Moreover, by leaving in ruin and disarray the cities of the Kievan Rus alliance, the Mongols paved the way for the distinct nation states that would come of these regions. It is thus that even in spite of its 300-year occupation, the Mongolian Empire would actually be an early catalyst for the formation of the Belarus, the Ukraine, Poland, Hungary and the Russian Empire.
Likewise, by holding under its sway the Russian expanse during the Renaissance Era in Europe, Mongolian rule may be an explanation for the absence of any such period in pre-Soviet history. The distinction of this warrior empire from the feudalist trappings of estern Europe detained Russian modernity relative to its continental neighbors in a way that may be said to have largely forged the lesser economic fortunes and slower pace of cultural development experienced by Slavic Europeans. Still, it was because of Mongolian rule that Moscow…...

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Works Cited:

Dutch, S. (1998). The Mongols. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Online at  http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/WestTech/xmongol.htm 

Federal List of Russian Tour Operators. (2010). Page 1 (History of Russia: IX - XVIIth centuries). Parallel Sixty.

Interknowledge Corp. (IC). (2005). The Mongols and the Emergence of Moscow. Geographia. Online at  http://www.geographia.com/RUSSIA/rushis03.htm 

Nicolle, D. & Shpakovskii, V.O. (2001). Kalka River, 1223: Ghengis Khan's Mongols Invade Russia. Osprey Publishing.

Mongol Plague
The Mongols, like any other culture with a lengthy history and a modern-day presence, have historically been the subject of significant criticism amongst Middle Eastern scholars. Ibn al-Athir's account of the Tatar's invasion of the Middle East is a bloody and horrendous tale of ruthless murder and destruction, as he states, "these Tatars spared none, slaying women and men and children, ripping open pregnant women and killing unborn babes."[footnoteRef:1] This description by al-Athir certainly seems to justify the view that these Mongols are a savage, ruthless people. However, illiam of Rubruck (a.k.a. illem van Ruysbroeck) gives an account of the Mongols, describing a very civil and almost unexpected visit to the Khan's palace. As he was a very devout and pious monk, he is greeted in a harmless manner and invited to debate the principals of Christianity within the Khan's court. He describes an interaction with Mangu Khan's…...

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Works Cited

1. "Ibn al-Athir: On The Tatars, 1220-1221 CE." A Literary History of Persia,. Ed.

Jerome S. Arkenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1902. Web.

2. "William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols." UW Departments Web Server. Silk Road Seattle. Web. 23 Nov. 2010 .

What major developments in trade and the world economy were in place around 1400? What impact did the Mongols have on this? In 1400, about 350 million people inhabited the entire planet, most of which concentrated themselves in key areas of the globe. China had some of the world’s largest and most densely populated cities, and increasingly collaborated with Central Asian allies for the establishment and perpetuation of global trade routes. As world populations expanded, geographic and climatic conditions also changed. World trade increasingly became as much a necessity as a drive for economic and political empowerment. This was especially true for the Mongols. A pastoral-nomadic civilization, the Mongols were susceptible to fluctuations in climatic conditions and depended on trade with China to mitigate uncertainties and crises (“Mongols in World History”). As with most of the world, Mongols faced a variety of threats including disease and natural disaster.
Also around 1400, the…...

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References

Marks, R.B. (2015). The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Environmental Narrative from the Fifteenth to the Twenty-First Century (3rd Edition). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

“Mongols in World History.” Asia for Educators, Columbia University

Mongols and Global History
The Mongol conquest triggers one to wonder why they arose in the 13th C. to conquer the rest of the world. Theirs was the largest land empire ever known in Man's history. So why did the Mongols succeed so much (The Mongols in orld History: The Mongol Conquests)? This paper attempts to extract the main factors from the many discussions and speculations regarding the conquest of the Mongols.

Ecological factors: from 1180 to 1220, the average annual temperature in Mongolia dropped drastically. This phenomenon effectively cut short the grass growing season. Such an eventuality placed direct survival risk on the path of the Mongols since their animals would not have enough to feed on. They had no option but to seek pastures elsewhere. Secondly, it is noted that the northern and western China neighbors tried to reduce the trade volumes they had with Mongolia. Owing to the…...

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Works Cited

"The Mongols in World History: The Mongol Conquests." 2004. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.

Guisepi, Robert. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges - From Chinggis Khan to Timur. 1992. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.

Kingsberg, Harold. How were the Mongols able to conquer advanced civilizations? 2014. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.

Rossabi, Morris. "All the Khan's horses." Natural history 103 (1994): 48-48.

Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols
Fall of Baghdad



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References

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. 1998. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dutch, Steven. 1998. "The Mongols." Natural and Applied Sciences.

MacMillan, Margaret. 2009. "Rebuilding the World after the Second World War ." The Guardian.

Morgan, David. 1990. The Mongols. . Boston: Blackwell Publishing.

Medieval Source Book: A literary History of Persia (45-46) The author Browne (2009) describes an encounter so vicious and so ruthless under the hands of some people from the East. These people invaded Asia with only one purpose, to kill. The author reiterates that there is a good chance that there has never been another calamity as vicious as the one encountered by the Persians during this period. According to him even the affliction that was meted on the children of Israel by Nebuchadnezzar was nothing compared to what he encountered. He says that the number of people massacred by these accursed miscreants in a single city exceeded the entire population of the children of Israel. The author goes ahead to say that it is very likely that the world will never encounter anything as vicious as what he encountered.

The Tatars, as the author calls them, were people who emerged from…...

It is not under doubt that the style of Muscovite government as full scale bureaucracy comes directly from the style of division and local governing which was so common to the Mongol empire. Some of the practices which were used heavily in the Muscovite governments of the mid thirteenth century are so like obscure Mongol practices as to be indistinguishable. There is, however, no explanation for this borrowing and no easy explanation why as no sociopolitical texts from the era exist.
In Ostrowski's paper, it is noted that toward the end of the basquaq system of government, many of the Muscovite grand princes made frequent trips to the center of the Mongol empire, staying there in residence for extended periods of time. These visits are chronicled and in fact the Grand Prince Semen traveled to Sarai at least five times during his reign. As was previously noted, many of the…...

China and the Mongol Conquest
China and Mongol Conquest

The 13th century saw the influence of the Mongol Empire which Genghis Khan established stretching from the borders of Poland in the west to the East around Yellow Sea. Grandson of Genghis named Kublai Khan was the ruler of this empire in 1260 after which he went a head to consolidate his power when he relinquish the Mongol conquests outside China and established his capital where modern-day Beijing is now located.

As Venetian merchants, Nicolo Polo and his brother traveled overland in 1260 to the Mongol capital where they remained within the court of Khan until when they reached Venice in 1269. The two merchant once again traveled (though dangerous trip) to Kublai Khan's court in 1271 accompanied by their seventeen-year-old son Marco. They had to take three and a half years before their adventure came to an end. After staying with the Khan…...

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References

Jeffrey Hays (2008) "MARCO POLO." http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=48

Morris Rossabi (2004) "The Mongols in China." Columbia University.  http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/china/china.htm

Russia and the Mongol yoke: How bad was it?
The Mongol invasion forever changed the culture of Russia. It brought to an end the period known as the 'Kievan Rus' as the Mongols took control and "captured, sacked, and destroyed Kiev, the symbolic center of Kievan Russia."[footnoteRef:1] The Mongol invasion certainly changed Russia irrevocably: it is not simply that some of the measures of the Mongols were oppressive in nature, but that the autocratic methods of control used by the Mongols were later adopted by Russian leaders, and led to the development of a Russian form of government that was profoundly different from that of Russia's European neighbors. The 'Mongol yoke' ironically produced what we think of now as 'Russian culture.' [1: Dustin Hosseini, "The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia," Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies. 12 Dec 2005. Available: http://www.sras.org/the_effects_of_the_mongol_empire_on_russia [17 Apr 2013]]

Russia has long been…...

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Bibliography

Hosseini, Dustin. "The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia." Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies. 12 Dec 2005. Available:   [17 Apr 2013]http://www.sras.org/the_effects_of_the_mongol_empire_on_russia 

Stearns, Peter. et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. New York, 1992. Available:

 http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/mongolimpact.html 

[17 Apr 2013]

Tajikistan
To the north of Tajikistan lies Kyrgyzstan, to the west lies Uzbekistan, to the east lies China and to the south lies Afghanistan. This state was formed due to the split of Central Asia in 1920 under Soviet rule. It covers an area of 143,100 sq. km. [1]

Early history

Soghdiana, the northern part of today's Tajikistan, was settled by Iranian tribes between 1,000 and 500 C. Important cities of Tajikistan today Khujand and Panjkakent belonged to Soghdiana in ancient times. During their tarvelling to China and to the west, Soghdians adopted other religions such as Zoroastrianism, Christianity, huddism and they also shared their knowledge with people whom they met on their way. During sixth to fourth centuries .C, Tajikistan belonged to ancient Persia's Achaemenid Empire that was ruled by Darius I. In 333 .C., Alexander the Great conquered it. [2][3][4]

Arab rule

In early Eighteenth Century, Islamic Arabs became the rulers of Tajikistan.…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Central Intelligence Agency,   (accessed February 18, 2013)https://www.cia.gov 

[2] The Land of Tajiks,   (accessed February 18, 2013)http://www.oocities.org/tajikland/History.html 

[3] Early History,   (accessed February 18, 2013)http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/3.htm ,

[4] Tajikistan - History & Background,   (accessed February 18, 2013)http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1503/Tajikistan-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html ,

Mongol Empire: Advantages and DisadvantagesTrade between the Far East and the Mediterranean world has ancient roots. Yet, it was only in the late th century that Europeans started forming direct trade links with China, India, and the famed Spice Islands of Indonesia. These connections had profound implications for European imagination and economic importance. However, a significant event for Asian populations was the emergence of the Mongol Empire, which made these connections possible (Coffin et al., 2019).The rapid expansion of the Mongol army and their conquest of vast Eurasian territories between 1206-1227 and 1229-1294 astonished the world. Historians and ethnologists continue to investigate the Mongols and their brief rule of todays known world. Although Europe managed to recover from the turmoil through the enaissance and the onset of the Age of Exploration, the Muslim world suffered the most, never able to reclaim its lost golden age. The Mongols instigated the continued…...

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ReferencesCoffin, J., Stacey, R., Cole, J., and Symes, C. Western Civilizations – Their History and Their Culture. 17th ed., W. W. Norton, 2019.Cole, J., and Symes, C. Western Civilizations. 20th ed., W. W. Norton, 2019.Iqbal, M. “Impact of Mongol Invasion on the Muslim World and the Political, Economic and Social Ramifications.” SSRN, 2021,   G.E., McIntyre, K.M., Clough, H.E., and Rushton, J. “Societal Impacts of Pandemics: Comparing COVID-19 With History to Focus Our Response.” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 9, 2021, article 630449.https://ssrn.com/abstract=3899594 .Patterson,

Zhu Yuanzhang: First Ming Dynasty Emperor
Zhu Yuanzhang was founder of the Ming Dynasty, the one dynasty that endured for so long (1368-1644), considering the fact that it was established by a commoner. The reason Ming Dynasty and its first emperor Yuanzhang occupy special place in Chinese history is because this was one of the only lonely two dynasties to have been formed by a landless peasant. It is not everyday that commoner emerges from nowhere, overthrown powerful rulers of the time, establishes his own dynasty that endures for three long centuries. But Yuanzhang managed to achieve this colossal feat and thus his name went down in Chinese history as a competent emperor, second commoner only after Liu Bang of Han Dynasty to rule China.

Yuanzhang's rise to fame and power was simply unprecedented in history. Born to a very poor family in Anhui province in 1328, Yuanzhang was orphaned at a…...

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REFERENCES

1) David Curtis Wright; John E. Findling-editor, Frank W. Thackeray -- editor THE HISTORY OF CHINA, Greenwood Press. Westport, CT. 2001

2) Michael, Franz; China through the Ages: History of a Civilization. Westview Press: Boulder, CO. 1986.

3) Edward Thomas Williams: A Short History of China. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1928.

Chinese History
There are a number of factors that contributed to the rise of the Mongols in China. Chief among these is that after the Mongols invaded China, they were able to establish strong political control over the area. This was an extension of the Mongol system of governance that had been utilized in many of the lands conquered by the Mongol empire. Marco Polo, who visited Khanbalik during the reign of Kublai Khan, described the system of governance that the Mongols had imposed on China. They "appointed twelve…barons to supervise all decisions concerning the movement of the armies…" Polo noted that this council led to a high quality of decision-making with respect to resource deployment, and allowed for a stronger overall military presence in China as a result. Polo also noted that this tactic allowed the military leaders to identify the stronger soldiers and units, and cull the weak from…...

Islam
Ibn Khaldun conceptualized history in terms of transformations of social and political power, leading to cultural changes. This was especially true for the expanding Muslim world, of which Ibn Khaldun was a part. During the Middle Islamic periods, scholarship and learning became entrenched throughout the Muslim world and would have a tremendous impact on the evolution of human consciousness and society. Art, architecture, science, medicine, math, and engineering all flourished during the Middle Islamic period. Although these were the primary external features of the Middle Islamic period, also referred to as a golden age, there were underlying political, socio-religious, and economic developments that caused and characterized changes taking place throughout the Mamluk, Mongol, and Timurid periods.

Abbasid rule had a major impact on political, socio-religious, and economic developments. The Abbasid caliphates stressed schools of learning and formal modes of education that were rooted in Islam but which also transcended it by…...

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Work Cited

Egger, V.O. (2007). A History of the Muslim World. Pearson.

Although little is known about the group, it is clear that they have been able to maintain their identity and lifestyle despite numerous challenges ("Sarakatsani"). Today, they are still known as pastoral Christians. In being able to preserve this identity and history, the group has contributed to society's diversity and spoken to a group's ability to remain isolated and unified in society.
Finally, the Mongols operated as another important and well-known nomadic group who frequently terrorized the sedentary people's nearby. Although they certainly lived a warrior's lifestyle, Guzman writes that the Mongols should receive more credit as to their important role in revitalizing and progressing society, leaving a lasting impact. Thus, nomads have long been a function of history. Their position in relation to their sedentary counterparts has lead to their function of offsetting those counterparts and creating lasting legacies of their own.

orks Cited

Guzman, Gregory G. "Barbarians: Influence of Nomads…...

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Works Cited

Guzman, Gregory G. "Barbarians: Influence of Nomads on Civilization." MSN. n.d. 27

July 2009.

Mercer, Billy Jean. "The Ancient Hebrew Culture." The Clarion Call. n.d. 27 July 2009.

In an essay, an attention grabber is known as the essay hook.  To help you out on your world civilization essay, we have put together a few topics, essay hooks, and thesis statements you could use for a world civilization essay.

World Civilization Essay Topics

1. To what extent does the character Khal Drago from Game of Thrones resemble the real-life warlord, leader, and destroyer Genghis Khan?
2. An exploration of the well-known Barbarian leader, Attila the Hun and how his actual behavior and history conflicts with his reputation as an uncultured and vicious leader, including investigation into his education, his use....