Mood Disorders
CONSIDER THE CORE DRUG KNOWLEDGE FOR Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

Why is Rita taking fluoxetine?

Rita is currently taking Fluoxetine in response to a psychological evaluation that demonstrates Major Depressive disorder and there is also some evidence of PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder). Major depressive disorder as described by the multi-axial system includes the presence of a single episode of the mood disorder, Major Depressive Disorder on the Axis I table as the patient has not reported having such severe episodes prior to this time and the episode is not better explained by any other psychotic disorder nor does she exhibit signs of having mixed episodes including mania or any other psychiatric disorder. It is also clear that Rita's Major Depressive Disorder episode is linked with the melancholic features as a modifier. The criteria for this modifier, experienced by Rita include loss of pleasure in all or most activities coupled with several of the…...

Mood Disorders
INTENSE, PERSISTENT, RECURRING

Definition of Mood Disorders

Causes

Risk Groups

Symptoms

Diagnosis and Treatment

Prevention

Proposed Dimensions for DSM5

In a single year, approximately 7% of Americans suffer from mood disorders, seen as depression or mania, likely to turn worse or cause death (Satcher, 2011). It is one of the top 10 causes of disability throughout the world. Mood disorder subjects spouses, children, parents, siblings and friends to frustration, guilt, anger, financial burden and even physical abuse in coping with the person who suffers from it. Depression has damaging effects on the economy in the form of decreased productivity and increased use of healthcare resources. Depression leads to absenteeism or reduces productivity. Depression accounts for the large part of healthcare expenditure. Depressed persons go through expensive diagnostic procedures in search for the cause of their pain. In many cases, they are treated for other complaints while the mood disorder escapes diagnosis and treatment (Satcher).

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders represent…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

APA (2010). Mood disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:

American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved on April 13, 2011 from  http://www.dsm5.org/PROPOSEDREVISIONS/Pages/MoodDisorders 

Boeree, C.G. (2003). Mood disorders. General Psychology: c. George Boeree. Retrieved on April 13, 2011 from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboeree/genpsymooddisorder.html

McGuigan, B. (2011). Wha are mood disorders? Wise Geek: Conjecture Corporation.

Mood Disorders
All people experience mood changes. We are happy or sad. We may be overjoyed or in despair, but our reactions are in proportion to the situations we face. In mood disorders, this balance is not present. Moods are extreme. Depression is a sad state where things seem hopeless. Mania is elation or extremely heightened energy. In both states the person's perception of the world is somewhat distorted. Many famous people have had these disorders including Winston Churchill and Eugene O'Neill.

Unipolar depression: is the most common mood disorder, and is more than just a short period of "the blues." Up to 15% of the population may be clinically depressed during any given year.

Symptoms: Emotionally, people with depression feel sad. They may describe themselves as feeling miserable or empty inside. They lose pleasure in thing they used to enjoy, and lose their sense of humor. Depression can also cause agitation, anxiety,…...

3). This wide range should be accounted for, and ideally the participants should have similar treatment histories. Too many intervening variables would interfere with the outcome of the research. It would be preferable to select participants who did not represent a wide range of treatment histories. Moreover, the "children's mood disorder diagnoses and their illness severity...also spanned a wide spectrum," (p. 3). Wide spectrums interfere with the accuracy of the research.
Ethical problems also arise in the methods used in the research. Families were chosen because their parents opted to participate in the study, but it is unclear whether or not the children participated of their own accord or because their parents wanted them to. eferrals welcomed participating families who already had children diagnosed with mental disorders. Some of the families had not yet sought treatment but many already had. Therefore, the study limited its population sample to families already…...

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Reference

Fristad, M. a; Goldberg-Arnold, J. S; Gavazzi, S.M. (2003). Multi-family psychoeducation groups in the treatment of children with mood disorders. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy 29(4).

Depressive or mood disorder is a term that is used to refer to the underlying or longitudinal disorders. Mood disorders are classified into various categories including elevated mood, depressed mood, and moods that swing between mania and depression. The most common types of mood disorders that cycle between mania and depression are bipolar disorders, which were previously known as manic depression. Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder are two different types of mood disorders that are associated with manic episodes or depressive symptoms. These two kinds of mood disorders have several similarities and differences in addition to being relatively difficult to treat effectively.
Similarities and Differences between Bipolar I and Bipolar II

As previously indicated, bipolar I and bipolar II disorders are two kinds of mood disorders that have become common in the recent past. Each of these mood disorders is defined by pattern or manic or depressive episodes, length, and…...

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Works Cited

Hall-Flavin, Daniel K. "Is Treatment for Bipolar I Different from Treatment for Bipolar II?"

Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, n.d. Web. 25 June 2016. .

Psych Central Staff. "The Two Types of Bipolar Disorder." PsychCentral. Psych Central, n.d.

Web. 25 June 2016. .

Melancholia in Film
Melancholia

Depicting Melancholia in Film: Melancholia

The film Melancholia (2011), directed by Lars von Trier, is a science fiction film about the end of the world viewed through the eyes of a melancholic. The melancholic is Justine, who is played by Kirsten Dunst, and the end of the world is caused by the planet Melancholia crashing into earth. One of the more important relationships in the movie is between Justine and her sister Claire. Throughout most of the film, Justine is in the midst of a depressive episode while Claire acts as a caretaker; however, at the very end of the film the roles of invalid and caretaker are reversed as Claire begins to panic and Justine manages both Claire's and Claire's son's fear in the face of imminent death.

Although there is a prologue that casts a sense of foreboding on the initially happy and joyful wedding reception that…...

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References

Bradshaw, Peter. (2011, Sep. 29). Melencholia -- review. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 Jan. 2013 from  http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/sep/29/melancholia-film-review .

Foldager, Meta Louise and Vesth, Louise (Producers), & Trier, Lars von (Director). (2011). Melancholia (Motion picture). USA: Magnolia Home Entertainment.

Background The client in the present scenario is an 8-year-old African American male who presents with signs of depression. Some of the reported symptoms include; feeling of sadness, occasional irritation, and decreased appetite. The score obtained upon the administration of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale indicates significant depression. This text concerns itself with three decisions relating to the medications prescribed for the 8-year-old.
Discussion
I. Zoloft
Decision Point 1: Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Studies conducted in the past have indicated that for children and adolescents suffering from depression, Zoloft (Sertraline) happens to be largely effective. According to Hritzak and Culhane (2004), “Sertraline (Zoloft) is effective and generally well tolerated for the short-term treatment of major depressive disorder in both children and adolescents” (17). In essence, Sertraline, which is essentially an SSRI, impacts unbalanced brain chemicals in persons suffering from anxiety disorders, panic disorders, as well as depression. Low serotonin levels are often responsible…...

My Work1The course provided a thorough understanding of the basic mechanisms of neurotransmission, including the different types of neurotransmitters and their functions. The course also explained how psychotropic medications target specific neurotransmitter systems to treat various mental health conditions. For example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSIs) are commonly prescribed for depression and anxiety disorders because they increase the availability of serotonin in the brain, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation (Hjorth et al., 2021).The course covered major categories of psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and mood stabilizers. It explained the rationale for using these medications, their mechanisms of action, and common side effects associated with their use. For example, antipsychotics are used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder because they block dopamine receptors, a neurotransmitter that is overactive in these conditions. At the same time, these drugs can have negative side effects.The course additionally covered the use of complementary…...

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ReferencesHjorth, O. R., Frick, A., Gingnell, M., Hoppe, J. M., Faria, V., Hultberg, S., ... & Furmark, T. (2021). Expectancy effects on serotonin and dopamine transporters during SSRI treatment of social anxiety disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1-8.

Disorder of the Hypothalamus
There is a tremendous amount of importance associated with the hypothalamus, which extends throughout various physical, emotional, and mental aspects of life. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that creates hormones that are critical to a number of processes of the body including temperature, sex drive, mood, and others. It is also directly related to certain glands that secrete hormones. Therefore, it is very important that it functions properly because it plays a role in a number of vital processes that most people take for granted. Those with this condition have a reduced sense of smell (Houneida et al., 2013, p. 144).

Several different disorders exist that pertain to the hypothalamus. One that is fairly rare is termed Kallman syndrome, and is a genetic disorder that is related to bodily processes that typically develop during puberty for those with a normal functioning hypothalamus. The fact that…...

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References

Arkoncel, M., Arkoncel, F., Lantion-Ang, F. (2011). A case of Kallman syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 13(2), 24-37.

Houneida., Z., Slim, I., Zina, N., Mallet, N., Tajouri, H., Kraiem, C. (2013). Kallman syndrome: MRI findings. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 17(2) 142-146.

BP Disorder
Bipolar disorder, originally called manic depressive disorder, is a severe mood disorder that vacillates between extreme "ups" (mania, hypomania) and "downs" (depression). The effects of having bipolar disorder can be observed across the patients social and occupational functioning. Often the patient is left isolated from work, friends, and family. Medications have become the first-line treatments for bipolar disorder; however, psychotherapy can offer additional benefits in the ongoing treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. This paper discusses the symptoms and treatment of bipolar disorder focusing on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion focused therapy.

Bipolar Disorder

Description and differentiation

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- Fourth Edition -- Text evision (DSM-IV-T) one's mood is an all-encompassing and sustained feeling tone experienced internally by the person and influences the person's behavior and perception of the world. Affect is the external or outward expression of this inner state (American Psychiatric Association…...

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References

Alloy, L.B., Abramson, L.Y., Walshaw, P.D., Keyser, J., & Gerstein, R.K. (2006). A cognitive vulnerability-stress perspective on bipolar spectrum disorders in a normative adolescence brain, cognitive, and emotional development context. Developmental Psychopathology, 18(4), 1057-1103.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.

Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press.

Butler, A.C., Chapman, J.E., Forman, E.M., & Beck, A.T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17-31

Bipolar I disorder is an axis 1 clinical disorder in the DSM-IV and is a serious mental illness that can lead to suicidal ideation or action. The history of bipolar disorder research is a long one, and understanding of the disease has deepened considerably over the last several generations. Diagnosis of bipolar disorder 1 is complicated by its resemblance to other mood disorders, mainly major depression but also psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. esearch is revealing new treatment interventions that are targeted to the biological needs of bipolar patients, as antidepressants are often or usually contraindicated. A Christian worldview suggests that individualized treatment plans take into account the family history and patient's lifestyle when recommending a treatment plan.
History

Bipolar I disorder is a serious mental illness that affects between 1 and 2.5% of the general population in the United States (Ghaznavi & Deckersbach, 2012). The more conservative estimate, 1%, is generally reserved…...

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References

"A Brief History of Bipolar Disorder," (2012). Today's Caregiver. Retrieved online:  http://www.caregiver.com/channels/bipolar/articles/brief_history.htm 

Angst, J. & Marneros, A. (2001). Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: Conception, birth, and rebirth. Journal of Affective Disorders 67(1-3): 3-19.

Angst, J. & Sellaro, R. (2000). Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 48(6): 445-457.

Baethge, C. Salvatore, P. & Baldessarini, R.J. (2003). Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder. Historical Psychiatry 2003/14: 377-399

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is a childhood disorder characterized by chronic irritability that interferes with academic and social functioning. Frequent outbursts and temper tantrums, at a frequency of about three times per week, are the most obvious behavior externalizations of DMDD, but to be diagnosed with the disorder, the child must also exhibit poor mood or irritability in between outbursts, too (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). To differentiate DMDD from pediatric bipolar disorder, it is also essential that the child does not exhibit sustained mood elevation or nonepisodic mania (Beweka, Mayes, Hameed, et al, 2016). Moreover, the symptoms of DMDD persist in spite of changes to the child’s environment, evident at home and also in school. Symptoms must also not be temporary, but in place for a year or more. While on the surface DMDD appears no different from any other psychiatric illness, it is in fact a nebulous…...

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder associated with specific periods of the calendar year. SAD is more commonly found in geographic locations with long winter seasons with shorter daylight hours, less sunlight, and longer nights. This lack of sunlight has been directly connected to mood changes in a variety of populations and is most common at latitudes that experience less light during the winter seasons. In addition, some mood changes have been associated with the summer months in specific geographic areas. This paper will explore the diagnosis and assessment of Seasonal Affective Disorder, including the differentiation of the physical and emotional causes for the mood changes that occur. The paper will also explore the common treatment methods, including behavioral, pharmacological, and biopsychological, attempting to identify the preferred methods of treatment and data regarding the efficacy of the methods (.
According to the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) DSM-IV, SAD is…...

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References:

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994:390. Copyright 1994.

Lurie SJ, Gawinski B, Pierce D, Rousseau SJ. (2006). "Seasonal Affective Disorder." Am Fam Physician. 1:74(9): 1521-4.

Saeed, S., Bruce, T. (1998). "Seasonal Affective Disorders." American Family Physician. Retrieved from   13, March. 2011.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980315ap/saeed.html .

Targum, S., Rosenthal, N. (2008). "Seasonal Affective Disorder." Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008 May; 5(5): 31 -- 33.

The first group will receive a placebo. The second group will receive a spiritual chakra treatment designed to correct electrochemical imbalances within the body. The third group will receive medication to treat psychosis. The specific medication does not matter and therefore will not be specified. The dose will be the same for each patient and therefore will be monitored to determine whether dosage is sufficient.
Therefore, the measurements will track each participant and determine which treatment is most effective given the parameters of the study. The placebo group is expected to see no difference, other than perhaps unrelated psychological improvement which will be tracked and recorded as standard error or standard margin of the error estimate. The second group will undergo a physical treatment of chakra adjustment to maximize the flow of energy throughout the body and remedy the physiological response. The treatment will be administered once per day over…...

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References

Hall, J., Whalley, H.C., Marwick, K., McKirdy, J., Sussmann, J., Romaniuk, L., (2010). Hippocampal function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 761-761-70. doi:10.1017/S0033291709991000

Kinsella, Caroline and Kinsella, Connor Introducing Mental Health: A Practical Guide (London: Jessica Kingsley, (2006)

Kutscher M., Attwood M.L., Wolff R.R. Kids in the Syndrome Mix of ADHD, LD, Asperger's, Tourette's, Bipolar, and More!: The one stop guide for parents, teachers, and other professionals. Philadelphia Kingsley Publishing (2005)

Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Reinares, M., Goikolea, J.M., . . . . (2005). Do cognitive complaints in euthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74(5), 295-295-302. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/235461846?accountid=13044

Bipolar psychiatric disorder (BD) -- which is characterized by "…cycles of depression and mania" -- is a "euphoric, high-energy state" that can produce remarkable bursts of creativity or, on the other hand, can produce erratic behavioral events that are risky and provocative (Gardner, 2011). About 2.4% of the world's population has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder (at one time or another in their lifetime) but the rate in the United States (4.4% of the population) is the highest of any nation (Gardner, p. 1). The lowest rate on record is in India, 0.1%. This paper reviews various aspects and ramifications of the effects of bipolar disorder through nine peer-reviewed research articles.
Bipolar disorder and cigarette smoking

In the journal Bipolar Disorders the authors point out that adults suffering from bipolar disorder are "…two to three times more likely" have begun a serious smoking habit, which is a "devastating addiction" and is very…...

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Works Cited

Calkin, Cynthia, and Alda, Martin. (2012). Beyond the Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder: Practical

Issues in Long-Term Treatment with Lithium. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(7), 437-

Gardner, Amanda. (2011). U.S. has highest bipolar rate in 11-nation study. CNN Health.

Retrieved March 27, 2013, from  http://www.cnn.com .

Psychotherapy, sometimes referred to as talk therapy, describes a wide variety of counseling methods that center on a person seeking resolution by discussing their problems with some type of mental health professional.  It is an interesting type of mental health intervention because it is helpful to a wide range of people and is used by people with and without mental disorders.  This differentiates it from some types of mental health interventions, which are specifically targeted to those experiencing a mental illness.

One of the main benefits of psychotherapy is that it helps people....

Depression is less prevalent in communities that naturally consume significant amounts of omega 3 fatty acids in their diets.  Omega 3 fatty acids naturally occur in fish, which has led to the belief that fish oils may help prevent or treat depression and other mood disorders.  Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are believed to help with mood disorders, though the method of interaction is not fully understood.  The theory is that they are anti-inflammatory, and they interact with mood molecules.  Clinical trials examining omega-3 therapy as a stand alone and as an add-on therapy support its use to....

In the tapestry of academic life, student productivity is a vibrant thread, intricately woven with a myriad of factors. These elements, both internal and external, play a profound role in shaping the ability of students to engage effectively in their studies and achieve optimal outcomes. Among the most significant factors that impact student productivity are procrastination, external distractions, mental health, authoritarian parenting, internet addiction, constant parental migration, classroom environment, lack of study habits, and chronic absenteeism. Understanding the interplay of these factors is crucial for educators and policymakers alike, as it empowers them to develop targeted interventions and support systems....

Brainstorming Thesis Statements on ADHD

- Neurobiological Basis of ADHD:
- ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, primarily due to dysregulation within the brain's frontal lobe and neurotransmitter systems.
- Genetic and Environmental Influences on ADHD:
- Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of ADHD, with heritability estimates ranging from 70-90% and environmental influences including prenatal exposures, psychosocial stressors, and family dynamics.
- Diagnosis and Assessment of ADHD:
- Accurate diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive evaluation involving medical history, behavioral observations, and standardized assessment tools to differentiate it from other developmental conditions.
-....