NAFTA
Clinton, Congress, the Constitution and NAFTA

As Thomas E. Woods, Jr. (2004) asserts, the Clinton Administration did much to expand the role of government in the lives of ordinary citizens. Woods alludes to the Clinton Administration's policies as "damaging and counterproductive expansions of government power, particularly in agricultural, housing, and environmental policy" (p. 239). Just looking in the realm of agribusiness, the expansion of government power and corporate monopoly is seen clearly in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that destabilized Mexico for the sake of corporate profits. NAFTA was adopted January 1, 1994, following a debate that did little to prevent the agreement from being signed. However, the effect of NAFTA was not what the rhetoric made it seem it would be. This paper will analyze the supporting and oppositional perspectives on the passing of NAFTA as well as the constitutional powers that came into question (and the tensions…...

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Reference List

Ackerman, B. (1995). Is NAFTA Constitutional? The Harvard Law Review 108(2), 1-

11.

Bacon, D. (2004). The Children of NAFTA. LA: University of California Press.

Constitutional Law. (2000). The Harvard Law Review 113(5), 1234-1239.

S. attributed to NAFTA. Figure 1: Rise in the Business Investment (adapted from "NAFTA -- Myth…," ¶ 1).
Myth #2: NAFTA has cost the U.S. jobs.

Fact: U.S. employment rose from 110.8 million people in 1993 to 137.6 million in 2007, an increase of 24%. The average unemployment rate was 5.1% in the period 1994-2007, compared to 7.1% during the period 1980-1993. ("NAFTA -- Myth…," ¶ 2)

Figure 2 reflects U.S. Employment Increases related in response to Myth #2.

Figure 2: U.S. Employment Relating to NAFTA (adapted from "NAFTA -- Myth…," ¶ 2).

Myth #3: NAFTA has hurt America's manufacturing base.

Fact: U.S. manufacturing output rose by 58% between 1993 and 2006, as compared to 42% between 1980 and 1993. Manufacturing exports in 2007 reached an all time high with a value of $982 billion. ("NAFTA -- Myth…," ¶ 3)

Figure 3 portrays the increases relating to the U.S. manufacturing output.

Figure 3: U.S. Manufacturing Output (adapted from…...

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Works Cited

Anderson, Sarah, John Cavanagh and Saul Landau. "North American Free Trade Agreement."

Ed. Barry, Tom and Martha Honey. International Relations Center, Foreign Policy in Focus, Volume 2; No.1. 1997, January. .

Armey, Dick. "Why This Conservative Favors This NAFTA." Heritage Lecture #473. 4

November 1993.<  http://www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/HL473.cfm >.

S. poultry exports to Canada in 2003 are estimated at about $290 million, a 77-percent gain over the pre-NAFTA level." The dairy products have revealed positive trend, prior to the implementation of the Uruguay ound provisions the Canadian fluid milk sales was insignificant, "the execution of the Uruguay ound provisions one year after NAFTA saw Canada's import control regime switch from a scheme of import quotas to a trade free quota system, the switch over was responsible for the protection of the Canada's fluid milk production." The trade quotas were eliminated for fluid milk and dairy products, including yogurt, powdered whey, specialty creams, dairy spreads, ice cream and ice cream novelties, cheeses, butter and margarine. As per the quota elimination system, major provision of NAFTA, low duty rates were imposed on the imports, the imposition of the duty was "up to the limit, and to higher rates over the limit."…...

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References

Jackson, Andrew. From Leaps of Faith to Lapses of Logic: Assessing a Decade of Free Trade. Canadian Labor Congress. 1999.

Clarkson, Stephen. Uncle Sam and U.S., Globalization, Neo-conservatism and the Canadian State. University of Toronto Press. 2002.

Hurtig, Mel. The Vanishing Country: Is it Too Late to Save Canada. McClelland and Stewart Publication. 2002. pp. 52-53

Campbell, Matthew. Pulling Apart: the Deterioration of Employment and income in North America under Free Trade. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. 1999. pp. 100.

" (Economic Policy Institute rief, 2001) While all U.S. states lost jobs the following specific outcomes are stated by the Economic Policy Institute:
The 1 million job opportunities lost nationwide are distributed among all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Those affected most in terms of total jobs displaced include: California (-123,995), Texas (-72,257), Michigan (-63,148), New York (-51,582), Ohio (-49,886), Illinois (-47,701), Pennsylvania (-44,173), Florida (-39,987), Indiana (-35,157), North Carolina (-34,150), and Georgia (-30,464)" (2001)" (Economic Policy Institute, 2001)

The Economic Policy Institute also states that wages and incomes in Mexico have been affected by NAFTA. The brief states that: "Official unemployment levels in Mexico are lower now than before NAFTA, but this decline in the official rate simply reflects the absence of unemployment insurance in Mexico. In fact, underemployment and work in low-pay, low-productivity jobs (e.g., unpaid work in family enterprises) actually has grown rapidly since the early 1990s.…...

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Bibliography

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (2006) Public Citizen Online available at  

NAFTA vs. The EU
NAFTA

History and formation of the trade bloc

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a free trade agreement uniting Canada, Mexico, and the United States, was signed in January 1994 by Democratic President Bill Clinton. The intention of the agreement was to eliminate most of the tariffs on products traded between these three nations. The tariffs were phased out gradually, and the full agreement was not realized until 2008. The industries that felt the greatest impact due to NAFTA were agriculture, textiles and automobiles. "NAFTA also implemented intellectual-property protections, established dispute-resolution mechanisms, and put into place regional labor and environmental safeguards, though some critics now lobby for stronger measures on this front" (Teslik 2008).

The role that the countries involved in the trade bloc play in the global economy

The U.S., Canada, and Mexico have the number one, 9th, and 14th largest GDPs of all of the world's countries. Even…...

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References

2000-today: A decade of further expansion. (2011). Europa. Retrieved July 19, 2011 at  http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/2000_today/index_en.htm 

EU. (2011). CIA Fact Book. Retrieved July 19, 2011 at  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html 

EU welcomes WTO report on China's export restrictions on raw materials. (2011). European

Commission: Trade.

Employers and employees therefore now have an increased opportunity to utilize their talents under NAFTA. Canada's employment rate has for example increased by 17.5% since the inception of the Trade Agreement (Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada).
As mentioned above, other important matters have also received attention under NAFTA. Environmentalism has an increasingly important part not only of sustainable economic growth, but also of politics. This serves as another unifying factor of the three countries under NAFTA. Concern for the environment then connects with a concern for the human factor in terms of working conditions. NAFTA therefore focuses on a shared concern for the interconnection between humanity and the environment within which human beings function. As such, the three member countries are involved in several parallel environmental and labor agreements. pecifically, for example, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation successfully enforces environmental laws in all three member countries. This…...

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Sources

Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada. "Overview of the NAFTA: A Foundation for Canada's future prosperity." 25 Sept, 2003.  http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/nafta-alena/menu-en.asp 

Hulsmann, G.J. "Political Unification." Journal of Libertarian Studies 13:1 (Summer 1997): 81-96, 1997.  https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/13_1/13_1_4.pdf 

Public Citizen. "NAFTA - North America Free Trade Agreement." Global Trade Watch, 2004.  http://www.citizen.org/trade/nafta

NAFTA and the American Trucking Companies
The North American Free Trade Agreement is a trade agreement signed in November 1993 between the United States, Canada, and Mexico (NAFTA pp). NAFTA promoters, which include many of the world's largest corporations, promised it would create hundreds of thousands of new high-wage U.S. jobs, raise living standards, improve environmental conditions and transform Mexico into a booming new market for U.S. exports (North pp). Opponents of NAFTA believing that calling it a trade agreement is misleading and that it is actually an investment agreement with core provisions that grant foreign investors a remarkable set of new rights and privileges that promote relocation abroad of factories and jobs and the privatization and deregulation of essential services, such as water, energy and health care (North pp). One of the major contentions of NAFTA has been the effect on the trucking industry.

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement,…...

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Works Cited

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Department of Labor Certified

Trade-Related Job Loss.  

NAFTA and U.S. usiness
Many analysts warn that those who were impressed by the growth of the U.S. economy and its manufacturing sector during the 1990's when both boomed even as trade deficits rose and believe that the dollar's role as anchor of the world economy will allow deficits to climb even higher should consider America's trade performance, especially with the rising import penetration rates, resulting in the decline of domestic market shares (Outside 2002).

Trade deficits are the result of living beyond national means, and Americans have of late become so ambivalent about their own high indebtedness that "it's no surprise to see ambivalence about the nation's red ink" (Outside 2002). However, market share is less controversial, for unlike borrowing heavily, which can and often does lead to economic success if the borrowed money is used wisely, losing market share has no present or potential upside (Outside 2002). "Companies losing market…...

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Bibliography

OUTSIDE VIEW: U.S. TRADE SHARE NOSE DIVES

NORTH AMERICAN Business SECTORS CALL FOR COMMON MARKET

Mexico.(a profile of the affect of NAFTA on the trade relationship between the U.S. And Mexico)

New Study Examines Competitiveness of Corporate America in Global Marketplace.

NAFTA
The United States signed its first free trade agreement (FTA) with Canada in 1988, and soon began pursuing a subsequent deal with NAFTA that would replace and expand that deal. NAFTA came into force in 1994, and by 2008 all of the duties and restrictions that were included in the deal were eliminated. The agreement was intended to increase trade between the three nations, building on the successes of that initial deal with Canada. This paper will look back at the first 20 years of NAFTA and discuss the impacts of the deal on the American economy. Particular attention will be paid to the city of San Antonio, located in the south of Texas, less than 150 miles from the Mexican border. This geographic positioning gives San Antonio a competitive advantage as a hub for U.S.-Mexico trade, so it is important to examine the issue of how NAFTA has affected…...

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References

Burke, M. (1993). The human costs of NAFTA. University of Maine. Retrieved November 3, 2014 from  http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=eco_facpub 

Bhagwati, J. (2014). Market failures, public goods and externalities. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved November 3, 2014 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/College/marketfailures.html 

Boudreaux, D. (2014). Comparative advantage and the benefits of trade. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved November 3, 2014 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/College/comparativeadvantage.html 

Caliendo, L. & Parro, F. (2014). Estimates of trade and welfare effects of NAFTA. Yale University. Retrieved November 3, 2014 from  http://faculty.som.yale.edu/lorenzocaliendo/ETWENAFTA.pdf

Maritime transit is generally considered the lowest cost and lowest pollutant emitting source of all available alternatives. However the sheer number of vessels in transit at any one time is still large enough to warrant concern among the environmentally conscious.
One extremely recent development offers new insight of the future of the environmental concerns associated with maritime travel. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a UN body that regulates world shipping, will be deciding on whether or not to reduce sulfur levels in the emissions produced by ships (Pearce, 2010). Sulfur plays a very ironic role in today's stage of environmental concerns.

On one hand, it is one of the contaminants produced by sulfates contribute to global warming. One the other hand, sulfur levels actually protect the environment in a roundabout way. Sulfate particles actually hover in the atmosphere an act to provide a layer of shade to the earth's surface. Therefore,…...

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Works Cited

Brooks, M. (2005). NAFTA and Short Sea Shipping Corridors. AIMS Commentary. November (5), p1-4.

Fernandez, L. (2005). NAFTA Countries' Strategies for Addressing Marine Invasive Species through Shipping.Available:   Last accessed May 11, 2010.http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars/spring05/ets/04082005.pdf .

Kallas, S. (2009). What do we want to achieve?. Available:   Last accessed May 11, 2010.http://ec.europa.eu/transport/maritime/index_en.htm .

Pearce, F. (2010). How polluting ships have been doing us a favour. New Scientist. 205 (2), p8-9.

Economics of NAFTA
There have been a number of changes in the global economy of the world over the past decade. It is important to examine the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and determine if it has helped and/or hindered the economies of all three countries, if it has accomplished what it was established to do, and if over the past ten years it has resulted in additional trade agreements within the Americas.

Beginnings

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect July 1994. It was built on the "Canada-U.S. Free Trade Area (CUSTA), which was formed January 1, 1989. Under CUSTA most tariffs and quantity trade restrictions were to be removed within 10 years and disputes were referred to a panel of experts (hubcap.clemsom.edu/~gjwells/TO/tsld015.htm)." Mexico inquired about joining CUSTA after it was formed, prompting negotiations in June 1991 and the formal announcement of the NAFTA agreement on August 12,…...

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Works Cited

Brief Notes on GATT, NAFTA, and Other Trade Agreements. (accessed 25 September, 2004).

A spot.pcc.edu/~rwolf/Globalnotes.html>).

Hendricks, David. Officials try to keep NAFTA relevant in growing global economy; tariffs between the U.S., Canada and Mexico to continue to decrease on billions of dollars of trade. Expansion Management. (2004): 01 August.

History of NAFTA. (accessed 25 September, 2004).

Statement of Issue: With President Trump upending the Trans-Pacific Partnership, what can be done to move the United States policy on trade towards an open market scenario?
Executive Summary:
The United States economy has made some positive strides with the Trump Administration. However, President Trump’s decision to upend the Trans-Pacific Partnership has caused a setback in the desire for the country to become a global trader. The drive for open markets has created a need within the United States government to adopt policy that will allow for trade to expand over to international waters, thus allowing the United States to grow in terms of becoming the main contender in the global economy.
Without the introduction of policy that can promote open trade, the United States may face increasing competition from other foreign powers like China. It is up to the United States government to choose to continue the progress towards an open market and…...

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References:

Amadeo, K. (2014, June 14). Trans-Pacific Partnership: Pros, Cons, Obstacles. Retrieved from  

McBride, J. (2017, January 31). The Trans-Pacific Partnership and U.S. Trade Policy | Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from  https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/trans-pacific-partnership-and-us-trade-policy 

Parker, C. B. (2015, November 11). Trans-Pacific Partnership may produce import competition, Stanford scholar says. Retrieved from  https://news.stanford.edu/2015/11/11/tpp-boskin-trade-111115/ 

 

https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-trans-pacific-partnership-3305581 

ibliography

alance of trade. Retrieved from Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alance_of_trade

uchanan, P.J. (2005, July 27). CAFTA: Ideology vs. national interests.The American Cause. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.theamericancause.org/a-pjb-050727-cafta.htm

uchanan, P.J. (2006, March 10). The fruits of NAFTA.WorldNetDaily. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=49201

uchanan. P.J. (2007, February 27). Free trade and funny math. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.theconservativevoice.com/article/23116.html

CAFTA, trade deficits and jobs. usiness Coalition for U.S.-Central America Trade. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.uscafta.org/policy/view.asp?POLICY_ID=136

Henriques, G. And Patel, R. (2004. February 13). NAFTA, corn, and Mexico's trade liberalization. The Americas Program. Retrieved from Web site: http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:G1COehFHM_IJ:americas.irc-online.org/pdf/reports/0402nafta.pdf+agriculture+mexico+nafta&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8

NAFTA: A strong record of success (2006, March). Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file242_9156.pdf

NAFTA partners lead strong U.S. export growth. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.ita.doc.gov/press/publications/newsletters/ita_0706/nafta_0706.asp

NAFTA works brochure. International Trade Canada. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/nafta-alena/broch-main-en.asp

Peterson, C. (2005, April 12). What USDA and USTR won't tell you about NAFTA and CAFTA. House Committee on Agriculture. Retrieved from Web site:…...

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Bibliography

Balance of trade. Retrieved from Web site:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade 

Buchanan, P.J. (2005, July 27). CAFTA: Ideology vs. national interests.The American Cause. Retrieved from Web site:  http://www.theamericancause.org/a-pjb-050727-cafta.htm 

Buchanan, P.J. (2006, March 10). The fruits of NAFTA.WorldNetDaily. Retrieved from Web site:  http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=49201 

Buchanan. P.J. (2007, February 27). Free trade and funny math. Retrieved from Web site: http://www.theconservativevoice.com/article/23116.html

international community depends on a wide array of nongovernmental organizations to deliver the social and economic assistance needed to join the global economic community. Among the organizations committed to this end is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which purports to improve the trade relationships among the countries of Latin and North America. To determine the efficacy of NATFA in promoting seamless trade between the United States and Canada, this paper review the relevant literature concerning these issues to develop and informed and timely answer to the question, "If NAFTA a good deal for North America or not?" A summary of the research and salient findings concerning these issues are provided in the conclusion.
In truth, it would seem that anything that facilitated increased trade among North American countries would be advantageous. As the official Web site for NATFA points out, "For over 30 out of the 50 States,…...

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References

MacDonald, C. (2009, November). NAFTA cross-border trucking: Mexico retaliates after Congress stops Mexican trucks at the border. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 42(5), 1631-1635.

North American Free Trade Agreement. (2015). Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved from agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta.https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-

Peek, L. & Roxas, M. (2007, January 1). NAFTA Professional Mutual Recognition Agreements: Comparative analysis of accountancy certification and licensure. Global Perspectives on Accounting Education, 4, 1-5.

Truett, L.J. & Truett, D.B. (2007, July). NAFTA and the Maquiladoras: Boon or Bane? Contemporary Economic Policy, 25(3), 374-377.

. economy, both directly and indirectly." Greater qualification on his part and more objectivity would have made for a more impressive article.
Article 2

The claim -- that Africa is really a wealthy country -- sound unbelievable. Yet, Zachary brings plenty of evidence to support his point. Like cott, Zachary's evidence includes figures and facts. Unlike cott, his argument comes across as more believable since it refrains from crusading too intensely on one side of the issue. Zachary does address the other side of the coin -- that poverty is rampant in Africa. In this way, he takes into account those who may find his argument surprising. Yet, I find his address of this to be too meager: there is only a slight paragraph towards the end that admits that Africa still struggles in certain areas. Given the extent of Africa's reputation of poverty and given the enormous history that it has…...

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Sources

Scott, RE (November 17, 2003) the high price of 'free' trade Economic Policy Institute.

 http://www.epi.org/publication/briefingpapers_bp147/ 

Zachary, GP. (Feb 25-2012). Africa's Amazing Rise and What it Can Teach the World. The Atlantic.

 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/02/africas-amazing-rise-and-what-it-can-teach-the-world/253587/

Title: The Rise of Political Discontent and Economic Transformation: Analyzing the Emergence of New Dynamics in the 1993 Canadian Federal Election

Introduction:
The 1993 Canadian federal election marked a pivotal moment in Canadian political history, characterized by a significant shift in the political landscape and the emergence of new electoral dynamics. This thesis aims to explore the emergence of these dynamics, focusing on the interplay between political discontent, economic transformation, and the rise of new political parties. It will investigate how these factors contributed to the electoral outcomes and reshaped the Canadian political landscape.

1. The Rise of Political Discontent:
a) Decline of Traditional....