Nanotechnology, as its name implies, is, at its essence, the science of small things. However, nanotechnology is not so much the study of small things as it is the study of how to use small things to advance technology. "Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced" (Center for esponsible Nanotechnology, 2002-2008). It spans a very broad range of topics. For example, the use of powder coat paint to provide a smooth finish to lawn furniture falls under the umbrella of nanotechnology, as does some use of tiny robots in surgery. The field is so vast that its different applications may seem unrelated. However, if the scientific question at the heart of the issue involves examining things at a molecular scale, then it is an element of nanotechnology.
It is impossible to determine exactly when nanotechnology was…...

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References

Center for Responsible Nanotechnology. 2002-2008. What is nanotechnology? Retrieved from CRN website:  http://crnano.org/whatis.htm 

National Nanotechnology Initiative. 2013. Nanotechnology timeline. Retrieved from Nano

website:  http://www.nano.gov/timeline

Nano Technology and World of Quantum Physics
Nano technology pertains to the restructuring and reconstruction of atomic and molecular nature. It involves studying the phenomena and materials of atomic manipulation to transform and construct new materials, devices, living organisms and improved technological systems that are...

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Bibliography

Bonsor, Kevin, and Jonathan Strickland. "How Nanotechnology Works."

www.howstuffworks.com. October 2007.   (accessed April Wednesdsy, 2012).http://www.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology.htm 

Bowman, D, and G. Hodge. "Nanotechnology: Mapping the Wild Regulatory Frontier." Futures,

2006: 1060 -- 1073.

It is very hard to map the intricate brocade of a human mind onto such a machine with a reasonable resolution, but the formation of artificial intelligence or machine intelligence is anticipated to offer an approachable challenge. It maybe a device with full Turing-test interactivity which is capable of fulfilling our wish or would be an interlacing dense layer of memory around a shifting model of existential realty, and covered with a matrix of desire. It is not easy to imagine the consequences of a speeding technology. (Crandall, 135) Anyway, nanotechnology is not a solution for all problems. (Schick, 46)
2. Commercialization of Nanotechnology- Global Nanotechnology Market, Funding-Government vs. Venture Capitalists-(USA, JAPAN, EU)

Fresh sources of funding from venture capitalists and daring governments and strong competition, has brought about the formula for a big upheaval from a very small technology. (Uldrich, 13) U.S. funding for nanotech is as high as about…...

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References

Anyadike, Nnamdi. Nanotechnology in packaging. Retrieved at on 17 March, 2005.http://pira.atalink.co.uk/packaging/130Accessed

Ball, Philip. Nanotechnology science's next frontier or just a load of bull? New Statesman. 23 June, 2003. pp: 4-7

Bailey, Melissa a; Lattimore, Rachel G. Nanotechnology: Now is the time to assess risks: Companies working with Nano-Sized materials need to move proactively to define their potential Risks and Help Develop Appropriate Standards and Guidelines. Occupational Hazards. Vol. 66; No: 1. September 2004. pp: 34-39

Crandall, BC. Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance. The MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England. 1996

Nanotechnology
All manufactured products are made from atoms, with the properties of these products based on how atoms are put together. By rearranging coal atoms, diamonds are formed. Similarly, by rearranging the atoms in sand and adding some trace elements, electronic chips are developed. In time, it will be possible to more readily connect the fundamental building blocks of nature. The word "nanotechnology" is used to describe when the characteristic dimensions of any technology that is less than about 1,000 nanometers. The future will bring the production of new manufacturing processes that will allow companies to inexpensively build systems and products that are molecular in both size and precision. Any businesses, old and new, that are interested in, considering and/or already applying this advanced and still relatively unknown technology will have to do extensive research on the benefits and disadvantages and then, if wanting to proceed, develop a complete and thorough…...

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References

Anderson, P.W. "More is Different." Science 177 (1972): 393

Burkhead, Lyle. Nanotechnology without genies.

Crandall, B.C. Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Deagon, Brian. "Their Decks Cleared After Bubble, Venture Investing Sailing."

Also, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, prevention of restenosis (post stent placement) and lung diseases, nanotechnology offers great scope for early diagnosis and effective drug delivery. In the case of blood diseases, systemic cytotoxicity could be reduced by targetting drugs to lymphocytes. Nanotechnology offers such targeted drug delivery system. [uxton, 2006]
Electronics

Nanotechnology will usher a quantum leap in computing. In fact, with nanotechnology quantum computing will be a reality very soon. Computers based on nanowires or nanotubes would have super-computing power but still be handheld. Carbon nanotubes are highly conductive and are better than copper. They also have semi-conducting properties. Thus far, the realization of building nanoscale electronic circuits using carbon nanotubes had been a problem. However, researchers at Caltech have already designed and built 'nanowire-based circuits'. Dr. Hongjie Dai, professor at Stanford University says "the move to CMOS with nanowires is important if nanowires are to be used…...

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Bibliography

Edwards, Steven a (Jan 2006), 'The Nanotech Pioneers: Where are they taking us? ' Wiley VCH.

Diane Greer, (2007), 'The Promise of Nanotechnology', in Business, July-August, Vol. 29, No. 4, p. 18, JG Press. Available Online at,  http://www.jgpress.com/inbusiness/archives/_free/001436.html 

Buxton, Dennis, (Mar 2006), 'The promise of nanotechnology for heart, lung and blood diseases', Expert opinion on drug delivery, Vol 3, No 2, PP 173 -175, Informa Healthcare.

Avraham Rasooly and James Jacobson, (Apr, 2006), 'Development of biosensors for Cancer clinical testing', Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol 21, issue 10, Pg. 1851-1858

Nanotechnology
New technology has been considered by governments, business leaders, industry stakeholders, and the educational sector as the key towards promoting and ensuring economic growth, especially in relation to the manufacturing sector. Some of the major technologies that have emerged in the recent past include nanotechnology and biotechnology. Nanotechnology is considered a major technology for growth because it provides an important opportunity to deal with global challenges. According to The British Standards Institution (BSI), nanotechnology is the development, characterization, production and utilization of systems, structures and devices through directing the size and shape in the nanoscale (Materials UK, 2010). Since its adoption in the United Kingdom (UK), nanotechnology has continued to evolve towards promoting economic growth. Consequently, there are some implications of the growth of the nanotechnology sector in the United Kingdom.

Background of the Nanotechnology Sector in the UK

The adoption of nanotechnology in the UK can be traced back to 2009…...

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References

2-DTech n.d., About Us, 2-DTech, viewed 28 December 2016,

Aitken, R.J., Chaudhry, M.Q., Boxall, A.B.A. & Hull, M 2006, Manufacture and Use of Nanomaterials: Current Status in the UK and Global Trends, Occupational Medicine, vol. 56, no. 5, pp.300-306.

Allhoff, F & Lin, P 2008, Nanotechnology & society: current and emerging ethical issues, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany.

Department for Business Innovation & Skills 2011, Funding for EU Research and Innovation from 2014: a UK Perspective, Department for Business Innovation & Skills, viewed 28 December 2016,

From a materials development perspective, this is the important part: "The significance of this advance is this: if a material as expensive and rare as a diamond can be turned into a 'commodity,' then the applications of a variety of other materials, including everything from copper and ceramics to steel, can also be improved and utilized in different ways" (Uldrich, 2006, p. 17). From a pragmatic perspective, these developments mean that the equipment parts and components currently in use in the electric utility industry can be "retrofitted" using nanoengineered materials to make them more efficient and durable. "For instance," Uldrich reports, "high-temperature and sulfur-tolerant nanomaterials can be manufactured to withstand the harsh conditions of coal-fired plants; or nanoscale ceramics coatings can be employed to protect steel, nickel and other metallic components from corrosion. The end benefit is that electric utility providers can improve their operating margins by making existing…...

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References

Allen, G. (2005, Summer). The economic promise of nanotechnology: Congress must continue to support U.S. leadership in this field as a key component of future national prosperity. Issues in Science and Technology, 21(4), 55.

Anton, P.S., Silberglitt, R., & Schneider, J. (2001). The global technology revolution: Bio/nano/materials trends and their synergies with information technology by 2015. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

Deal, W.F. III. (2002). Under the microscope: Nanotechnology, nanoscience, and nanoengeneering: Focus on the design and manipulation of individual atoms to produce tailor-made products and devices. The Technology Teacher, 62(1), 21-2.

Gulson, B., & Wong, H. (2006). Stable isotopic tracing - a way forward for nanotechnology. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(10), 1486.

Nano Science - Tomalia
In the lecture that Dr. Donald Tomalia presented in March, 2009 ("Traveling the Nano Road of Science, Art & Discovery"), he seems to be the most enthusiastic when he is talking about "dendrimers," which are polymers with a central and hollow core and tendrils. Because the core is hollow in a dendrimers it becomes a kind of pouch or cavity, he explains, and other molecules can be stored in that cavity, which opens the door to nanoscale discoveries and applications. Tomalia first became fascinated with dendrimers by watching lightning strikes as a young boy. He insists that dendrimic designs are "incredibly pervasive" around the world. Even a maple leaf is "…full of dendrimic capillaries," he explains. Trees are dendrimic, even erosion-created designs in mountains (seen from airplanes) are dendrimic -- but why do things have dendrimic architecture?

This is the key question and leads to the reason why…...

Technology and Global Ecosystem
An Analysis of the Implications of Technology and the Global Ecosystem

The 21st century promises to usher in innovations in technology that cannot yet be imagined, and the advancements to date have provided many in the world with unprecedented standards of living. Improved methods of transportation and communication, combined with more leisure time than ever in which to spend it has resulted in many people developing a keen appreciation for technology and what it promises for mankind; an unfortunate concomitant of these innovations in many parts of the world, though, has been an intensive assault on the globe's ecosystem in an effort to bring emerging nations into line with the productivity being experienced in the developed nations of the world. As a result, a debate over whether or not technology threatens the integrity of the global ecosystem has emerged in recent years, and pundits warn that global warming,…...

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Works Cited

Anton, Philip S., James Schneider and Richard Silberglitt. The Global Technology Revolution:

Bio/Nano/Materials Trends and Their Synergies with Information Technology by 2015.

Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2001.

Bjornerud, Marcia. (1997). "Gaia: Gender and Scientific Representations of the Earth." NWSA

2010; Chorny et al. 2010). This research is still quite new, however, and the question remains as to whether or not nanoparticles can truly serve as a replacement for stents by prohibiting plaque growth through a variety of means, including more targeted and longer-range delivery of pharmaceutical substances that destroy such build-ups and inhibit plaque deposits from forming. The efficacy of this approach has already been preliminarily demonstrated, but the long-term viability and safety of this intervention method as well as attendant risks have not yet been fully determined (Chan et al. 2010; Chorny et al. 2010).
IV. Motivation for esearch

Despite the numerous advancements that have been made in treating plaque build-up in arteries and the general treatment and control of other cardiac issues, coronary artery disease is still the leading cause of death in North America and is a significant problem in other parts of the world, as well…...

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References

Chan, J., Zhang, L., Tong, R., Ghosh, D., Gao, W., Liao, G….Farokhzad, O. (2010). Spatiotemporal controlled delivery of nanoparticles to injured vasculature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, January 2010.

Chorny, M., Fishbein, I., Yellen, B., Alferiev, I., Bakay, M., Ganta, S….Levy, R. (2010). Targeting stents with local delivery of paclitaxel-loaded magnetic nanoparticles using uniform fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, April 2010.

Kohn, J. & Zeltinger, J. (2005). Degradable, drug-eluting stents: a new frontier for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Expert review of medical devices, 2(6), pp. 667-71.

Schoenhagen, P. & Nissen, S. (2003). Assessing Coronary Plaque Burden and Plaque Vulnerability:Atherosclerosis Imaging With IVUS and Emerging Noninvasive Modalities. American Heart Hospital Journal 1(2), pp. 164-9.

People's Car Tata Nano
Financial, political and marketing/business commentators alike seem to agree that the Tata Nano, the planet's cheapest car, was a perfect match between an idea and a need when it was introduced -- or at least as a manufacturing idea. Making the smallest of small cars could happen because the timing was right for pairing just such an idea with the quickly emerging appreciation of frugal engineering innovations, or using sophisticated technologies and motivations to make a product that is affordable and helpful to the global economy and ecology. [1: "Stuck in low gear." The Economist. Aug. 20, 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/21526374 accessed January 15, 2012. ] [2: Sadanad Dhume. "Unloved at any speed." Foreign Policy. October 7, 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/07/tata_nano_unloved_at_any_speed accessed January 15, 2012. ]

It was for this reason that the project came to life as quickly as it did. It seemed to be the perfect mix of "homegrown engineering"…...

ith a strong customer and employee basis, the company envisions taking early leadership of the global market. This is also to be based upon management excellence on a local scale. The management team is envisioned to be capable of translating vision into performance on both a local and global scale, while also investing strategically to maximize profitability and performance.

d. In terms of Research and Development, Applied Materials has increased its investments despite economic downturns. The purpose of this was to increase its potential future profitability by providing advanced manufacturing systems for its customers worldwide. This proved to be a good strategy, as the company had build a broad product line that catered for nearly every chip manufacturing stage. In order to reach the next step; integrating systems to perform a specific process sequence, a new facility was needed, and 1997 saw the beginning of construction on the Equipment and Process…...

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With a strong customer and employee basis, the company envisions taking early leadership of the global market. This is also to be based upon management excellence on a local scale. The management team is envisioned to be capable of translating vision into performance on both a local and global scale, while also investing strategically to maximize profitability and performance.

d. In terms of Research and Development, Applied Materials has increased its investments despite economic downturns. The purpose of this was to increase its potential future profitability by providing advanced manufacturing systems for its customers worldwide. This proved to be a good strategy, as the company had build a broad product line that catered for nearly every chip manufacturing stage. In order to reach the next step; integrating systems to perform a specific process sequence, a new facility was needed, and 1997 saw the beginning of construction on the Equipment and Process Integration Center (EPIC).

EPIC represents the first facility of its kind in the semiconductor industry, in its capacity as a dedicated 200mm pilot line integration facility. Specifically, the Center enables the company's customers to make their technology transitions with greater speed and ease. To do this, the Center enables them to evaluate and integrate new manufacturing systems in advance of installing these. This provides the company with an important leading edge in the global marketplace. To accomplish this was a challenge on multiple levels that did not end with the Center opening its doors in 1998. Indeed, in order to adhere to its central aims, engineers for the center had to effectively implement systems by which they could set up their systems as often as once per month and make quick modifications according to differing requirements.

Interface Culture
The question of what constitutes 'interface culture' is constantly debated in the field of interactive design. Modern technology allows us to communicate more frequently with one another but it is uncertain if we are actually growing closer to our friends and associates; we may be growing farther apart and more isolated in our virtual worlds. There are both positive and negative sides to modern technology; at minimum we need to have a dialogue about interactive technology's effect on social interactions and culture.

As designers, we must be more aware of the needs of others and the human social and political environment. Art has often been viewed as the primary teaching tool to reveal insights about the human condition but technological design can have the same potential. It is true that design is more interactive than personal like art. But technological design in all its forms encompasses outreach through marketing, media,…...

Technologies like array tomography also show how the human brain may be best understood as a computer that operates on both electricity and on chemicals. One section of the brain, the cerebral cortex, contains more than 125 trillion synapses. Boyle's (2010) source material from the Stanford School of Medicine notes that the number of synapses in the brain is "roughly equal to the number of stars in 1,500 Milky Way galaxies," (Goldman 2010).
Array tomography as a visualization instrument also reveals advancements in digital imaging as well as nanotechnology. The mouse brain used in initial array tomography experiments was sliced at only 70 nanometers thick (Goldman 2010). Measured at the level of the nanometer,, the layers of the brain that can be cut and then imaged with array tomography are small enough that scientists are able to understand more about how the brain works. Without technologies like array tomography, the…...

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References

Boyle, R. (2010). Video: 3-D Image Shows Brain's Circuitry in Highest Resolution Ever. Popular Science. Retrieved online:  http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-11/video-3-d-brain-image-highlights-neuronal-circuits-highest-resolution-ever 

Goldman, B. (2010). New imaging method developed at Stanford reveals stunning details of brain connections. Stanford School of Medicine. Retrieved online: http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2010/november/neuron-imaging.html

Te need for so many new workers will tend to elp women enter fields were tey ave been istorically under-represented since tere is suc a need for so many new workers.
Wile tis synergy of so many different factors is useful for workers at all stages of teir careers, it may be tat it is especially elpful to new graduates. Higly skilled and qualified senior workers are likely to ave more opportunities open to tem tan are younger workers and so are likely to suffer less during economic downturns. Younger workers, especially tose just finising teir undergraduate work, will fare better in an environment tat as a range of opportunities and an overall good business climate. In fact, tis may be te only kind of business environment in wic new graduates will reliably be able to find jobs tat matc teir training and ambitions. Tis may be especially true for…...

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