Supply of Money
explain measures money supply explain definitions important.

Money

Money is defined as a medium facilitating the exchange of goods and services between trading partners Mishkin & Frederic S., 1998.

Throughout history, exchange of goods and services has taken different forms with the earliest form being barter system. Following the inadequacies of the barter system - lack of coincidence of want and convenience in trading -- generally acceptable commodities were adopted for use in trading Froyen & ichard T., 1998()

Money supply

Money supply is used to refer to total stock of assets generally accepted as the exchange medium in an economy at a particular time Froyen & ichard T., 1998.

According to Mishkin F (1999)

, economist carry on the debate what items should be included in money supply. Definition of money supply is pegged on the various considerations, the issue being examined and country or economic status Mishkin F, 1999.

Degree of liquidity and…...

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References

Froyen, & Richard T. (1998). Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

IMF. (1997). Manual on Monetary and Financial Statistics. U.S.: IMF.

Mishkin, & Frederic S. (1998). The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets. 5th ed.: . Reading, PA: Addison-Wesley.

Mishkin F. (1999). Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 3rd edition.: Harper Collins Publishers.

Nonetheless, M2 when adjusted for changes in the price level, is still a component of the Index of Leading Indicators, and some market analysts use it to forecast economic recessions and recoveries (Federal Reserve Bank, 2008).
Measuring the money supply is not without controversy. The policy of manipulating the money supply in order to control inflation is based on the idea that the more money there is in circulation, the more money there is chasing fewer goods, resulting in higher prices and vice versa. Governments have the ability to control the amount of money in circulation. They do this by stimulating demand by printing more money or by reducing demand by removing money. The process of achieving specific targets is difficult and governments frequently miss their goals, resulting in recessions and booms, all of which make up the economic cycle (Benson, 2007).

Skeptics in the financial markets maintain that the Fed…...

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Works Cited

Benson, I. (2007). Jargon-free investment guide. Retrieved December 31, 2011 from:  http://www.jargon-free.com/money-supply-m1-m3/30/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of New York. (2008). The money supply. Retrieved December 31, 2011 from:  http://www.ny.frb.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed49.html 

WebFinance. (2011). M0. Retrieved December 31, 2011 from:   -- and my number is [HIDDEN] or [HIDDEN] -- and my number is [HIDDEN] or [HIDDEN] http://www.investorwords.com/6571/M0 .

Commercial Banks and Money Supply
Money supply in the economy refers to the circulation of currency in the hands of people and institutions within an economy. This is the volume and speed with which money changes hands and moves from one entity to another within the country. This volume and speed affect the growth of the economy and the way it can serve the needs of the people. There are two categories of banks in the economy. These are the commercial banks, which are many, and the central bank, which is only one in any country. The central bank regulates the operations of the commercial banks and influences government policy on finances. This institution also sets the benchmarks for the expenditure levels within the country. However, the commercial banks are the most influential banks when it comes to controlling the supply of money in the economy (Crosse & Hempel, 2012).

The role…...

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References

Avadhani, V. (2012). Fundamentals of money and banking. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House.

Chapman, J. (2013). Commercial banks and consumer instalment credit. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Conant, C. (2011). The principles of money and banking. New York: Harper.

Crosse, H., & Hempel, G. (2012). Management policies for commercial banks (2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Federal eserve works with three main policy tools -- reserve requirements, the discount rate and open market operations (St. Louis Fed, 2017). Each of the three has its strengths and limitations. They influence the amount of economic activity in different ways, which makes each one slightly different in how frequently it is used.
The discount rate is setting the rate at which banks can borrow money, which basically sets the baseline cost of money in the economy. The discount rate is used frequently because it is relatively easy to adjust, and has an immediate impact on the cost of money throughout the economy. In addition, the Federal eserve will often telegraph its interest rate moves, as a means of influencing the economy even before the move occurs, so that the change ends up being more gradual than it otherwise would have been. The discount rate, because it affects the price of…...

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References

St. Louis Fed (2017) How monetary policy works. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved April 26, 2017 from  https://www.stlouisfed.org/in-plain-english/how-monetary-policy-works

Money
The existence of money makes exchange easier, compared with barter systems, because money provides a stable store of value. If exchange is conducted with physical goods only – as in a barter system – then there are many points of friction that will inhibit exchange. First, goods have different physical characteristics that can put limitations on exchange. Some goods are perishable, others too large to transport, still others difficult to transport. Two goods may have equivalent value, but these physical limitations create barriers to exchange. How does one exchange a house for a year's supply of fish, for example? They might have roughly the same value, but you can't take all the fish at once, you can't trust that the fish will be delivered later, and moreover if the person wishes to take back the house because the deal fell through, but the other person ate all the fish, there…...

Market of Grain in the United States
In the United States, millions of Americans are confronting the latest trends in the commodities markets where the costs of agricultural products have driven up costs of breakfasts of average Americans. Over the past year, the price of orange juice has increased a quarter, and the price of milk has also risen by 5%, and egg by a fifth. The issues have made General Mills and Kellogg's to increase the prices of their breakfast cereal products. The cause of an increase is due to a recent rise in the price of grains such as wheat and corn. Underpinning the rise in the price of grains is that the demand has outpaced the supply because of the growing demand for cereals for the production of biofuels such as ethanol. Thus, the author is trying to reveal the factors that lead to an increase in the…...

economic crisis in Europe and the increasing costs for European countries to borrow money and bail out other Euro countries in financial distress. The EU nations that use the Euro have experienced a crisis among certain countries with high debt requiring bailouts for Greece and Ireland and the likelihood that Portugal and Spain may also need a bailout. Postponing the restructuring of high interest debts has led to further crisis rather than resolving any of the problems faced by insolvent countries. Huge transfer payments from the more powerful Euro countries, like Germany, to the failed economies of Greece and Ireland have made investors nervous and led to less investment at a crucial time. The author suggests that the debts of troubled countries need to be restructured now in order to create a sustainable payment to increase confidence and secure future payments.
Creditors will also have to shoulder some of the…...

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References

Bamberger, K.. (2010). Technologies of Compliance: Risk and Regulation in a Digital Age. Texas Law Review, 88(4), 669-739. Retrieved January 21, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1995143041).  http://www.egloballibrary.com/egl/html/institutes/1086/homepage/library.jsp 

Corder, J. (2009). The Federal Reserve System and the Credit Crisis. Public Administration Review, 69(4), 623-631. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02011.x http://ehis.ebscohost.com.csuproxy.egloballibrary.com/ehost/detail?hid=6&sid=feb1c9d6-ff89-462b-9741-b5b3cfdd54aa%40sessionmgr12&vid=8&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=buh&AN=42960193

Europe finance: Time for Plan B. (2011, January). EIU ViewsWire. Retrieved January 19, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 2241366821).

Money and the Prices in the Long un and Open Economies
Analyze the history of changes in GDP, savings, investment, real interest rates, and unemployment and compare to forecast for the next five years

The GDP of the United States in 2010, approximately five years ago, stood at $14.96 trillion. Fast forward five years to the present day, the GDP of the nation currently stands at $17.42 trillion. Looking forward, according to Trading Economics (2016), it is projected that the growth of the GDP rate will be in the scope of 2.00% in the year 2020. Therefore, it is forecasted that by 2020, the GDP for the country will be $20.33 trillion (Trading Economics). With regard to savings and investment, it is imperative to point out that the United States has been incessantly having trade deficits for the past four decades, owing to the high importation of oil and consumer products. As…...

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References

Arnold, R. A. (2007). Macreconomics, Concise Edition. Ohio: Thomson South-Western.

Cole, A. (2014). Losing the Future: The Decline of U.S. Saving and Investment. Tax Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2016 from: http://taxfoundation.org/article/losing-future-decline-us-saving-and-investment 

Ross, S. (2015). What impact does the balance of trade have on GDP calculations? Investopedia. Retrieved 17 June 2016 from:  http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/061515/what-impact-does-balance-trade-have-gdp-calculations.asp 

Trading Economics. (2016). United States Balance of Trade. Retrieved 16 June 2016 from: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/balance-of-trade

Supply Chain Strategy
When it comes to companies sharing business relationships, and occasionally shareholdings, as well, a Keiretsu network is often the best way to integrate and manage that group of companies (Jacoby, 2009). In that way, the relationship between the businesses becomes a partnership instead of only that of buyer-seller (Jacoby, 2009). There are many long-term benefits of this type of network, and these benefits could be carried over to the new company that builds power tools. The Keiretsu network will allow strong relationships to be created with suppliers, and that will help lower the costs of manufacturing (Heizer & ender, 2010; Nagurney, 2006).

These lowered costs are very important, as is the lean manufacturing that can be created through proper coordination with various suppliers (Heizer & ender, 2010). However, there is some risk to the Keiretsu network in that the closeness of all the companies may make shopping around for…...

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References

Heizer, J. & Render, B. (2010). Operations management (10th ed). NY: Prentice Hall.

Jacoby, D. (2009). Guide to supply chain management: How getting it right boosts corporate performance. The Economist Books (1st ed.). NY: Bloomberg Press.

Nagurney, A. (2006). Supply chain network economics: Dynamics of prices, flows, and profits. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Oliver, R.K. & Webber, M.D. (1992) [1982]. Supply-chain management: Logistics catches up with strategy. In Christopher, M. Logistics: The strategic issues. London: Chapman Hall. pp. 63 -- 75.

Supply/Demand
The product being studied is the Prius, the hybrid car from Toyota. The automobile industry is one the largest industries in the world. The major players are Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, several European companies and regional players as well (Investopedia, 2011). These firms all contribute to intense competition among rivals, especially given the size of the industry. The result is an industry characterized by competition both along the lines of differentiation and cost leadership. Firms must sell high volumes of cars at low margins in order to earn revenues, but must also load those cars with features and demonstrate technological leadership in order to attract business.

The large number of firms has an impact on the supply conditions within the industry. Supply is determined by expected sales and by the capacity of manufacturing facilities. In general, the global automobile industry suffers overcapacity. There are high costs associated with…...

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Works Cited:

AAAT. (2011). Auto transport business in auto industry slow down. All America Auto Transport. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from http://www.aaat.com/auto-transport-business-industry-slow-down.cfm

AP. (2008). Hybrid sales, led by Prius, up 38% in '07. MSNBC. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24230209/ns/business-going_green/t/hybrid-sales-led-prius-percent/#.Ttq9o1b5sa8 

Hirsch, J. (2011). Toyota Prius dealers see demand rise and inventories fall. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/31/business/la-fi-autos-disruption-20110331 

Investopedia (2011). The industry handbook: Automobiles. Investopedia. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/automobile.asp#axzz1fQWPK54R

Price elasticity for this product was likely quite great, before the item was subsidized, as few consumers perceived it as a necessity. Only the costs of production limited the price elasticity, as the tanks are presumably not cheap to build. Of course, the government might protest that the product is a necessity, given the dire need for conservation, if Australia is to continue to have a sustainable source of drinking water. But preserving the environment is often a case where the micro interests of the household do not match up with the macro interests of the nation. Until the subsidy was created, a household in the short-term could save money by not purchasing the rain water tank, although in the long run the household may save both on water bills and also upon more costly solutions needed by the government, to ensure that the nation has a sustainable source…...

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Works Cited

Economics basics: Demand and supply. Investopedia. February 15, 2010.

 http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics3.asp 

Economics basics: Elasticity. Investopedia. February 15, 2010.

 http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp

Supply Chain Integration
There are myriads of ways in which setting supply chain standards can improve supply chain management. For the most part, setting such standards will help to address issues that this particular industry faces as a whole. Setting standards will take a holistic approach to those problems, and eschew the deployment of end point solutions to issues that are common throughout a host of vertical industries and which are related to supply chain management. Ultimately, such standards will improve the field of supply chain management by creating a greater degree of uniformity and ensuring that there is more cohesiveness in the ways that companies do business, in the ways that the business they do affect one another, and in the relationships between manufacturers and supply chain management entities.

Two of the most palpable areas in which the implementation of supply chain standards can better supply chain management are convenience and…...

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References

Copulsky, J.R., Linich, D., Morris, S., Parker, N. (2014). Supply unchained: Fighting labor abuse in your supply chain. CFO Journal. Retrieved from  http://deloitte.wsj.com/cfo/2014/08/15/supply-unchained-fighting-labor-abuse-in-your-supply-chain-weekend-reading/ .

Northwestern University. (2014). Supply chain. www.northwestern.edu. Retrieved from  http://www.northwestern.edu/standards-management/topics/supply-chain/index.html .

Thibodeau, P., (2002). Supply chain standards up for federal funding. Computerworld, Framingham, 36(42).

In addition, outsourcing is seen as one way of freeing HR professionals within the client organization from more mundane and time-consuming tasks so as to better concentrate on core competencies and provide a more consultative and strategic role (Cooke 186). Although the growth of HR outsourcing business has been dramatically facilitated by the introduction of innovations in information and communication technologies (ICT) throughout China in recent years, many companies also report an increasing use of e-HR in-house. For example, in some large Chinese organizations, employees are encouraged and even expected to use e-HR to update their personnel records as a cost-saving initiative (Cooke 186).

Based on the available evidence from secondary sources of data, the outsourcing of HR in general remains relatively limited in China; however, there are trends of the increasing use of external providers for their services such as recruitment and training (Cooke 186). According to the atson yatt's…...

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Works Cited

Bielski, Lauren. (2006). "Outsourcing Success: It's All in the Governance Making Deals Work Daily Takes a Long-Term View." ABA Banking Journal 98(7):38.

Chow, Garland. (2007). "Outsourcing and Third-Party Logistics." Centre for Transportation Studies & Operations and Logistics Division: The University of British Columbia.

2000). "Outsourcing Logistics." Class notes: Supply Chain Management: The University of British Columbia.

Cooke, Fang Lee. HRM, Work and Employment in China. London:

Supply Chain
Companies focus on speed to market for a couple of reasons. There are first-mover advantages, and in some markets like smartphones there are a lot of consumers who are early adopters, so the market is strong for products that come to the market quickly (Smith, 1999). Companies can position themselves as innovators if they are consistently first to market with new ideas. Speed to market is also reflected in firms that are not the innovators, but the followers. Following the leaders quickly is a method that can allow a company to remain competitive but with a lower level of innovation expense; following the leader slowly can leave a company with a noticeably inferior product.

Yet, there are disadvantages to the idea of speed to market. First, it is sometimes a more complex strategy. The company will need to develop an agile supply chain, and have its systems dialed in to…...

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References

Kingsely, A. (2008). The day Microsoft killed the Vista name -- January 31, 2006. ZD Net. Retrieved March 22, 2015 from  http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-day-microsoft-killed-the-vista-name-january-31-2006/ 

Robinson, A. (2013). 6 benefits of logistics automation in a transportation management system. Cerasis. Retrieved March 22, 2015 from  http://cerasis.com/2013/10/25/logistics-automation/ 

Bowersox, D. (1990). The strategic benefits of logistics alliances. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved March 22, 2015 from http://gkwl.nbu.edu.cn/4pl/gwxsrw/12.pdf

Harps, L. (2005). Cool stuff, blazing speed. Inbound Logistics. Retrieved March 22, 2015 from  http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/cool-stuff-blazing-speed/

Supply Chain strategies are like a living thin. They must change and adapt in order to meet the ever evolving needs of the customer and the business. They need to be flexible enough to drive ideal operational and tactical decisions. It also must be precise and clear. This is because it allows for immediacy in decision-making.
For example, future opportunities require a supply chain strategy to evolve with time. Twenty years ago, the internet was not so heavily used as it is today. Things were done in paper instead of online and digitally. Things like fax machines were used instead of email and people paid with checks instead of PayPal or some other online money system.

Now that things have become digitized, people are more likely to involve their business with online activity including websites and chat interfaces to allow customers and merchants to communicate with them effectively (Song, 2013). By adapting…...

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References

Elmer-DeWitt, P. (2013). Map of the day: Apple Inc.'s Asian supply chain.Fortune. Retrieved 9 February 2016, from  http://fortune.com/2013/02/16/map-of-the-day-apple-inc-s-asian-supply-chain/ 

Song, D. (2013). Optimal control and optimization of stochastic supply chain systems. London: Springer.

Supplychainbrain.com,. (2016). IBM's Integrated Supply Chain Creates Strategic Value Throughout the Enterprise. Retrieved 9 February 2016, from  http://www.supplychainbrain.com/content/research-analysis/supply-chain-innovation-awards/single-article-page/article/ibms-integrated-supply-chain-creates-strategic-value-throughout-the-enterprise-1/

Mixed Economies: Striking a Balance Between Intervention and Market Freedom

Mixed economies represent a hybrid economic model that combines elements of both government intervention and free market principles. This delicate balance aims to leverage the strengths of both systems while mitigating their respective drawbacks. Understanding how mixed economies achieve this equilibrium is crucial for grasping their complexities.

Government Intervention

Government intervention in mixed economies primarily focuses on areas where the free market has proven inadequate or inefficient. This includes:

Public Goods and Services: The provision of essential goods and services, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, that are not adequately supplied by private....

Functions of Money and its Role in Facilitating Transactions

Money, a ubiquitous medium of exchange, plays a crucial role in facilitating transactions within an economy. Its various functions streamline economic activities, promote efficiency, and ensure the smooth operation of the market system.

1. Medium of Exchange:

Money serves as a universally accepted means of payment for goods and services. It eliminates the need for cumbersome barter systems, where individuals exchange goods directly, often resulting in inefficiencies and difficulties in finding mutually agreeable exchange ratios. As a standardized medium of exchange, money simplifies transactions, making them quicker and more convenient.

2. Unit of Account:

Money provides....

Impact of the US Election on Global Politics and Economics

Political Landscape

The outcome of the US presidential election shapes the global political landscape in several ways:

Foreign Policy: The president is responsible for formulating and executing US foreign policy. Changes in the White House can lead to shifts in diplomatic alliances, military interventions, and trade agreements. For example, the Trump administration withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Paris Agreement on climate change, while the Biden administration has recommitted to both.
International Institutions: The US is a key member of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, and the World....