Modernism
As the 1800s came to an end, a group of forward-looking artists, architects and designers broke away from the Victorian constraints and developed a new style that encouraged an interdisciplinary approach fostering a sharing of contemporary thought and ideology until the post-modern period in the 1970s. It was a means for the artists and artisans to express themselves about the world that was quickly becoming increasingly high tech and advanced. The object was to go beyond the status quo and emphasize freedom of expression, progressive concepts and nontraditional methodology. Some of the most influential modernist artists' work included the geometrics of Piet Mondrian, the striking furniture of Gerrit ietveld and the architecture of Alvar Aalto.

In his book, The New Art -- The New Life, Mondrian, expressed that the world of nature has kept viewers from seeing reality as it exists. Instead, he said, reality lies behind the naturalistic environment. As…...

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References Cited

Blake, Peter. "The Aalto Alternative." Interior Design (1984), 55, 272-4.

Bonasia, J. "Painter's Canvas Was Limitless; Follow Your Vision: Mondrian's dedication to his art was no abstraction." Investor's Business Daily, (2003)

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Gondo, Nancy. "Excelled By Design Focus On Form: Finnish master's eye for detail made him one of the world's premier architects." Investor's Business Daily, (2001), A04.

ole of Architecture in the Progress of Society
Architecture can be defined as "the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses seen in light" (Conway and oenisch 9). In other words, it is an experience that is emotional and artistic. Some people agree that architecture is the amalgamation of building and art. However, many do not agree with this opinion (Conway and oenisch 9). According to Britannica Encyclopedia, architecture is "the art and technique of designing and building" ("architecture") whose practice "is employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends" ("architecture"). Therefore, every society has a spatial connection to the natural world. The sort of architecture and the produced structures reflects history, culture, environment, traditions, ceremonies, customs and artistic sensibility of a society ("architecture").

Buildings keep people warm and dry and are directly involved in the reasonableness and feasibility of living. On…...

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References

"architecture." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2012. Web. 2 Aug 2012. .

"architecture." Questia. Columbia University Press, 2012. Web. 2 Aug 2012. .

Ballantyne, A. Architecture: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Web. 1 August 2012. .

Conway, H., & Roenisch, R. Understanding Architecture: An Introduction to Architecture and Architectural History. New York: Routledge, 1994. Web. 1 August 2012. .

The men had returned from the war, Americans were buying homes and putting all their energies in to building a nest for the family filled with all sorts of creature comforts. The female form reflected these comforts: it was round and healthy. On the other hand, the 1960s and 1970s signaled the rampant winds of change; while some people attribute it primarily to the debut of Twiggy, the skinny supermodel of the era other reasons are relevant to examine as well: "popular during the 1960's because of the increasingly popularity of self-expression and women's rights movements during this time that allowed women to shed clothes and bare more body. Being thin allowed them to comfortably wear clothes like the mini-skirt, which maybe at that time stood for some sort of freedom and self-expression. Being thin and shedding weight may have given some women the ability to feel better about…...

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Works Cited

Bennett, B. (2011). it's All About Art Deco. Retrieved from galleryatlantic.com:  http://www.galleryatlantic.com/Its-All-About-Art-Deco.html 

Boyars, M. Gothic Fantasy: The Films of Tim Burton.

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City of Ambitions.
Alfred Stieglitz

Modernist Photography

Photogravure

By the early 20th century, photography had established itself as more than a means of documentary evidence. The medium had the potential to convey the artist's impressions as well as political content. Photographers like Alfred Stieglitz capitalized on the power of the medium to depict social and political realities without sacrificing aesthetics. "The City of Ambitions" is one example of Stieglitz's early work, a large portion of which uses urban life as its focus.

"The City of Ambitions" is New York, the American -- even global -- hub of capitalist enterprise. Stieglitz captures New York's industrial side. Not only does the photographer wait for the time of day during which factory smoke is at its most visible, but Stieglitz also includes in the composition multiple features of urban architecture including the river dock and the burgeoning high rises sprouting up around it and beyond. The photogravure…...

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Works Cited

"Bauhaus." The Art Story. Retrieved online:  http://www.theartstory.org/movement-bauhaus.htm 

Duchamp, Marcel. "Fountain." Sculpture. 1917.

"Early Documentary Photography." The Met. Retrieved online:  https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/edph/hd_edph.htm 

Gropius, Walter. "Bauhaus Building in Dessau." [Building]. 1926

Fear of the Return of Totalitarian Architecture Due to Technological Advancements
This paper examines some of the different aspects of the coming worldwide technological totalitarianism and the expanding of it influence. The argument that this is both a conscious and accidental program of influential individuals and organizations carried out through the procedure of reification of philosophical beliefs which are misshapen into institutions, services, technologies policies and in the end, culture. Some experts that have explored this topic believe that by pay no attention to the costs of new technologies, what there may be some kind of loss in the bargain and that it can lean so something that is immeasurable and potentially disastrous. It is obvious that history was not or is not all the way inevitable, however, it is likewise a question of human values in connection to changes that are looked at as being natural. Although there have repeatedly…...

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Works Cited

Carpo, Mario. "Architecture in the Age of Printing." The History of Architectural Theory. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 6 March 1998.

-- . "The Alphabet and the Algorithm." Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. The MIT Press, 7 May 1995.

Giroux, Henry. Totalitarian Paranoia in the Post-Orwellian Surveillance State. 14 Feruary 2014.   18 March 2014.http://billmoyers.com/2014/02/11/totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-state/ .

Keller, Marcello Sorce. "Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences",." Journal of Musicological Research, XXVI 2.3 (2007): 91 -- 122.

Scandinavian Architecture: The Evolution of Vernacular
All types of art are normally influenced by both the social and the political factors within a geographical region. These social aspects are reflected in the designs of the time and most of the inspiration that the designers get is from history. In Scandinavia, it is easy to define the style as straightforward. The logic behind the simplicity of this was due to the limited resources which emphasized saving and proper utilization (Pile, 335). It is also democratic in the manner that its main intention was to please, the masses. Architects in Scandinavia share an inherent bond with nature and the natural landscape. hen studying the geographical locations of these nodes and, therefore, cross referencing their localities to similar cultural conditions a trend is found. It is the intention of this research to research just how the natural landscape is invited into the manmade structures…...

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Works cited

Bandle, Oskar, Kurt Braunmu-ller, Lennart Elmevik, and Gun Widmark. The Nordic Languages:

An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Berlin: de

Gruyter, 2005. Print.

Fallan, Kjetil. Design History: Understanding Theory and Method. Oxford: Berg Publishers,

Le Corbusier
TOWARDS A NEW ARCHITECTURE

Le Corbusier is known as the father of New Architecture. His Magnus opus, Towards New Architecture, reveals the reasons why Le Corbusier was given this title. Being a well-known modernist architect, Le Corbusier was the one of the first few architects to popularize the change that modernism had brought along and suggested way in which it could be incorporated in architectural designs. His book. Towards the New Architecture ' was enthusiastically welcomed by the modernist circles, many of whom agreed with Corbusier's basic ideas for modernist living. Unlike some of his predecessors, Corbusier was of the view that the best and most important objective of architecture was to create designs that are functional in nature. While aesthetic appeal of designs was important, Le Corbusier believed it should take precedence over function, which helped in evolution of architecture. This was indeed a very interesting concept, which appeared…...

This comes to only point out the fact that the role of postmodernism is essential because it offers a different perspective through which humans can understand the events taking place around them and can interpret them to provide meanings that would be useful in their own development and in the development of the social being.
One of the important aspects of postmodernism is that unlike other theories that have been advocated throughout the decades, this approach takes into account the human perception of things. The development of this trend was essential because the human individual needed a framework through which it could accept, acknowledge and deal with the changes taking place around it. More precisely, at the end of the 19th century, the issue of industrialization together with the huge developments that were taking place at the level of the political changes, economic burst, and cultural revolutions set the human…...

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Works Cited

Chorney, Harold. City of Dreams: Social Theory and the Urban Experience. . Scarborough: Nelson Canada International Thompson ltd., 1990.

Greenpeace International. The Founders of Greenpeace. 2008. 26 Oct 2012 .

Hutcheon, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism . New York: Routledge, 2002.

-- . "The Politics of Postmodernism: Parody and History." Cultural Critique. Modernity and Modernism, Postmodernity and Postmodernism (1986-7): p179-207.

Critics of postmodern art dismiss it as fragmented, reactionary and shallow but few can deny that it has had a lasting impact on contemporary art of the Western world.
Specific Example of Post Modern Thought: The art of Andy Warhol (American painter and pop artist) is the quintessential and an early example of postmodernism. Warhol's depiction of common popular symbols such as his paintings of Campbell's soup and Coca Cola cans and silkscreen prints of famous icons such as Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley not only brought the previously mundane or trivial to the level of "high art," but also combined various mediums such as painting, print making, ink drawing and even cinema to produce art that related to a mass audience rather than an elite class only.

Areas such as philosophy, religion, architecture, art, literature, and culture, among others

Modernism, in arts and literature, refers to the genre emerging in the…...

As one of the dominant types of business organization that developed in the age of modernism, corporations allowed the public and individuals to actively participate, and in part own, shares on the profits of a particular business through the corporation. The emergence of corporations reflected the increasing complexity of business organizing in the age of modernism, wherein more merchandise is produced, hence necessitating more capital to produce these merchandise, which are then generated through investments given by the public or specific business-minded individuals. Along with the development of corporations, there has also been an increase in marketing strategies wherein surplus products are produced and marketed through different strategies, among which advertising is considered as the most effective and dominant. Initially, advertising and marketing was just formulated to distribute surplus products manufactured by companies, until surplus production became the norm in the manufacturing business, and marketing and advertising imperative strategies for…...

A similar pattern can be observed in Italian and Japanese societies during the same period that Germany was recovering from the world war. Japan was experiencing not only the effects of the Sino-Japanese conflict, but was also experiencing difficulties with an ongoing conflict with Russia. Because of these political conflicts, Japanese society was also in economic strife, but the political will and ambition of the Meiji leaders strengthened nationalism among the Japanese, which in effect led to a stronger nation that helped it become a dominant member of the Axis Power. Lastly, Italy was also recovering from the First World War, and the need to re-establish a stronger and economically prosperous nation became possible for the Italians under the leadership of Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. These circumstances helped these three countries establish strong nationalist movements that will eventually be the reason for the formation of the Axis Power.
The development…...

" (LewAllen). The purpose was to get the viewer to see the Holocaust as a point of reference in evaluating our current society. The actual work is a collaboration between her and her husband, a world renowned photographer. It is composed of a collection of sculpture, photographs and paintings.
Judy Chicago's works encompass several post-modern ideas. First, her works often focus on feminist themes and ideals, an idea that has grown out of the post-modern era. Further, her work is primarily comprised of installation art in that it is large and not able to be hung on a wall. This being the case, Chicago's work is the essence of post modern's focus on the real and the current, making her a true and unique postmodern artist.

For More Information:

Judy Chicago's Home page: http://www.judychicago.com/

The Holocaust Project:

http://www.lewallencontemporary.com/new/judychicago/projects/darklight

ources:

Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party. New York: Penguin, 1996.

Judy Chicago: Holocaust Project: From Darkness into Light. LewAllen Contemporary.…...

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Sources:

Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party. New York: Penguin, 1996.

Judy Chicago: Holocaust Project: From Darkness into Light. LewAllen Contemporary. www.lewallencontemporary.com

Post Modernism: A Forced Impact
The objective of this work is to describe a philosophy or philosophies that the writer of this work ascribes to and to explain why specifically incorporating values and beliefs held by the writer. As well, discussed will be the personal philosophy of the writer as it relates to the purpose of education, the student's role and the role of the school in society, locally, nationally, and internationally as well as the role of students and parents as well as teachers and administrators. Also addressed in this study is where ideals are derived from and examined will be development of curriculum and instruction, classroom management issues, school management and administration issues as well as diversity of education and how education can best cope with change. Finally, this work will examine education as an integral part of lifelong learning and who should be in receipt of an…...

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Bibliography

Aronowitz, S., & Giroux, H. (1991). Postmodern education: Politics, culture and social criticism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Elkind, D. (1997). Schooling and family in the postmodern world. In A. Hargreaves (Ed.), Rethinking educational change with heart and mind (pp. 27-42). ASCD Yearbook.

Giroux, & McLaren, (1992). Media hegemony: Towards a critical pedagogy of Representation." In Schwoch, White and Reily: xv-xxxiv.

Giroux, H. (1996). Living dangerously: Multiculturalism and the politics of difference. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

Postmodern
The term 'Post modernism' has emerged as a real area of academic study only from the middle of the 1980's onwards. It is a complicated and a complex term, quite difficult to define exactly, and the reason for this is the fact that the term post modernism appears not only in art but also in various other forms of functioning like for example, in architecture, sociology, in literature, in the sciences, and in fashions, and in technology as well. It can even be stated that it is not very clear when exactly post modernism begins. Some researchers opine that the best way to start thinking about post modernism is by starting with modernism, and this is the movement from which the subsequent post modernism movement has stemmed. Modernism has two important facets, both of which must be understood clearly before beginning the attempt to understand post modernism. (Postmodernism)

Therefore, one must…...

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References

Art History, postmodernism. Retrieved From

  Accessed 25 October, 2005http://wwar.com/masters/movements/postmodernism.html 

Art: 21-Laylah Ali. Retrieved From

  Accessed 26 October, 2005http://www.pbs.org/art21/slideshow/?artist=79 

Architecture
The advent of modernity has wrought massive changes in human society. New forms of transportation and communication, for example, have changed the way people work, learn, conduct business and organize into communities. Technological advances in medicine have resulted in new forms of treatment for disease and longer life spans. Upheavals such as the women's movement and the civil rights movement have challenged prevailing norms and transformed social relations.

The field of architecture is no exception. The modern architecture movement is also largely a response to the availability of new technologies and the changing social needs. The first part of this paper looks at the various definitions of what constitutes "modern" architecture. The next part then looks at how the various styles sought to take advantage of new material and to address changing social needs.

In the last part, the paper examines how modern architecture is responding to new concerns, such as…...

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Works Cited

Cannon-Brookes, Peter. "Modern architecture, modern materials and modern technology." European Business Review. 14(3). Proquest Database.

Kuipers, Marieke. "The modern movement." The Unesco Courier. September 1997. Proquest Database.

Lacayo, Richard. "Buildings that breathe." Time Magazine. August 26, 2002. Proquest Database.

Larkin, David. Frank Lloyd Wright: The Masterworks. New York: Rizzoli, 1993.