Myocardial Infarction
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2006), each year approximately 1.2 million Americans suffer from myocardial infarction (heart attack) each year. 40% of these people who a have heart attack will die from it. This equates to a person having a heart attack every 34 seconds, and a person dying from a heart attack every minute. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, causing over 26% of the deaths in 2006 (CDC, 2010). Additionally, heart disease is the leading cause of death for both women and men, and for most racial/ethnic groups, including African-American, Native Americans, Hispanics, and whites. For Asian-Americans, heart disease was the second leading cause of death after cancer (CDC, 2010). The CDC also estimates that in 2010, heart disease cost the United States $316.4 billion in health care services, medications, and lost productivity.
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)…...
mlaReferences:
American Heart Association. (2007). What is a heart attack? Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@hcm/documents/downloadable/ucm_304570.pdf
American Heart Association. (2007). What are the warning signs of a heart attack? Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@hcm/documents/downloadable/ucm_304575.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Heart Disease Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/docs/fs_heart_disease.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Know the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/docs/fs_heartattack.pdf
MI Case Study: Myocardial Infarction
At 10:05 A.M., the blockage that had been silently growing in Paul
Parker's left coronary artery made its sinister presence known. The 54-year-old accounting executive had arrived with his family at the Denver zoo feeling fine, but suddenly a dull ache started in the center of his chest and he became nauseated. At first he brushed it off as the aftereffects of a company dinner the night before. However, when it
persisted, he told his wife who suggested that he go to the Aid Station.
"I'm not felling very well," he told the EMT at the station. "I think it may be indigestion." The EMT, on hearing Paul's symptoms and seeing his pale, sweaty face, immediately thought of a heart attack. "Let's get you over to the hospital and get this checked out."
The blockage in Paul's coronary artery had restricted blood flow to his heart muscle and his cells…...
Myocardial Infarction Risk for Women with Breast Cancer: Annotated Bibliography
Abdel-Qadir, H., Amir, E., Fischer, H. D., Fu, L., Austin, P. C., Harvey, P. J., ... & Anderson, G. M. (2016). The risk of myocardial infarction with aromatase inhibitors relative to tamoxifen in post-menopausal women with early stage breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 68, 11-21.
The rationale for this study was that a gap in the literature existed with respect to the possibility of aromatase inhibitors increasing cardiovascular risk relative to tamoxifen among breast cancer patients who were in the post-menopause phase of life. The participants consisted of more 9500 women over the age of 55 suffering from breast cancer (stage 1 to 3) in Ontario, Canada. The researchers conducted an observational cohort study to observe the myocardial infarction risk of aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen. They examined cases of hospitalization of the population sampled as a result of myocardial infarction and compared cases…...
mlaJones, L. W., Habel, L. A., Weltzien, E., Castillo, A., Gupta, D., Kroenke, C. H., ... & Yu, A. (2016). Exercise and risk of cardiovascular events in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34(23), 2743.
James, M., Swadi, S., Yi, M., Johansson, L., Robinson, B., & Dixit, A. (2018). Ischaemic heart disease following conventional and hypofractionated radiation treatment in a contemporary breast cancer series. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology.Abdel-Qadir, H., Amir, E., Fischer, H. D., Fu, L., Austin, P. C., Harvey, P. J., ... & Anderson, G. M. (2016). The risk of myocardial infarction with aromatase inhibitors relative to tamoxifen in post-menopausal women with early stage breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 68, 11-21.Cheng, Y. J., Nie, X. Y., Ji, C. C., Lin, X. X., Liu, L. J., Chen, X. M., ... & Wu, S. H. (2017). Long?Term Cardiovascular Risk After Radiotherapy in Women With Breast Cancer. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(5), e005633.Darby, S. C., Ewertz, M., McGale, P., Bennet, A. M., Blom-Goldman, U., Brønnum, D.,... & Jensen, M. B. (2013). Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(11), 987-998.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL POCESS TEMPLATE
DISEASE:
Acute Myocardial Infarction is a common disease with very grave consequences in morbidity, mortality and cost to the society (Boersma et.al, 2003) It has become the leading cause of death in the developed world. It has been estimated that about 450,000 people die from coronary disease per year in the United States.
Myocardial infarction primarily occurs when the blood supply to the heart is compromised. Just like all the cells of the body, the myocardial cells require a constant supply of blood and oxygen to keep working. Ischemia beyond a set threshold level exhausts the cells and causing them to be damaged. Authors have said that the word Myocardial Infarction should be used when there is evidence of necrosis of the myocardium in a clinical setting. There are five different types of MIs defined depending on the situation that occurs. Type 1 is primarily a spontaneous MI…...
mlaReferences
Anderson, J.L., Adams, C.D., Antman, E.M., Bridges, C.R., Califf, R.M., Casey, D.E., Chavey, W.E., Fesmire, F.M., Hochman, J.S., Levin, T.N. & Others (2011). 2011 accf/aha focused update incorporated into the acc/aha 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non -- st-elevation myocardial infarction a report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation, 123 (18), pp. 426 -- 579.
Boersma, E., Mercado, N., Poldermans, D., Gardien, M., Vos, J. & Simoons, M.L. (2003). Acute myocardial infarction. The lancet, 361 (9360), pp. 847 -- 858.
Bruyninckx, R., Aertgeerts, B., Bruyninckx, P. & Buntinx, F. (2008). Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis. The british journal of general practice, 58 (547), p. 1.
Hayashi, T., Miyataka, M., Kimura, A., Taniguchi, M., Kurooka, A., Yabushita, H., Kiyoshima, T., Nakamura, H., Hirano, Y. & Ishikawa, K. (2005). Recent decline in hospital mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation journal: official journal of the japanese circulation society, 69 (4), p. 420.
Health Care Services for Myocardial Infarction:
Myocardial Infarction (MI) is commonly known as Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a heart attack disease in which blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted resulting in ultimate irreversible damage and cell death in that part of the heart (Khan, 2010). As one of cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction can be regarded as one of the leading causes of death for men and women across the globe. While the condition is attributed to various causes, the major cause of myocardial infarction is partial or complete occlusion of the coronary arteries. The partial or total occlusion of the coronary arteries occurs because of a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the existing primary health care services used to target myocardial infarction in Australia. The analysis of the current primary health care services and initiatives that exist to…...
mlaReferences:
Bottorff, M.B., Nutescu, E.A. & Spinler, S. (2007). Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Findings from the CRUSADE National Quality Improvement Initiative. Pharmacotherapy, 27(8), 1145-1152. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/561186_2
"Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Trends at Different Ages." (2010, April). Cardiovascular
Series Number 31. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare website: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442455116
"Cardiovascular Disease." (2011). Australian Facts 2011. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare website: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737418530
5% while 70.5% took Aspirin within six hours after reaching hospital and 76.5% of patients admitted in the NICVD were receiving Aspirin therapy." (Jaiwa, 2006, p.1)
Jaiwa reports a more recent study that states findings that out of 52 patients with chest pain only 13 patients or 25% of the 52 received aspirin. The stated reason for not giving aspirin to the other 39 patients included that "chest pain was not felt to be cardiac in thirteen (33%), ten patients (26%) had already taken aspirin on that day, the medical provider was a basic level emergency medical technician who could not administer aspirin to six patients (15%), pain subsided prior to arrival of emergency medical services in three patients." (2006, p.1)
Conclusion of the investigators were that the primary reason that paramedics failed to administer aspirin was "...their belief that the chest pain was not of a cardiac nature while the other…...
mlaBIBLIOGRAPHY
Jawaid, Shaukat Ali (2006) Under Use of Aspirin in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol. 22, No. 3 July -- Sept 2006. Online available at: http://pjms.com.pk/issues/julsep06/article/editorial1.html
Anti-Platelet Effects of Aspirin (2009) Healthcare Professional Information. DISPRIN. Online available at: http://www.disprin.com/hcare/antplat/index.htm
Myocardial Infarction After Aspirin Treatment, and Kounis Syndrome (2005) RedOrbit. 22 June 2005. Online available at: http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/157465/myocardial_infarction_after_aspirin_treatment_and_kounis_syndrome/
Chan, WK (nd) Reappraisal of Long-Term Tolerance of Aspirin in Patients after Myocardial Infarction. Department of Medicine & Geriatrics
This thickening, hardening, calcification and the fatty deposits all work together to block the arteries causing the deprivation of blood.
Cigarette smoking is another contributor to the damaging process. It can cause an increased heart rate and hypertension, both of which causes the heart to work harder than what it should. "Cigarette smoke contains carbon dioxide" (MedicineNet.com, 2007) and when inhaled into the body can lead to less oxygen in the blood. These factors cause the heart to work even harder with a less than normal supply of oxygen.
The surgery you experienced re-opened those arteries by inflating a small balloon that allows for an increased blood flow, directly assisting your heart so it does not have to work so hard.
Please schedule additional time with your next appointment to talk with the nurse on how you can modify your lifestyle to decrease your risk of suffering another myocardial infarction.
orks Cited
Burt, V.L.,…...
mlaWorks Cited
Burt, V.L., Cutler, J.A., Higgins, M., Horan, M.J., Labarthe, D., Whelton, P., Brown, C., Rocella, E.J., (1995) Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in the Adult U.S. Population, Hypertension, Vol. 26, pp. 60-69
Medicine Net.Com (2007) We Bring Doctor's Knowledge to you, Accessed October 30, 2007http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp ,
Heart attack or myocardial infarction occurs when there is an interruption of regular flow of blood to the heart. The blockage, which leads to the interruption of blood flow, has to be long enough that part of heart muscle dies or becomes damaged. This blockage makes the regular and required oxygen supply in the heart. This lack of oxygen supply leads to the death of numerous cells and the chance of survivor after a heart attack is how soon an individual accesses the hospital.
hat is exactly Heart Attack
The intrusion of oxygen supply to the heart makes the cells die making it stop functioning. Factors such as accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, calcium and inflammatory cells thicken the inside of the artery reducing the entry of oxygenated blood. The deposits can totally block the artery starving the heart of oxygen which results to the heart cells getting damaged or even death. That…...
mlaWork cited
Handler, Clive E, and Gerry Coghlan. Living with Coronary Disease. New York: Springer, 2007. Print.
Vlodaver, Zeev, Robert F. Wilson, and Daniel J. Garry. Coronary Heart Disease: Clinical, Pathological, Imaging, and Molecular Profiles. New York: Springer, 2012. Print
Coronary Artery Disease: An Incredibly Easy Miniguide. Springhouse, Pa: Springhouse Corporation, 2000. Print.
Heart Attack!: Shadows on the Eve of Tomorrow. Xlibris Corp, 2012. Print.
Patient Self-Administration of Medicine
Although patient empowerment is valuable, it is essential that hospitals exercise control over the medications patients take. It is impossible to design an effective plan of care otherwise. However, many patients wish to self-administer medications within the hospital setting. For many patients, self-administration is a reasonable goal at home: it is particularly necessary for chronic conditions like diabetes, where patients must learn to self-administer their medications to remain independent over the course of their lives. There also appears to be a desire amongst patients to take control over their own medications even in a hospital context. In a qualitative study of self-medication: "seven participants had previously experienced self-administration of medications and six were in favour of this practice in the clinical setting. Nine managed their own medications at home, and one self-administered with some assistance from his family. Participants were very concerned about how nurses' heavily regulated…...
mlaReferences
Ducas, R.A. (et al. 2013). To transmit or not to transmit: how good are emergency medical personnel in detecting STEMI in patients with chest pain? The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(4):432-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.04.008
Fogoros, R. (2014). STEMI. About.com. Retrieved from:
Life Changes After Illness
There are very many critical illnesses that people face everyday in life. Among these critical illnesses is Myocardial Infarction which is commonly known as heart attack. This comes about due to an interruption of blood supply to some parts of the heart muscles that result to the death of the damage or death of heart cells. Symptoms of this illness are sudden chest pains, nausea, sweating, palpitations and shortness of breath. Often when an individual is diagnosed with Myocardial Infarction the news come as a shock to the person. When one becomes aware that they are suffering from Myocardial Infarction there are various changes that will occur in their lives. This paper will look at the life changes that occur after Myocardial Infarction.
Stressful life
Myocardial Infarction is life threatening, stressful and its onset is sudden, unanticipated and uncontrollable. This means that the life of a person who has…...
mlaReferences
Home-health-care-physical-therapy.com. (2012). Myocardial Infarction your future at risk? Retrieved April 30, 2013 from http://www.home-health-care-physical-therapy.com/myocardial-infarction.html
Web Med. (2010).After Heart Attack. Retrieved April 30, 2013 from http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/what-to-do-after-a-heart-attack
The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions.(2012). Lifestyle Changes After a Heart Attack. Retrieved April 30, 2013 from http://www.scai.org/SecondsCount/Resources/Detail.aspx?cid=c603d8f4-642c-4639-80d6-4e8107f91dc2
American heart association. (2010).Life changes. Retrieved April 30, 2013 from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/PreventionTreatmentofHeartAttack/Lifestyle-Changes_UCM_303934_Article.jsp
Mr. Medicare's Myocardia
Mr. Medicare Patient and his wife Mrs. Medicare were sitting on the couch watching a football game one Sunday, when Mr. Medicare began to feel ill. It began with a feeling like indigestion, which he attributed to the spicy chicken wings that they were eating while watching the game. However, the initial indigestion feeling worsened, even after he chewed an antacid. He began to feel short of breath and broke out in a cold sweat. He told his wife, Mrs. Medicare, what he was feeling. ecognizing Mr. Medicare's symptoms as those of a heart attack, Mrs. Medicare brought him into the emergency room through the emergency department lobby as opposed to coming by ambulance.
Mr. Medicare did not complain of chest pain or of pain radiating down the arms, but his other symptoms prompted staff to treat him as a possible heart attack patient. For the staff nurse working…...
mlaReferences
Administration Implements Affordable Care Act Provision to Improve Care, Lower Costs. (2011, May 07). Retrieved from HHS.gov: http:www.hhs.gov/news/press/2011pres/04/20110429a.html
Ashley, S. (2012). How to write a persuasive memo. Retrieved December 18, 2012 from eHow
website: http://www.ehow.com/how_4794500_write-persuasive-memo.html
Body, R., Carley, S., Wibberley, C., McDowell, G., Ferguson, J., & Mackway-Jones, K.
Myocardial Infarction Minimizing Hospital Readmission
Phase 1: EBP for Effective Patient Care Transition
Donald, an acute myocardial infarction (MI) patient, has undergone angioplasty, a procedure in which a catheter is inserted into clogged arteries in a patient’s heart to widen them and improve blood flow. To supplement the angioplasty, Donald has had cardiac stents placed to prop the affected arteries open and reduce their risk of narrowing again. Studies have shown that several complications could result from angioplasty procedures and the insertion of stents as in Donald’s case. The most common complications include bleeding or vascular complications (6 percent of patients), acute renal failure (5 percent of patients), and stroke (0.3 percent of patients) (Dunlay et al., 2012). A study analyzing readmission rates among MI patients in Minnesota found that bleeding was the most common complication after angioplasty, affecting 6 percent of patients (Dunlay et al., 2012). The most common form of…...
mlaReferences
Borghi, C., & Ambrosioni, E. (1996). Primary and Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 18(3), 547-58.CMS (n.d.). Guide to Reducing Disparities in Readmissions. Center for Medicare and Medicaid. Retrieved from Dunlay, S., Weston, S. A., Killian, J., Bell, R. M., Jaffe, A. S., & Roger, V. L. (2012). Thirty Day Hospital Readmissions Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Community Study. Ann Intern Med, 157(1), 11-18.Jones, R., Arps, K., Davis, D. M., Blumenthal, R. S., & Martin, S. S. (2018). Clinician Guide to the ABCs of Primary and Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. American College of Cardiology. Retrieved from https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2018/03/30/18/34/clinician-guide-to-the-abc sKarunathilake, S. P., & Ganegoda, G. (2018). Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Application of Technology for Early Diagnosis. Biomed Research International, doi: org/10.1155/2018/5767864Lambert, P., Chaisson, K., Horton, S., Petrin, C,…& Brown, J. (2017). Reducing Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: How Nurses can Improve Patient Safety, a Qualitative Investigation. Critical Care Nursing, 37(1), 13-26.https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/Downloads/OMH_Readmissions_Guide.pdf
Where the hypotheses were well-followed throughout the text, the conclusion ignores the relevance of these factors to the delay experienced by patients in seeking treatment. Instead of developing a correlation between the identified behavior and the subject matter, importance of creating awareness among the general public was the highly emphasized. Furthermore, the responsibility of nurses and government authorities in this regard, was also discussed.
Limitations
The study itself had a rather limited scope. Selection of convenience sample along with a particular racial background and non-inclusion of patients who died within hours of reporting AMI acted as major drawbacks. Secondly, a selection of considerably small sample also raised questions on the reliability of the sample.
Confidence
The evaluation of this research does not lead to a confident and reliable conclusion. The limited scope of the sample, controlled questionnaires, neglect of other factors and the comparative analysis instead of individual examination of the given factors…...
mlaReferences
Lesneski, Lisa. (2010). Factors Influencing Tretment Delay for Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Applied Nursing Research. 23, pg- 185-190.
Cardiology Nursing
This is a 12 lead ECG taken for Mr. Long at the Emergency Department. He presented with a two hour history of chest pain radiating to his left arm. The ECG is suggestive of an antero-septal Myocardial infarction. Further scrutiny of the ECG displays a normal sinus rhythm, with a rate of 75 bpm that is regularly regular. There is no axis deviation with a P interval of 200 ms and normal qrs complexes. Leads I and aVL also show a q wave which may be suggestive of an old high lateral wall MI. Leads I, V1, V2, V3 and aVL show ST segment elevation of greater than 2 mm and ST segment depression in leads II and III. Mr. Long is suffering from a fully evolved ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
A correlation can be made with the area of myocardium involved and the vessel involved. The antero-septal wall is…...
mlaREFERENCES:
B, Deborah, Diercks. (2010). Mission Lifeline: Developing a STEMI regonal care. American Heart Association. -. Print.
Jois, P. (2011). Nstemi and stemi: therapeutic updates 2011. The Practical Journal for Emergency Physicians, 32(1), 1-7.
Katzung, B., & Masters, S. (2011). Katzung's pharmacology. (9 ed.). United States of America: Mc-Graw Hill.
Kumar, V., & Robbins, (2007). Basic pathology. (8 ed.). London: Saunders Company.
Heart Disease
elationship between cardiac arrest and coronary cardiac disease
The heart is an essential organ in the human body, it keeps the individual alive. Understanding how the heart operates and functions is essential to help protect your heart from heart disease. Cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease are significant heart related illness that has a high mortality rate. It is important for individuals with pre-existing heart disease to understand the symptoms of cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease, since these are both leading causes of fatality in the United States. Understanding how the heart works, the individuals risk for heart disease, and how to prevent or delay heart disease is essential. In this paper I will address the relationship between cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease. I will also explain how the heart functions and discuss some ways of preventing cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease.
Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is a condition…...
mlaReferences
Antonini-Canterin et. al. (2009). Association between carotid and coronary artery disease in patients with aortic valve stenosis: an angiographic study. Angiology 60 (5) 596-600
CDC. (2010). Heart disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/
Dewey et. al. (2004). Coronary artery disease: new insights and their implications for radiology. European Radiology. 14 (6) 1048-1054
Escolar et. al. (2006). New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 174 (4) 487-495
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