Motivation Theories and Emotions
Motivation Theory

Fear

Extrinsic Motivation

The theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motives helps explain the presence of fear in motivation. An activity is intrinsically motivating if a person does it voluntarily, without receiving payment or other type of reward.

An activity is extrinsically motivated if it is performed primarily for external reinforcement such as food or money.

Extrinsic motivation is based on the emotions of desire and fear. First, there is a desire for the object of external reinforcement in return for a certain performance. Later, there is a fear of the loss of that object of external reinforcement if the performance is not adequate. This fear can either motivate the person to expend more effort or it can cause the person to be indecisive and catatonic.

Frustration

Flow

Flow is a psychological state coined by positive psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Flow is a state of elevated consciousness and performance, created by single-minded immersion in a…...

mla

Bibliography

Csikszentmihalyi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow," in Elliot, A., Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598 -- 698

Metcalfe, J.; Mischel, W. (1999), "A Hot/Cool-System Analysis of Delay of Gratification: Dynamics of Willpower." Psychological Review 6:1, 3-19

Ryan, R.; Deci, E. (2000), "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions." Contemporary Educational Psychology 25:1, 54-67

Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward (2000), "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions." Contemporary Educational Psychology 25:1, 54-67

d.). A need also frequently serves to answer the question motivational psychologists regularly ask as they explore motives that impel the person people to do what he/she does: "hat drives people to do the things they do?" Basic concepts of motive include:
A motive depicts a person's internal state arousing and directing his/her behavior to meet a precise goal and/or objective.

A deficit, a lack of something, contributes to a motive.

Motives vary in amount and type.

Motives evolve from needs: "States of tension within a person, and as need is satisfied, tension is reduced ("Henry Murray's Theory… N.d., Basic Concepts

Section, ¶ 1).

Motives impel the individual to "perceive, think, and act" in particular ways that fulfill his/her need/s (Ibid.).

Henry Murray identified the following "big three motives":

Need for Achievement

Need for Power

Need for Intimacy ("Henry Murray's Theory… N.d., The Big Three Motives

Section).

Herzberg

Ikwukananne I. Udechukwu (2009), PhD, NOVA Southeastern University in Florida, focuses on work attitudes like…...

mla

WORKS CITED

Aggarwal, Deepak, Suneeta Singh, and Ashis K. Chatterjee. "Team building intervention."

Indian

Journal of Industrial Relations. Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human

Resources. 2007. HighBeam Research. 4 Sep. 2010 .

In that regard, employee motivation in the vocational environment of lending component of financial institutions emphasizes commissions and bonuses which are most consistent with the Vroom/Skinner concept of vocational motivation. In the past, management has also attempted to motivate performance in a manner that is most closely described by Herzberg's Two-Factor Hygiene Theory because high volume is rewarded with bonuses, praise, and advancement opportunity while lower performance is not punished except through the absence of rewards. Management seems to believe that this approach allows the most talented and self-motivated employees to thrive. Generally, that has resulted in a situation where some employees are much more driven than others and some employees approach their positions and nothing more than a source of steady work and paychecks.
Implications of Applying Two Alternative Motivational Theories

elying on certain other motivation theories might not necessarily be beneficial in this environment as relying on others. For…...

mla

References:

Daft, R. (2005). Management 7th Edition. Mason: Thomson South Western.

George, J.M. & Jones, G.R. (2008). Understanding and Managing Organizational

Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A. (2009). Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Guarding against stasis while allowing employees to have a sense of control and mastery are some of the important lessons to be learned from these theories. Still other theories of motivation allow for individual differences in what does or does not motivate the subject: Attribution theory's advocates classify individuals into three general categories: achievers who desire personal recognition, affiliation seekers who value relationships, and power seekers who desire control (Straker, 2010, Acquired needs theory). Each type requires a different motivational strategy on the part of the supervisor to ensure the employee functions at an optimal level.
eferences

Huitt, W. (2001). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive.

Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. etrieved February 16, 2010 from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/col/motivation/motivate.html

Straker, David. (2010). Acquired needs theory. Changing minds. etrieved February 16, 2010

from http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/acquired_needs.htm

Straker, David. (2010). Motivation theory. Changing minds. etrieved February 16, 2010

from http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/a_motivation.htm...

mla

References

Huitt, W. (2001). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive.

Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved February 16, 2010 from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/col/motivation/motivate.html

Straker, David. (2010). Acquired needs theory. Changing minds. Retrieved February 16, 2010

from  http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/acquired_needs.htm

ELEVANCE OF MASLOW'S HIEACHY OF NEEDS
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Contemporary elevance of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has represented a theoretical touchstone within the field of organizational management for decades. However, research since this theory was first authored in 1943 has found this model increasingly insufficient in light of what has been learned about human behavior. To better define the strengths and weaknesses of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, this report examines recent research into the ability of this model to predict employee behavior. Based on this analysis, Maslow's model of human motivation needs to be updated to reflect the ability of workers to seek fulfillment of needs largely independent of where they are ordered within the hierarchy. In addition, the influential role of the work and community environment on which needs are most attended to, should also be emphasized more. These conclusions represent more an elaboration of Maslow's hierarchy,…...

mla

References

Eggerth, Donald E. And Flynn, Michael A. (2012). Applying the Theory of Work Adjustment to Latino immigrant workers: An exploratory study. Journal of Career Development, 39(1), 76-98.

Kaklauskas, A., Zavadskas, E.K., Pruskus, V., Vlasenko, A., Bartkiene, L., Paliskiene, R. et al. (2011). Recommended Biometric Stress Management System. Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 14011-14025.

Kenrick, Douglas T., Griskevicius, Vladas, Neuberg, Steven L., and Schaller, Mark. (2010). Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 292-314.

Rego, Armenio, Cunha, Miguel Pina E., and Oliveira, Miguel. (2008). Eupsychia revisited: The role of spiritual leaders. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 48(2), 165-195.

Workplace Motivation Theories:
In the early 1960s, the study of motivation was not considered as a reputable pursuit since it was dominated by behaviorists. These behaviorists argued that motivation is brought by external factors that act as either re-inforcers or punishers. Internal factors resulting in individual motivation were basically regarded as physiological by non-behaviorists. However, in the past few decades, workplace motivation has developed to become a significant topic to an extent that it has been examined by various psychologists and other professionals. These efforts have contributed to the development of theories that act as mechanisms for predicting, describing, and impacting employee motivation. In attempts to explain workplace motivation, these theories focus on cognition, employee needs, and the specific job characteristics. The various workplace motivation theories have been developed to explain job motivation across various job arenas.

Goal Setting Theory and Social Cognitive Theory:

Some of the major examples of workplace motivation theories…...

mla

Reference:

Latham, G.P. (2006). Workplace motivation: history, theory, research, and practice (1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Motivation, Stress, And Communication
Ford motor is a global company dealing with the manufacture of vehicles. It has several offices/manufacturing plants in most parts of the world. For the company to run smoothly and efficiently, its operations are divided into several department headed by several departmental managers. One of the departments am in charge is the Supply Chain Systems Sales department a position I filled as the head of department.

A Supply Chain System Sales Operations Manager is in charge of two broad roles. One of roles concerns supplies while the other deals with sales of their locomotives. These two roles are interlinked in a way that the person in charge must ensures that their sales offices are supplied by their products (vehicles) for sales and shipping of new vehicles to other customers or to their sales offices in countries ford motors has no factory. Sales are an interactive kind of work…...

mla

References

Champoux, J. (2010). Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations: Taylor and Francis.

Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705-717.

Oldham, G.R., & Hackman, J.R. (2010). Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 463-479.

The vertical differentiations are associated with the components of abstraction that permit individuals to determine both their intentions and their behaviors. The horizontal differentiation is associated with different intentions including the completion of the project.
Tubbs and Eckeberg (1991) assert that understanding the intentional model has implications associated with understanding the effects of goal setting. The authors argue that the intentional behavior model explains the cognitive effects of goals which is rarely seen in research pertaining to work motivation. The authors posit that the research is important because it is the first time that research has sought to determine the impact that goals have on people.

Finally Latham and Pinder (2005) discuss Work Motivation Theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The author point out that interest in motivational theories has not waned since they first begin to surface. According to the authors, work motivation represents a set…...

mla

References

Klein J.I. (1990) Feasibility Theory: A Resource Munificence Model of Work motivation and Behavior. Academy of Management Review. 15 (4) pgs. 646-645.

Latham G.P., Pinder, C.C. (2005) Work Motivation Theory and Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Pyschology. 56: 485-516.

Tubbs M.E., Eckeberg S.E. (1991) Academy of Management Review. 15(1) pgs. 180-199.

One example of this is shown when explaining why people eat, aside for being a basic need; people eat as a form of interaction or in some instances for entertainment. People are motivated to eat because they enjoy doing it with the company of friends and family. Individuals are motivated to eat for other reasons that may include health consideration in particular. Motivation in this aspect is largely attributed to be an internally driven. Each individual has a different motivation in pursuing a certain goal. This motivation is manifested in the human will or volition; some writers see it as the human spirit. In times of difficulty that a person encounters, it is this internal motivation that surfaces which provides the person added strength to weather the storm. For instance, when the body encounters substantial physical and mental stress, the body secretes adrenaline resulting to a situation wherein the…...

mla

References

Beck, Robert. (2000) Motivation: Theories and Principles. New Jersey Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Franken, Robert (1998) Human Motivation. New York: Brooks/Core Publishing Company.

Ford, Martin (1992) Motivating Humans. London: Sage Publications.

Houston, John (1985) Motivation. New York: Macmillan Publishing.

Every person who had performed well and met the deadlines was offered a cash bonus at the end of six-month period when performance appraisals were done. However I realized that Sarah was not motivated by this cash reward. She had one child who went to kindergarten and her husband earned well. his meant she needed something other than money to motivate her. his was indeed a challenge since I had no idea how to discover her needs which could enhance her performance and inspire her to meet deadlines.
he first stage was to determine if the job actually suited her aptitude. I spoke to her personally and asked her if she really liked her job. But this was done in a candid manner so she wouldn't know what the real issue was. Sarah talked eagerly about her work and her ideas about the next month's magazine. Studying her resume, I…...

mla

This was a very interesting and enlightening survey. I spoke to Sarah and we discussed her various options. I told her that as long as she promised to meet her deadlines, I could allow her to work from home on Tuesdays and Thursdays and she could leave around 1 p.m. provided she guaranteed timely delivery of the work assigned to her. Needless to say, Sarah was thrilled. This is the last time we ever had a problem with her deadline issue. The new reward program motivated her so much that she was putting in extra effort to get everything done on job. The company had no problem with her new schedule and I was finally convinced that a happy employee is a company's best resource.

Reference

Ken Smith, Great minds in Management. Oxford University Press, 2005

Both observation and experiment provided the underpinning for Abraham Maslow’s theory of human motivation. Maslow (1943) posits, “man is a perpetually wanting animal,” leading to the constant striving to fulfill goals (p. 370). If and when anything prevents the fulfillment of a goal—whether the obstacle is internal or external—discomfort or psychopathy can occur (Maslow, 1943). Although Maslow’s original research was conducted decades ago, recent research on motivation and human behavior continues to substantiate Maslow’s core claims. Researchers continue to operationalize Maslow’s definitions of needs and motivation, leading to a strengthening of the original theory and expanded applications in the social sciences. Maslow himself wrote extensively to develop and mature a comprehensive theory of human motivation based on the hierarchy of needs model. The original needs hierarchy consists of five fundamental needs: for physiological comfort and fulfillment, for safety and security, for belongingness, for esteem, and for self-actualization. Although definitions of…...

Figure 1 below highlights briefly Hertzberg's two factor theory applications to the Southwest Airlines.
Figure 1: Hertzberg Two Factor Theory

To complete the analysis, the hygiene factors related to dissatisfaction should are considered to be:-

Working Conditions

Quality of Supervision

Salary

Status

Security

Interpersonal relations

These factors are necessary for the satisfaction of the employees, but will not lead to a motivated police force. Without these factors being present in an appropriate manner, these factors will lead to dissatisfaction, which may negate efforts to motivate the workforce.

The motivation factors include:

Achievement

esponsibility for task

Interest in the job

Advancement to higher level tasks

Growth

Clearly, these factors are more connected with internal forces, and affect Southwest employees in a different way. These factors are the driving force behind motivation, and have been the mandate at Southwest Airlines, which explains the success of the company.

Another related motivational model that seems to be close fit to the operations at Southwest is the Existence elatedness, Growth (EG)…...

mla

References

Gordon, Platt, (2004). "United States: Splitting Roles of CEO and Chairman May Harm Business Performance." Find Articles Publications. Retrieved on March 20, 2010 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3715/is_200406/ai_n9455531 

Govindarajan, Vijay and Lang, Julie (2002). Southwest Airlines Corporation. Dartmount College: Center for Global Motivation.

Greenberg, J., (2010). Managing Behavior in Organizations, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers.

Jaffe, Charles, (1991). Moving fast by standing still - Herbert D. Kelleher, Southwest Airlines, Nation's Business. Retrieved on March 21, 2010 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1154/is_n10_v79/ai_11319024/print

Motivation Systems for Hospitality Organizations: A Case Study of Motel
Generally speaking, the hospitality industry competes on a global basis by providing food and beverages services as well as accommodations for tourists and travelers. For instance, according to Lucas, "The term hospitality industry serves as an overarching label for businesses whose primary purpose is to offer food, beverage and accommodation for sale on a commercial basis" (2003:3). By contrast, hospitality services are associated activities that take place within the hospitality industry which are provided within different segments of the marketplace. Such hospitality activities are primarily involved with providing food and beverage services for a wide range of institutional operations including educational facilities such as colleges and universities, passenger airline carriers, healthcare and long-term care facilities as well as penitentiaries and jails (Lucas 2003). For the purposes of this study, the focus will be on the hospitality industry and hotels in…...

mla

References

About Motel 6. (2010). Motel 6. [online] available:  

It is also possibly one of the most significant motivational factors among young people. Zuckerman refer to disinhibition as follows. "These who choose to follow a conventional lifestyle might periodically escape by engaging in social drinking..." (Franken, 2001, p. 343). This is an important factor as the desire or need for disinhibition may lead to an addictive patterns of behavior, where the drugs or alcohol supply the required escape from routine and inhibitory factors.
Disinhibition is also strongly related to the conventions of society where the individual may feel hemmed in and confined by the routine and patterns of ordinary life. This can lead to addictive behavior as the use of drugs or substances are motivated by the desire to free one's self and sense of identity and fulfill experiential needs.

The central concept that links al of these motivational theories is that they all can be seen to contribute to…...

mla

References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57300683 

Ammerman, R.T., Ott, P.J., & Tarter, R.E. (Eds.). (1999). Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Questia database:

Organizational Behavior
How New Practices at Sodexho Align with the Essentials of Performance Management

Performance management, in basic terms, has got to do with an organization's involvement of employees with an aim of enabling them to achieve objectives and, hence, further enhance performance at both the individual and organizational level. Quite a number of changes have taken place at Sodexho since the entry of Ms. ohini Anand, the Senior Vice President and Global Chief Diversity Officer at Sodexho. To what extent do these changes and new practices align with the essentials of performance management?

To begin with, Sodexho has been able to not only define, but also clarify performance expectations. This, as will be indicated below, has been more so the case when it comes to identifying the exact performance expectations of various groups or categories of employees. As Ms. Anand points out, interviewers at Sodexho are trained on cultural competent recruiting. It…...

mla

References

Sims, R. (2002). Managing Organizational Behavior. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

1. Educational psychologists play a crucial role in understanding and managing learning behaviors in students. By applying psychological perspectives to teaching, educators can create effective strategies to address various challenges that may arise in the classroom. These perspectives help educators identify the underlying factors influencing behavior, tailor instruction to meet individual needs, and create a positive learning environment conducive to student success.

2. One key psychological perspective that educators often utilize is behaviorism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the external factors that influence them. Educators can apply behaviorist principles by using reinforcement and punishment to shape students behaviors. For example,....