A further assessment was done on civilian displacement and the number of deaths was estimated on excess of the expected.
Data Analysis

The data was analyzed using the Quasi-Poisson models. This method was used to evaluate the mortality rates with an emphasis on the place of research and its timing. The number of displaced people in the survey was a variable to explain the trends. The projected mortality rates for future five periods were computed and analyzed against the civilian data obtained from the UN publications about the Darfur conflict. This was aimed at obtaining the number of deaths. e found that 63 out of 107 mortality rates surveys met the criteria to be used.

Result Findings and Discussion

The study established that there was a reduction in mortality rates between the periods of 2004 and 2008. This disparity was brought about by the deployment of humanitarian aid workers whom in their absence,…...

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Works cited

Flint, Julie. Darfur: a New History of a Long War. Michigan: Zed Books, 2008.

Population of the City of Atlantis on March 30, 2003 = 183,000
of new active cases of TB occurring between January 1 and June 30, 2003 = 52

of active TB cases according to the city register on June 30, 2003 = 238

The incidence rate of active cases of TB for the 6-month period was: [ONE POINT]

per 100,000 population per 100,000 population per 100,000 population per 100,000 population

130 per 100,000 population

183,000 is 183% of 100,000, so the rate per 100,000 would be 52 divided by 1.84...or 28.

The prevalence of active TB as of June 30, 2003, was: [ONE POINT]

14 per 100,000 population

130 per 100,000 population

144 per 100,000 population

264 per 100,000 population

e. none of the above

B -- using the same math as above...except it's 238 / 1.84 -- 129.3

3. Which of the following is an advantage of active surveillance? [ONE POINT]

a. requires less project staff

b. is relatively inexpensive to employ

c. more accurate…...

The Importance of Black Doulas in Promoting Improved Birthing Outcomes for Black Mothers1. What is one important role of a Black Doula in effecting a positive outcome for Black Maternal Mortality and Morbidity rates?It is reasonable to suggest that the birth of a child, especially for first-time mothers, is an emotional experience that is inherently fraught with anxiety and even terror over the potential outcomes due in large part to the unknowns that are involved. This is especially true of minority mothers who lack the same access to maternal care as their white counterparts (Sobczak, 2023). The unknowns that are involved in giving birth combine to create a sense of dread and anxiety that adversely affect the mental health and potentially physical health of pregnant black women. In this regard, Greco (2024) points out that, Black women are fearful of birthing hospitals and the medical system during their pregnancies, and…...

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ReferencesGreco, R. (2024, March 27). Maternal mortality rates among Black women are grim. Ingham County hopes to change that. Lansing State Journal. Retrieved from lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/local/2024/03/27/black-doulas-michigan-maternal-mortality-rates-ingham-county/72943641007/.Sobczak, A. (May 24, 2023). The Effect of Doulas on Maternal and Birth Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Cureus 15(5), e39451.https://www.

There are several different elements that should be considered and properly acted upon to facilitate a comprehensive program to reduce the mortality rates for children under five. According to the World Health Organization, "6.9 million children under the age of five died in 2011. More than half of these early child deaths are due to conditions that could be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions" (No author, 2012).

Therefore, the comprehensive program to address this issue will consist of three different parts. The first is to provide interventions for mothers prior to childbirth, the second is to provide interventions during childbirth, and the third is to provide interventions during the first five years after childbirth. For the first of these interventions, it is crucial that mothers receive immunizations against common child-bearing diseases such as tetanus, receive regular visits from antenatal consultants, and refrain from intoxicants such as drinking…...

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References

Moody, S. (2011). "Ready-to-use therapeutic food." USAID from the American People. Retrieved from  http://blog.usaid.gov/2011/10/ready-to-use-therapeutic-food/ 

No author (2012). "Children: reducing mortality." World Health Organization. Retrieved from  http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en/index.html

" Because of the ability to reproduce in large amounts in a small amount of time, phytoplankton are considered as the first link in the food chain of nearly all marine animals. Phytoplankton provide food for a large variety of organisms, including the microscopic animals (such as the zooplankton), bivalve molluscan shellfish (like mussels, oysters, scallops, and clams), and small fishes (such as anchovies and sardines). To continue the food chain, these group of animals then provide their own kind of food to other group animals like crabs, starfish, fish, marine birds, marine mammals, and humans (Karl, et al., 2001).
Figure 1. Sample food chain involving phytoplankton

Source: (www.planktonfyi.com/images/foodchain.jpg,2006).

Mortality Rate of Phytoplankton

It was recorded that from 1980's to the present, phytoplankton have been continuously increasing in frequency and distribution worldwide. The reason for such continuing increase in biomass is yet to be determined, but scientists have provided several assumptions including (Karl, et…...

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Works Cited

Alvarez Cobelas, M., J.L. Velasco, a. Rubio, and C. Rojo. (1994). The time course of phytoplankton biomass and related limnological factors in shallow and deep lakes: a multivariate approach. Hydrobiologia 275/276:139-151.

Anya, M. (1996). Phytoplankton biodiversity.(Marine Biodiversity) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Biomass distribution of phytoplankton" (2006). [Available online] www.astro.temple.edu/~sanders1/balance.gif

Carpenter, S.R., J.F. Kitchell, and J.R. Hodgson. (1985). Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience 35:634-639.

Some of the funding is to come from a national prevention trust fund (Kaiser Fdn, 2010). However there are additional funding resources for the near-term that are readily assessable.
Social Justice

The National Secretary of Health has been called on to launch a national quality plan designed to address the issue of social injustice and improve the level of service to every state. Specific to this program are the rates for Maryland in tracking the mortality rates of all with diabetes. Including the elderly women and minority women with the specific indicators to track and monitor being race and gender. This will go along way in finally getting a better idea of what the numbers in Maryland for diabetes mortality.

Understanding that elderly women and older minority women in particular are retired and have little income or are unemployed (Mitchell et al., 1994). Therefore their income is even lower than their non-Hispanic…...

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References

CDC.gov. (1999). Centers for disease control and preventative diabetes

Surveillance. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/survl99/chap2/table01.htm .

DHMH. (2011). Diabetes self-managed education. Retreived March 14, 2011 from http://fha.maryland.gov/cdp/diabetes_education.cfm

Kaiser Foundation. (2010). Facts on health reform. Retrieved March 14, 2011 from  http://www.kff.org/healthreform/upload/8016-02.pdf

morbidity and mortality data in your state to facilitate planning for your community?
Morbidity and mortality data enables health professionals to target which preventable health diseases are particularly acute within a given community, and design preventative strategies. "Morbidity is an incidence of ill health. It is measured in various ways, often by the probability that a randomly selected individual in a population at some date and location would become seriously ill in some period of time" (Morbidity, 2012, Econterms). This is in contrast to mortality, which is defined as "incidence of death in a population. It is measured in various ways, often by the probability that a randomly selected individual in a population at some date and location would die in some period of time" (Mortality, 2012, Econterms).

If there is a high morbidity rate regarding lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancers, public…...

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Reference

Bailey, W. Scott. (2010). Texas' mental health issues could take an economic toll. San Antonio

Business Journal. Retrieved:

 http://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/stories/2010/10/18/story8.html?page=all 

DeSoto, W., Tajalli, H., & Hofer, K. (2001). Health care in rural Texas. Policy Studies Journal,

Tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use can lead to birth defects, low birth weight, and premature delivery (HHS, 2006). All of these are listed as the major causes of infant mortality (CDC). Given the literature and public service announcements produced on these subjects over the past several decades, it is difficult to believe that anyone in this country is unaware of the detrimental effects these things can have on a fetus, and apparently thee communications are working to a degree; the infant mortality rate has dropped significantly, and yet such abuse is still among the leading causes of infant death (CDC; HHS, 2006). To tackle these issues, information should not be the focus of the message strategy but rather the mothers themselves should be the message's focus. Perhaps a short bulleted list of the disadvantages children with fetal alcohol syndrome and other effects of in utero abuse are likely to…...

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References

Eliminate disparities in infant mortality." Center for disease control website (CDC). Accessed 31 January 2009.  http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/AMH/factsheets/infant.htm 

Health and human services fact sheet: Preventing infant mortality." (2006). Health and human services website (HHS). Accessed 31 January 2009.

Such additions would increase the validity of the study by widening its scope, even if the focus remains quantitative and retrospective.
Measurement

Measurement occurred via a number of stud variables, including ED initial complaints, admission diagnosis, primary discharge diagnoses, weekend admissions, weekday admissions, gender, race, age, and other variables. These are supplemented by ICU variables such as wait time until the results of tests, admission and discharge. Hospital mortality was also used as a measurement factor. The measurements appear to be consistent with the objective of the study, to relate specific elements of ED care with mortality rates.

Data Collection and Analysis

Data included targeted information such as arrival in emergency department, registration time, medication, intervention results, as well as specific patient data. Data were analyzed by a variety of methods, including descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Statistical methods include scatter plots, box plots, cross tabs, and regression. These methods of collection…...

Maternal Mortality and Morbidity: Addressing the Ongoing Disparitiesesearch question: How can the ongoing disparities between maternal mortality and morbidity, specifically among African American women, in the United States be addressed?Maternal Mortality and MorbidityAccording to Howell (2018), in the United States, African American women happen to have a significantly higher likelihood of dying of pregnancy-related causes with the author in this case placing the said likelihood at three to four times in comparison to White women. This is the very same finding made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC which makes an observation to the effect that in the US, black women are three times more likely to die from a pregnancy-related cause than White women (CDC, 2023). Njoku, Evans, Nimo-Sefah, and Bailey (2023) also make a similar finding, indicating that in comparison to other ethnic and racial groups in the US, African American women experience…...

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ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2023). Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal Mortality. M.Z., Gumas, E.D. & Williams II, R.D. (2022).The U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis Continues to Worsen: An International Comparison. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/us-maternal-mortality-crisis-continues-worsen-international-comparisonHowell, E. A. (2018). Reducing disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 61(2), 387.Njoku, A., Evans, M., Nimo-Sefah, L. & Bailey, J. (2023). Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States. Healthcare, 11(3), 438. Taylor, J. K. (2020). Structural racism and maternal health among Black women. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 48(3), 506-517.https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternal-mortality/index.htmlGunja,

Childhood Obesity in Turner County, GA Ages 6-11
Turner County is one of the regions in Georgia that is affected by childhood obesity and overweight. Generally, childhood obesity is one of the major public health concerns and issues affecting Georgia. Currently, the state is among the top three states with high prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight issues. Despite the numerous measures that have been undertaken to deal with the problem and significant gains that have been made in the process, Georgia still has a high rate of childhood obesity cases. In essence, Turner County is still largely affected by the issue of childhood obesity similar to other counties in Georgia. However, a clear understanding of the extent of childhood obesity in Turner County among children aged 6-11 years requires collecting vital statistics on this population. For this analysis, the researcher has relied on a questionnaire and interview of healthcare providers…...

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References

Davila-Payan et al. (2015, March 12). Estimating Prevalence of Overweight or Obese Children and Adolescents in Small Geographic Areas Using Publicly Available Data. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2015/14_0229.htm 

Johansson, S. (2014, October 15). Maternal Overweight and Obesity in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Infant Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Sweden. British Medical Journal, 349. Retrieved from  http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6572 

Appendix

Childhood Obesity Questionnaire

OBESITY 1 OBESITY 15








Obesity
Name
Date












Introduction
Obesity is a global epidemic affecting almost all population cohorts. Rates of obesity are rising worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013), the obesity epidemic “is not restricted to industrialized societies,” with millions of obesity-related cases burgeoning in developing countries (p. 1). With billions of cases worldwide, obesity has therefore been described as the “major health hazard of the 21st century,” (Zhang, Liu, Yao, et al., 2014, p. 5153). Given the global nature of the disease, clinical guidelines have become increasingly standardized, but it is still necessary to tailor interventions to specific populations to create age appropriate, culturally appropriate, and gender appropriate treatment interventions. After a brief discussion of obesity pathophysiology, this paper will evaluate standard practices at local, state, national, and international levels. Access to care and treatment options also determine disease outcomes. Therefore, this paper will also address the core factors involved in public…...

knowledge statements on Cardiovasular Diseases among Minority Women in U.S.
Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) accounts for the single largest cause of death among women, causing 8.6 million deaths annually (Keyhani et al., 2008). In the U.S., it is estimated that about 38.2 million women currently live with CVD and more women than men die each year from CVD (Mosca et al., 2007). Cardiovascular disease varies substantially not only across gender lines, but also across different ethnic groups in the U.S. For example, Hamner and Wildner (2008) noted that the prevalence of CVD is higher among African-American women (49%) when compared to Caucasian women (35%). According to Williams (2009), age-adjusted death rate to CVD in 2002 was significantly higher among African-American women (169.7 per 100,000) when compared to Caucasian women (131.2 per 100,000). Knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors is limited among African-American women as Williams (2009) citing a survey…...

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References

Hamner, J., & Wilder, B. (2008). Knowledge and risk of cardiovascular disease in rural Alabama women. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 20(6), 333-338.

Keyhani, S., Scobie, J.V., Hebert, P.L., & McLaughlin, M.A. (2008). Gender disparities in blood pressure control and cardiovascular care in a national sample of ambulatory care visits. Hypertension, 51(4), 1149-1155.

Mosca, L., Banka, C.L., Benjamin, E.J., Berra, K., Bushnell, C., Dolor, R.J., . . . Wenger, N.K. (2007). Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation, 115(11), 1481-1501.

Williams, R.A. (2009) Cardiovascular disease in African-American Women: A health care disparities issue. Journal of National Medical Association, 101, 536-540

Addressing Maternal Mortality: The Role of Medicaid Expansion and Telehealth in Reducing Disparitiesection I: Health Problem and Research QuestionMaternal mortality is a critical and urgent public health issue in the United tates, particularly in underserved communities and among racial minorities. The high rates of maternal mortality, especially in rural areas and among Black and Hispanic women, are linked to various systemic inequities, including inadequate access to postpartum care. tudies show that Medicaid is crucial to maternal health, covering many births. However, there are gaps in extending postpartum care and addressing racial and ethnic disparities in maternal outcomes?.Research Question: How can extending Medicaid postpartum care coverage in underserved communities reduce maternal mortality and improve health equity for Black and Hispanic women?Rationale: This question was selected because data indicates that many maternal deaths occur during the postpartum period. Extending Medicaid postpartum coverage from 60 days to one year has been shown to…...

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Shah, L. M., Varma, B., Nasir, K., Walsh, M. N., Blumenthal, R. S., Mehta, L. S., & Sharma, G. (2021). Reducing disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes in the United States. American heart journal, 242, 92-102. Sundstrom, B., DeMaria, A. L., Ferrara, M., Meier, S., & Billings, D. (2019). “The closer, the better:” the role of telehealth in increasing contraceptive access among women in rural South Carolina. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23, 1196-1205.

John Kellys "the great mortality"
The bacillus Yesinia Pestis made two continents pay intolerably high life prices both in human and animal lives. Along a few decades in the first half of the thirteenth century, it engulfed Eurasia and kept the world under its terror, making many think its end was near (The Great Mortality).

The Great Plague has carved in the history of humanity signs that will never fade with the passing of time because of its enormous toll on human lives. John Kelly's book "The great mortality" places the plague in a historic context and tackles the topic of Black Death from the perspective of the twentieth century. The word is not free from the deadly attack of infectious diseases, viruses are still threatening animals and human beings alike. John Kelly points out in the introduction to his book that in spite of the numerous victories reported by medicine in…...

One of the troubling things about breast cancer in the United States is how much more fatal it is for black women than for white women.  Understanding this difference will not only help improve care for African American women, but also help explore the racial disparities that exist throughout the American healthcare system.  To do this, it is important really understand the concept.  What are the reasons that black women are more likely to die of breast cancer than white women? Critical to understanding this concept is the fact that, while black....

Essay Outline: The Impact and Mitigation of Health Inequalities in the UK

I. Introduction
A. Define health inequalities and their significance in the UK
B. Thesis statement: Outline the pervasive impact of health inequalities and propose necessary actions to address them

II. Impact of Health Inequalities in the UK
A. Physical health disparities: Discuss the health gaps in life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality rates between different socioeconomic groups
B. Mental health disparities: Examine the higher prevalence of mental health issues among disadvantaged populations, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse
C. Socioeconomic consequences: Analyze the economic burden associated with health inequalities, such as....

I. Introduction
A. Explanation of inequalities in mortality related to physical health problems
B. Thesis statement: Inequalities in mortality linked to common physical health problems highlight the need for improved access to healthcare and resources for marginalized populations

II. Overview of Physical Health Disparities
A. Description of common physical health problems affecting marginalized populations
B. Statistics on mortality rates associated with these health problems

III. Factors Contributing to Inequalities in Mortality
A. Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare
B. Environmental factors and living conditions
C. Systemic inequalities in healthcare delivery and treatment

IV. Case Studies
A. Example 1: Disparities in mortality rates....

Research-Based Essay: Impact of Nurse-to-Patient Ratios on Patient Outcomes

Introduction

The nurse-to-patient ratio is a key factor that influences patient care quality and outcomes. Extensive research has demonstrated a strong correlation between lower nurse-to-patient ratios and improved patient outcomes, highlighting the critical role that nurses play in providing safe and effective care.

Evidence

Reduced mortality: Studies have shown that patients cared for by nurses with lower caseloads experience lower mortality rates. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that for every additional patient assigned to a nurse, the risk of in-hospital mortality increased by 7%.
Shorter hospital stays:....