Muhammad as a Prophet
According to Shepard (2005) in Islam, there is something like more than one hundred and twenty four thousand prophets who were supposed to have been taught by God to teach men. Shepard makes the point that every prophet came on the scene with his own rules and regulations but shadowed the rules which had been put together by the prophets that had come before him. Shepard goes on to mention that the first prophet, in most religions is believed to be Adam, was the first human to ever walk the earth. The most important prophet, and the last, in Islam, is believed to be Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) (Shepard 2005). This man was supposed to be the last prophet that came from God and according to the Muslims; there will never be another one. The life of this famous prophet comprises of a lot of examples and features.…...

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Works Cited

Ahmad, Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud. Life of Muhammad. Boston: Islam International Publications, 2006.

Alah, Sirat Rasul. The Life of Muhammad. A. Guillame, 2000.

Ernest, Carl E. Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World (Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks). The University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Haleem, Abdel. M.A.S. The Qur'an: A New Translation. Oxford, 2005.

Muhammad Ali in Egypt and the Influence of Napoleon
Services and Mission of Muhammad Ali Pasha

eforms under the egime of Muhammad Ali Pasha

Societal eforms

Education eforms

Westernization

Economic eforms

Agricultural eforms

Political eforms

Political eforms

Economic Strengthening Activities to Make Egypt Self Sufficient

Muhammad Ali the Father of Modern Egypt

AFU Armed Forces Union

CGS Chief of the General Staff

CUP the Committee of Union and Progress

Dev-Sol evolutionary Left

Dev-Yol evolutionary Way

D-SK Confederation of Unions of evolutionary Workers

DP Democrat Party

EEC or EC European Economic Community or European Community

Hak-?

Confederation of Unions of Islamist Workers

IMF International Monetary Fund

JP Justice Party

MI-SK The Confederation of Unions of Nationalist Workers

M-T National Intelligence Organization

NAP Nationalist Action Party

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NDP Nationalist Democracy Party

NOP National Order Party

NSC National Security Council

NSP National Salvation Party

NTP New Turkey Party

NUC National Unity Committee

OYAK Army Mutual Assistance Association

PKK Workers' Party of Kurdistan

PP Progressive epublican Party

PP epublican People's Party

SHP Social Democratic Populist Party

SODEP Social Democratic Party

SPO State Planning Organisation

TPLA Turkish People's Liberation Army

Turk-?

Confederation of the…...

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References

Alston, R. (1995). Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: A Social History. London: Routledge. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109085852 

Ansari, H. (1986). Egypt, the Stalled Society / . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102522123 

Asante, M.K. (2002). Culture and Customs of Egypt. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=111669565 

Assmann, J. & Stroumsa, G.G. (Eds.). (1999). Transformations of the Inner Self in Ancient Religions. Boston: Brill. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=114080134

Shadid characterizes the Turabi-led Islamist program -- achieved through a military coup -- as the attempt to establish Islamic politics in a viable modern way without division between political and religious life. Islam is seen as an encompassing identity, not just a belief set. Shadid gives its aims: "a revival of the umma, adoption of sharia, social and economic development and trepidation about the West's cultural, economic and political influence" (Shadid168). It can bring about the end of war, famine, and poverty independent of the West. The key is that the system relies on interpretation of Islam through the Qur'an and traditional law. It only secondarily references the model of Muhammad when it talks about how the social community is built. Muhammad's example in Mecca and Medina are cited for this (Shadid 171). At the same time, political power usurped by the elite came through a critique of the…...

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Bibliography

Ernst, Carl W. Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Esmer, Yilmaz. "Islam, Gender, Democracy and Values: The Case of Turkey, 1990-2001." In Changing Values, Persisting Cultures: Case Studies in Value Change, eds. Thorleif Pettersson and Yilmaz Esmer, 275-301. Leiden: Brill, 2008.

Gabriel, Richard a. Muhammad: Islam's First Great General. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.

Khalidi, Tarif. Classical Arab Islam: The Culture and Heritage of the Golden Age. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1985.

t the time of her marriage to Muhammad, Khadija was forty years old and possibly had children from an earlier marriage. s husband and wife, Muhammad and Khadija bore seven children. In 619 a.D., Khadija died from an unknown illness; soon after, Muhammad married for the second time. However, at this point in his life,
Muhammad opted to have more than one wife, a tradition that was carried on in rabic culture

bdullah, llama. The Sayings of Muhammad. NY: Citadel Press, 1990, 245.

for hundreds of years. Thus, Muhammad clearly knew the power that went along with having a large family; exactly how many children he had by the time of his death is unknown.

In essence, the life of Muhammad was a long-term mission aimed at spreading the words of llah to all corners of the world. ccording to llama bdullah, writing in the Sayings of Muhammad, the great Prophet was…...

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Adil, Hajjah Amina. Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam. New York: Islamic Supreme

Armstrong, Karen. Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. New York: HarperCollins,

Kelen, Betty. Muhammad: The Messenger of God. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1975.

The Medinian tribes (largely influenced by conversion of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh) gradually accepted Islam and with Muhammad instituting a spirit of brotherhood, charity, and morality (as opposed to the anarchic, warlike spirit that had, heretofore, prevailed), Islam became a viable growing option for many.
As part of survival tactic, the Medinian immigrants were encouraged by Muhammad in their war against Mecca. These, particularly the Battle of Badr, strengthened Muhammad's position and made Islam grow. Heretics were killed and pagans subdued.

Expert strategist and war man, Muhammad prevented alliances from forming against him and devised new military techniques to defend median from siege. Later treaties negotiated, particularly with the Quraysh, further cemented regard for Mohammad, as well as guaranteeing military security for his empire way into the future (Peterson, 2007)

The conquest of Mecca, in 630, resulted in minimal casualties since most of the Meccans converted to Islam. His famous speech, known as…...

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References

Armstrong, K. Islam: A Short History (The Modern Library, 2000)

Hourani, A. A History of the Arab People (London, 1991)

Peterson, D. (2007). Muhammad, Prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Because Islam represented a threat to their power as a trading entity, Muhammad preached as a prophet faced with hostility by the established religious authorities of his time and place. His followers were gained under the threat of martyrdom, a fate spared Muhammad only by virtue of the protection of his uncle, a powerful regional leader. (MidEasteb for Coexistence, p. 1)
ith the death of his uncle, Muhammad was forced to take on a more militant stance as he expanded his influence. ith some followers departing for North Africa and employing similar tactics of conversion by conquest, the influence of Islam spread quickly. As the MidEasteb for Coexistence reports, "From their base in Medina, the Muslims took to raiding Meccan caravans. In 624, they won the battle of Badr and took much booty. Now secure in Medina, Muhammad expelled the Banu Qaynuqa, one of the three main Jewish tribes, and…...

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Works Cited:

MidEastWeb for Coexistence. (2007). Muhammad. MidEastWeb.org.

Katz, J. (2001). The Prophet Mohammed. Eretz Yisroel.

This campaign was not only geared in making Meccans realize that there is only one God but also focused on uniting people under one God. Third, the prophet was not a man of war and used the word jihad, which has mistakenly been interpreted to mean holy war, to promote struggle for survival of Muslims. The struggle was primarily a peaceful non-violent way to fight for the survival of Mecca.
Accomplishment of Goals for Unity:

Through his work, Prophet Muhammad achieved his goals of promoting social change and unity of people under one God. Generally, Prophet Muhammad's work yielded results in various ways most of which was realized several years after his death. One of the major ways with which unity was achieved is that the prophet's life has become an example to emulate among Muslims. As Islam continued to spread into new territories and obtain converts, Muhammad's sayings and customary…...

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Works Cited:

Armstrong, Karen. Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time. New York: Atlas / HarperCollins, 2006. Print.

Muhammad Ali Clay
Muhammad Ali is among the most widely identified faces in the world; recognized not only for becoming the most effective boxers in the recent boxing history; however for becoming probably the most well-informed persons of the last century. Ali had not always been recognized with that name; although he had been born as Cassius Marcellus Clay on the 17TH of January in 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky. Both Ali and his younger sibling udolph had numerous minor conflicts like all brothers may have, however they had been, and are still endowed with possessing a really close connection (Hauser, 1991).

Twelve-year-old Cassius had been excited about boxing right after his brand-new motorbike had been stolen in an annual Black fair known as The Louisville House Show. Joe Martin, a police officer who trained young teenagers how they can box, had been in a small basement located in the fair and…...

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References

Hauser, Thomas. Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times. New York, NY, Bantam Books, 1991

Michael, E. (2009). Muhammad Ali: The Making of an Icon. Temple University Press.

Shone, R. (2006). Muhammad Ali: The Life of a Boxing Hero. The Rosen Publishing Group.

Tyers, Kathy. Muhammad Ali: The Greatest. San Mateo, Ca, IDG Books World Inc.1995

Muhammad and how these challenges may have affected the Islamic tradition facing pluralism. First, pluralism in Islam is discussed, as outlined in the Qu'ran, and then Mohammad's trials are discussed, as they relate to the issue of pluralism in Islam. The definition of pluralism used in this paper is "the acceptance of other faiths which approach the same truths as one's own, rather than the alternative definition "the tolerance of faiths other than one's own." The definition, and its relevance to the discussion presented in this paper is also discussed.
What is the attitude of Islam towards pluralism (http://www.dawoodi-bohras.com)?If one goes by the Qur'anic pronouncements, Islam not only accepts the legitimacy of religious pluralism, but in fact considers pluralism central to its system of beliefs (http://www.dawoodi-bohras.com).There are very clear statements to this effect: for example, verse 5:48 (http://www.dawoodi-bohras.com).The verse is as follows: "Unto every one of you we have appointed…...

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Bibliography

Cohen, J. Under Crescent and Cross.

Lewis, The Jews of Islam.

McAuliffe, Quranic Christians.

Rahman, Major Themes of the Qu'ran.

slamic Mysticism
slam is a Middle Eastern religion originating from around the 7th century, based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. The basic paradigm of slam focuses on the revelations and ideals given to Muhammad by Allah (God) and recorded in the slamic Holy Text, the Qur'an. The basic focus of the Qur'an is to guide individuals to their appropriately perfect relationship with Allah through order, law and tradition. t is important to remember that the Qur'an was written during a time when most of the population was illiterate, so the cultural traditions contained within the Qur'an were designed to organize society and every aspect of life.

slam is mystical in the sense of a tradition of both wisdom and philosophy, based primarily on the manner in which the Prophet attained the wisdom of Allah and transcribed it. n many ways, though, like other religious traditions, the idea is that Allah…...

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In Islam, the duality of the revelations given to Muhammad and the mysticism revolving around Allah and the spirituality of humans is inexorably tied to the notion of society and culture. There is no separation of taking pieces of the Qur'an, but only in looking at it as a holistic document and, as one scholar put it, a template for an inner language that forms a holistic view of humanity and synthesis of spiritual and practical notions of how humans should live. Muhammad and the Qur'an, as the word of Allah, understand that life is a pathway towards perfection, and perfection is knowing God. However, the wisdom of the Qur'an also recognizes that humans are imperfect and must be guided towards this ultimate goal of perfection. Like Aristotle, happiness (perfection or oneness with God) does not always come at the end of the path, but along the way through trials and tribulations, evolving wisdom, and a dedication to faith.

Source:

Sells, M. (1996). Early Islamic Mysticism. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, pp. 1-23.

Jesus & Muhammad
Jesus and Muhammad:

Similarities and Differences in the Lives of Two of History's Most Extraordinary Men

The power of religion is unmatched by any other philosophy. Religion has been utilized throughout history to unite or divide entire populations, to attain political prestige or financial power, and to subjugate society by often thwarting scientific reasoning. Yet, for many, religion has also provided guidance in times of turmoil and a sense of belonging in an often-disjointed world. This latter view of religion is one that those who established two of the world's largest faiths, Christianity and Islam, hoped to promote in the very beginning of time. In order to better understand these two men and the development of their faiths, this paper will conduct an examination of similarities and differences between Jesus and Muhammad's exceptional lives by beginning with the historical circumstances in which the two men lived and continuing with a…...

Inspiring poor communities to regain or preserve their self-sufficiency is one of the only ways to mitigate the problems associated with globalization. Globalization can be a liberating force, opening small markets up to the world. If Yunus were to lend money to poor women in a closed market system, their businesses would not thrive or grow and the potential to create vast amounts of wealth for the community would dwindle. Therefore, the global market economy has the potential to foster wealth in the poorest regions of the world.
Large multinational corporations may end up in symbiotic relationships with small, local companies. Small local companies can deliver goods and services, serving as ancillary support systems with intimate knowledge of the local culture and community. Small businesses are a potentially invaluable asset, not only by diversifying local economies but also by adding sources of supply, distribution, and retail outlets for products and…...

Hence, the message contained in the holy book -- the Qur'an -- which is supposed to be the word of God Himself, is of great importance to the Muslims.
The book itself consists of the revelations made to Muhammad over a number of years, following the first revelation made to him while he was meditating in a cave near Mecca. It is divided into 114 chapters (called suras) that have been assembled in a descending order from the longest to the shortest chapter. The book is believed to be the word of God (as revealed to Prophet Muhammad) by the Muslims and sets forth the basic requirements of Muslim life, including spiritual, social, and legal codes of conduct. The Qur'an is written in the Arabic language and has a lyrical beauty that is difficult to translate into other languages. Like all profound works of literature, the verses of the Qur'an…...

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References

Ali, a.Y. (2000). "The Holy Qur'an." Translation in English. Wordsworth Classic of World Literature. Wordsworth Edition Limited: UK

Al-Muhajabah (2008). Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Pages. Retrieved on December 10, 2008 at  http://www.muhajabah.com/tawhid.htm 

Dallal, a.S. (2008). "Islam." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on December 10, 2008 at http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579171/islam.html

Fisher, M.P. (2008). Living Religions. Seventh Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: NJ

This freedom included interpreting the haditha into sharia, or Islamic law, but in the tenth century Sunni leaders declared the gates of knowledge closed, and the sharia complete. The Arabic empire still flourished, however, despite the persecution of various heresies including the mystical branch of Islam, Sufism. Strangely, religious tolerance was also ostensibly part of Muslim belief and practice in government, but apparently this did not extend to warping or blaspheming the Muslim religion itself. The Arab empire was eventually overrun by Mongols, but instead of ending Islamic rule this actually extended and complicated it.

The Mongols actually converted to Islam within decades of their entrance into Muslim territories, and political thinking that allowed one Muslim to kill another person claiming to be a Muslim was developed by a Muslim resistance leader. Muslim leaders -- all Muslims, in fact -- should try to implement sharia, but the Mongols were not doing…...

government Islamic community establish death Muhammad? How Muslim lands governed 900-1400? eference Book: A History World Societies, Eighth Edition, Vol1 by: McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey,
Even with the fact that Muhammad had managed to create a powerful religious ideology, he did not provide his followers with a clear understanding of who he wanted to succeed him in ruling the Arab world. As a consequence, many of his companions started disputes with regard to who was the rightful heir to Muhammad's Empire. Sunni and Shia Muslims represent the two main groups in Islam and they have been arguing with regard to which of them should represent the principal branch of the religion ever since Muhammad's death. In spite of the fact that Muhammad managed to bring together all the tribes of Arabia, the power that he left behind made it difficult for his followers to simply continue to respect his teachings…...

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References:

McKay, J.P., 2009, A history of world societies, 8th edition, Bedford / St. Martin's

MindSparks, Islam's Impact, Social Studies

## Islam's Promotion of Equality

Islam, as a comprehensive religion, places great emphasis on fostering equality and inclusivity among its followers, regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. This principle of equality is deeply rooted in the teachings of the Quran, the sacred text of Islam, and the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

### Quranic Teachings on Equality

The Quran repeatedly emphasizes that all human beings are created equal in the eyes of God. In Surah Al-Hujurat, verse 13, it states: "O mankind! We have created you from a single (pair) of a male and....

Women's Rights and Roles in Islam: A Comparison with Other Religious Traditions

Throughout history, women's rights and roles have been shaped by religious and cultural beliefs. Islam, like other major religions, has its own set of teachings that define women's status and responsibilities within society. While there are similarities among different religious traditions, there are also significant variations.

Education

Islam: Islam strongly emphasizes the importance of education for both men and women. The Quran encourages Muslims to seek knowledge and wisdom, and it specifically mentions the right of women to education.

Christianity: Christianity also values education, but the role of women in formal education....

Characteristics of Transformational Leadership in Non-Profit Organizations with Focus on International Aid

Introduction
Transformational leadership plays a pivotal role in the success of non-profit organizations, particularly those engaged in international aid. Leaders with this leadership style possess the ability to inspire and motivate followers, create a shared vision, and foster a culture of innovation and change. This essay analyzes the characteristics of transformational leadership in non-profit organizations with a focus on international aid.

Characteristics of Transformational Leadership

Transformational leaders exhibit a distinct set of characteristics that set them apart from traditional leaders:

Visionary: Transformational leaders articulate a compelling vision that motivates followers and sets....