Moral Development & Gender ias
The influence of moral development on the perpetuation of gender bias among males and females in the school setting

In analyzing the moral development that humans undergo from childhood to adulthood, it is important to look into the models and theories in psychology that served as the foundation of this field. Moral development among humans can be categorized into different stages, in the same way that human development undergoes through different stages. For this paper, the theory and model discussed and analyzed is Lawrence Kohlberg's multistage theory of moral evolution.

Kohlberg's model is illustrated as follows:

LEVEL 1: Preconventional Morality

Stage 1- Obedience and Punishment Orientation

Stage 2- Individualism and Exchange

LEVEL 2: Conventional Morality

Stage 3- Good Interpersonal Relationships

Stage 4- Maintaining the Social Order

LEVEL 3: Postconventional Morality

Stage 5- Social Contract and Individual Rights

Stage 6- Universal Principles

The preceding outline of Kohlberg's moral evolution model is summarized into three levels, which reflect the fact…...

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Bibliography

Shaw, V. (1998). Coping with Sexual Harassment and Gender Bias. NY: Rosen Publishing Group.

Moral Development
The purpose of the Thomspon (2012) article is to review literature on moral development and propose a new theoretical framework of life-span moral development. The development of moral conscience; the patterns of social cognition; and emotional understanding or emotional intelligence, are the three key components of the proposed framework of life-span moral development. Theory of mind addresses the evolution of cognitive processes related to social and empathic development. For example, infants and toddlers exhibit sensitivity to others' intentions, which has an impact on behavior. Furthermore, theory of mind research shows that young children can tell the difference between the social conventions vs. moral behavior. Thus, young children understand the concept of fairness. Young children can also comprehend the connection between their own personal desires and the results of their actions on other people's emotions. This is related to the capacity to sense and care about the emotions of others.…...

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Reference

Thompson, R.A. (2012). Whither the preconventional child? Toward a life-span moral development theory. Child Development Perspectives 6(4): 423-429.

Moral Development Theory
One of the biggest scandals involving print journalism in recent history has recently been uncovered in England -- and it involves one of the most popular tabloids in the UK, The News of the orld. Reporters employed by the popular print tabloid have been found to have hacked into the cellphone voice messages of celebrities, the Royal Family, sports notables and politicians. Those whose actions or lack of action are deeply implicated include the reporters and editors at The News of the orld, reporters, and shockingly, law enforcement in London has also been swept up in the disgraceful, sordid affair. This paper points out the way in which Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development help explain the unethical aspects of the case.

Law Enforcement Lapses

The media have covered this story very completely, partly due to the shocking evidence that journalists would invade the private world of any citizen --…...

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Works Cited

CBS News. (2012). Apologies all around in UK hacking scandal. Retrieved February 18, 2012,

From  http://www.cbsnews.com .

Davis, Doug. (2009). Kohlberg's Moral Stages. Haverford College. Retrieved February 18,

2012, from  http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/kohlberg.stages.html .

moral development of females and males. The writer discusses moral development including stages, reasoning, similarities and differences between females and males. The writer also discusses aggression in both genders and the impact on moral development. There were five sources used to complete this paper.
Today's society faces many acts of violence against its members. Shootings such as Columbine, date rape drugs being slipped into sodas, gang style murders, rapes and robberies seem to be more common place with each passing year. This calls to question the morals of societal members and whether or not young boys and girls are being taught morals and values. Morals include things such as honesty, respect of others and leading one's life in a fashion that is not harmful to others. Morals are something that is taught in the home, in the school and in social settings. Teaching morals is the teaching or expression of…...

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References

Barnett, Mark A.; Quackenbush, Steven W.; Sinisi, Christina S (1996)., Factors affecting children's, adolescents', and young adults' perceptions of parental discipline.. Vol. 157, Journal of Genetic Psychology, pp 411(14).

Day, H.D.; Franklin, J.M.; Marshall, D.D.(1998). Predictors of aggression in hospitalized adolescents.. Vol. 132, The Journal of Psychology, pp 427(8).

Livock, Rusty (1995). Working with Violence. Vol. 4, Journal of Gender Studies, pp 233-4.

Ijzendoorn, Marinus H. van; Zwart-Woudstra, Hylda A.(1995). Adolescents' attachment representations and moral reasoning.. Vol. 156, Journal of Genetic Psychology, pp 359(14).

As humans we are bound to make mistakes, but if good logic and reasoning is used by us to infiltrate the patterns of resistance we surely can evolve into better human beings. Consequently, we would be in a better position for positive contribution to the wealth of the society.
Conclusion

To put the entire thesis into a nutshell, it can be well stated that the awareness of the concept and phenomenon of moral development has increased to an accelerated pace in the today's time due to its importance in shaping an individual's personality. In fact, it is a process that continues over the lifespan of an individual. The levels of moral development determine to what extent, the individual is likely to perform good actions and behaviors towards others.

Besides, it has been deeply and clearly observed that following and practicing the moral development phenomenon, one can definitely bring out a better person…...

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References

Boss, J.A. (2010). Ethics for Life. 5th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill Education.

Daft, R.L. (2008). The Leadership Experience. 4th Edition. USA: Cengage Learning.

Gibbs, J.C. (2003). Moral development and reality: beyond the theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. USA: Sage.

Killen, M. & Smetana, J.G. (2006). Handbook of Moral Development. Repinted Edition. USA: Routledge.

What stage of moral development best reflects the organizational culture of the company for which you work, and why do you think this is true? Provide a few examples if you can to support your analysis.
Stage 4. While not unethical, my organization places a strong emphasis on workers following rules and standard operating procedures. It seldom asks for advice from employees about how to improve efficiency. It encourages employees to work in teams harmoniously, not to rock the boat, and to follow the 'company line.'

Q3. Is your stage of moral development in conflict with your company's stage of moral development; that is, are your ethical beliefs aligned with the organizational culture in which you work? Explain. If not, you may be suffering from a condition referred to as moral stress.

I do not think I am in a state of moral stress, but I do think that my ethical and…...

Kohlberg (1985) and others find that morality is best discussed in an interactive or "transative" setting, where students are free to interact as peers and to disagree among themselves about the best moral solution to a problem or dilemma. Studies conducted across cultures and religious communities find no clear relationship of religion to morality. esearch also finds that "Firm, fair, and flexible" classroom atmospheres contribute most to students' moral growth. Appropriate responses by teachers to both moral and conventional transgressions (responses to each type of transgression are, characteristically, different) also support students' moral growth.
Blatt and Kohlberg (1975) also suggest that while teachers are effective facilitators of discussions about morality, students actually learn more about morality from discussions and interactions with their peers. Conflict, stage disparity, and transitive discussion are good markers of the effectiveness of a classroom discussion on morality. Cooperative educational interactions within a democratic classroom environment have…...

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Reference

Nucci, Larry. (February 1987. Synthesis of research on moral development. Educational leadership. 86-92

Summary of the article "Synthesis of research on moral development" by Larry Nucci

Course title, course section number

Summary of "Synthesis of Research on Moral Development"

moral development would account for the behavior of the child you selected from uvenile ustice: In the Child's Best Interest. Be specific and cite the relevant theories.
oshua: Moral development

oshua is in an extremely difficult situation. He is currently being treated in a residential treatment center. In terms of his moral development, oshua seems able to perceive the needs of others, as he acknowledges that it is better for his family that he is being treated away from home for his defiant and delinquent behavior. He says that he is sacrificing himself for their welfare, which shows he has moved beyond a purely egocentric view of the world (Alberts, Elkind, & Ginsberg 2007:71-72). Egocentrism is the inability to perceive the separation of the self from other objects and the inability to acknowledge the different needs of others that can occasionally clash with one's own. Very young children exhibit extreme egocentrism,…...

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Joshua's mother seems loving and concerned, and is sad that her son cannot spend the holidays with the family, however difficult his behavior might be. In the film, the extent of Joshua's acting out is not detailed, although it is noted that it is not necessarily worse than other children who are never put in 'the system' at all. The judge blames Joshua's blended family as the cause of his interpersonal difficulties. There seem to be relatively few obvious reasons for Joshua's acting-out -- d espite the judge's assertion that divorce and reconstituted families can contribute to delinquency, overall the family does not seem to be extremely dysfunctional, nor it is clear why Joshua's behavior is so egregious it cannot be corrected while Joshua remains at home. Joshua's signs of remorse also suggest he has a conscience and thus he is far from a hardened sociopath or narcissistic.

This is interesting, given the commonly-shared belief that juvenile delinquents tend to operate on a State 1 or Stage 2 level of the Kohlberg scale of moral reasoning. They either fear punishment or believe the rules are enforced because others say so, without seeing a larger purpose (Leenders & Brugman 2005: 66). Joshua seems to defy this notion by showing real moral compunction at the pain he has been causing his family. However, it should be noted that Joshua seems to regret his actions because they make others feel bad (as well as himself). He does not see his behavior as bad in the contest of a larger moral system.

Kohlberg's system of different stages of moral development is often used to suggest that children who are delinquent are insufficiently developed 'morally' just like

Moral Development/Kohlberg
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Therapeutic Implications Kohlberg continues to be a significant figure and influence on the field of psychology. He is well-known for his theory of moral development which details different stages of morality throughout one's life. Although the theory has faced criticisms, particularly due to a questionable generalization to all cultures, it continues to be a basis of knowledge and usefulness in practice. In regards to therapy, the theory of moral development may be influential in a therapist's conceptualization and diagnosis of a client, treatment, and view of the client.

Kohlberg's theory of development is a six stage theory. Kohlberg (1976) believed that the earliest stage of moral development entails obedience whereas the highest level of development involves reasoning with universal human ethics. As the individual grows through each of the stages actions become less focused on oneself and more focused on abstract principles. Kohlberg frequently used…...

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References

Kohlberg, L (1976). Moral stages and moralization the cognitive-developmental approach In T

Lickona (Ed ). Moral development and behavior theory, research, and social issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Mwamwenda, T. (1992). Studies of attainment of higher moral reasoning. Psychological Reports

(71), 287-290.

Moral development has become an increasingly important aspect of education. Educators typically introduce moral education during the preschool years; however, it is oftentimes an essential component in elementary and secondary curricula as well. A review of the importance such development during early childhood, for both individuals and society; its implications in preschool; its cultural nature; and how it relates to the Singapore early childhood educational system provide sufficient background of the matter.
Promoting moral development during early childhood has several benefits. One of the primary objectives of preschool is social competence. In other words, preschoolers are taught from the beginning of their educational experience that one must interact with others in a constructive manner. To attain this goal, preschoolers are taught to be polite, by using courteous phrases; to positively interact with ethnically and racially diverse peers; to cooperatively use resources (such as toys, books, food, and crayons); to play various…...

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References

Hansen, David T. (1995). Teaching and the Moral Life of Classrooms. Journal for a Just and Caring Education. Vol.2. pp. 59-74.

Nucci, Larry (1997). Moral Development and Character Formation. Psychology and Educational

Practice. Berkeley: MacCarchan.

Singapore Ministry of Education (2000). Civics and Moral Education Syllabus. Retrieved September 17, 2005. Web site:

Bowman et al. (2010) states that "third-level reasoning…prevents abuse of professional skills for one's own advantage or for that of one's social group" (2010).
Kohlberg believed that the U.S. government, the official morality, requires fifth stage moral reasoning (Lewis & Gilman 2005). This level asks for respect of individual rights and it accepts critically examined values (2005). While this stage is not the highest stage (the highest being a stage where life is considered "sacred"), it is above the norm. This should also be the level that administrative officials, as well as other individuals in positions of power, strive to attain. To be an administrative authority necessitates the belief that all individuals inherently have freedoms and values that cannot be manipulated in any way. Lewis and Gilman (2005) stress that when one is looking at the principles of Kohlberg's different levels and stages, it isn't about "the invoking of 'high…...

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References:

Barger, Robert N. (2000). A summary of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development. CSUDH. Retrieved on October 11, 2010, from  http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/kohlberg01bk.htm 

Bowman, James S., West, Jonathan P., & Beck, Marcia A. (2010). Achieving

competencies in public service (the professional edge). M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

Lewis, Carol W. & Gilman, Stuart C. (2005). The ethics challenge in public service: a problem-solving guide. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development presents three levels with two stages each of moral reasoning. The reason or motive for the behavior of an individual is what defines each stage (Crain, 1985). In order to come up with this developmental theory Kohlberg carried out studies using various dilemmas and finding out how the subjects responded. His main interest in the process is not a "yes" or "no" said by the subject but rather the reasoning behind the answer. This way he was able to demonstrate that people's moral reasoning progressed through a series of stages as discussed hereunder:
The first level is referred to as the "pre-conventional moral reasoning" and is typically related to children of about the age of 10 years. At this stage the individual does not internalize morals and the reasoning is externally influenced (Jeremy et al., 2000). The individual categorizes an act as good or bad depending…...

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Works cited

Crain, W.C.. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118-136. Retrieved from http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm

Jeremy, I.M. et al. On "Stages and Moral Reasoning, Developmental Review," Volume 20, Issue

2, June 2000, Pages 181-205.

McDevitt, T.M., & Ormrod, J.E. (2007). Child development and education (3rd ed.). Upper

Ethics and Moral Development in the Business Environment
Ethics, as the study of right and/or wrong, is an essential tool for professionals and practitioners of specific fields of study, particularly those people who directly deal with society. Knowing acts and behavior that are right or wrong, moral or immoral are considerations that an individual must take into account when practicing his/her chosen field of profession. However, there are various theories on ethics that offer different perspectives in determining whether an act or behavior is ethical or not, moral or immoral. In the analysis of the case study Might Makes Right, four ethical and moral theories are discussed and applied in the context of the study: Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative, J.S. Mill's Utilitarianism, theory of rights-based ethical decision-making, and theory of justice-based ethical decision-making.

The case study presents the main problem, wherein Janice contemplates whether or not to present her subordinate John's…...

The teacher who is cognizant of Kohlberg's theory and observant of student behavior might take the opportunity to help direct children who are beginning to make that transition to think about morality in ways that help them narrow their focus to understand basic concepts about why certain types of behavior may be moral or immoral. Without guidance, children may merely shift from the concern over doing what adults say to doing that which avoids negative consequences for themselves but without giving much thought to what specifically makes certain types of behavior right or wrong (Crain, 1985).
In some respects, Kohlberg's Level II (stage 3) is similar to Level I stage 1, in that the adolescent may substitute the messages and expectations of family and community for those of any adult; however, in terms of the degree of independent moral reasoning, there is not necessarily much difference in the process of…...

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References

Crain, W. (1985). Theories of Development. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Gerrig, R. And Zimbardo, P. (2008). Psychology and Life. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Hockenbury, DH and Hockenbury, S.E. (2007). Discovering Psychology. New York:

Worth.

Flatliners
Choose one of the five medical students and answer the following:

The medical student chosen is Nelson, the main protagonist.

Identify the level of moral development the character is at and defend the answer.

Each of the characters in the film, but none so more than Nelson, is trapped in the childhood or adolescent stage of moral development. Nelson had committed an accidental murder when he was a small boy. Consequently, he has not moved beyond this point mentally. He has moved slightly into the adolescent mindset, wherein his actions are defined by his peers. Nelson has hidden the dark secret of his past for years because it destroyed his childhood and he doesn't want further repercussions for that behavior.

Is this character an Objectivist, a relativist, or a Utilitarian; back this up with a scene from the movie.

Nelson is a Utilitarian. Despite the potential dangers to the others, Nelson does not admit the…...

1. The prevalence of theft in schools and its impact on students and staff
2. The role of technology in preventing and addressing theft in schools
3. The psychological effects of being a victim of theft in a school environment
4. Strategies for promoting a culture of honesty and accountability in schools to reduce theft
5. The consequences of theft in schools on academic performance and school culture
6. The relationship between socioeconomic factors and theft in schools
7. Investigating the reasons behind why students steal in schools
8. The effectiveness of disciplinary measures in deterring theft in schools
9. The role of parents and the community in....

1. The Role of Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird

2. Racism and Injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird

3. Moral Development in To Kill a Mockingbird

4. Character Analysis of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird

5. The Symbolism of the Mockingbird in To Kill a Mockingbird

6. The Importance of Empathy in To Kill a Mockingbird

7. Social Class and Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird

8. Atticus Finch: A Heroic Figure in To Kill a Mockingbird

9. Themes of Childhood and Maturity in To Kill a Mockingbird

10. The Impact of Literature in To Kill a....

1. Analyze Thomas Aquinas' Five Ways to prove the existence of God and evaluate their effectiveness in addressing modern scientific and philosophical challenges.
2. Compare and contrast Thomas Aquinas' views on natural law and ethics with those of other prominent philosophers, such as Aristotle or Immanuel Kant.
3. Investigate how Thomas Aquinas' theology influenced the development of Western Christian thought and the relationship between faith and reason in his writings.
4. Examine Thomas Aquinas' concept of the soul and its relationship to the body, and explore how it differs from other philosophical and theological perspectives on the nature of the human person.
5. Discuss....

Part I: The Duality of Human Nature

1. The Eternal Struggle: Good vs. Evil in the Human Heart
2. The Battle Within: The Psyche's Warring Sides
3. Between Light and Shadow: Exploring the Dichotomy of Human Nature
4. The Yin and Yang of Humanity: The Interplay of Virtue and Vice

Part II: The Genesis of Good and Evil

5. Nature vs. Nurture: The Origins of Moral Behavior
6. The Role of Socialization in Shaping Moral Development
7. Environmental Influences and the Impact on Goodness and Evil
8. The Influence of Biology on Moral Disposition

Part III: The Consequences of Good and Evil

9. The Power of Choice: The Impact of Moral....