term encompassing a wide range of psychological, behavioral, and emotional conditions. The American Psychological Association (APA), the leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States, provides a comprehensive framework for defining and classifying mental illnesses in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Definition

According to the DSM-5, the current edition of the DSM, mental illness is defined as a "syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects....