Along with this changing ability to help parents deal with their loss have come various rituals. Increasing numbers of parents are recognizing how such rituals provide connection to their community, a sense of the sacred and an outlet to do something about their grief. Some of the rituals actually come from other cultures that are much more open about the subject of death. In Japan, for example, the traditional Jizo ritual has grown considerably over the last couple of decades, since in Japan little distinction is made between pregnancies lost to miscarriage and those to abortion. The ceremony recognizes the need for the mother to apologize for whatever guilt she may be carrying about the pregnancy loss. She may light a candle, make offerings, or tie a red knitted bonnet or bib on a small stone statue. or, the grieving Japanese woman may write the name of a lost pregnancy…...

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References

Ascher, Barbara Lazear. Landscape without Gravity New York: Penguin, 1994

Boyle et. al Mothers Bereaved by Stillbirth. (London: Ashgate, 1997

Brin, Deborah "Use of rituals in grieving for a miscarriage or stillbirth," Women in Therapy 27(2004) 123-132

Church, Lisa. Hope is Like the Sun. Finding Hope and Healing After Miscarriage,

Moreover, unprocessed grief can resurface years later, and a common trigger can be a loss or an experience that is similar in circumstance to the original loss (Kader pp). According to Kader, this is the reason some adults who have been functioning well prior to a major traumatic event "will have a tremendously hard time recovering from this stressor while others will not have the same difficulties under similar circumstances" (Kader pp). Therefore, it is important to seek therapy in order for these long-buried wounds to surface so that the healing process can begin (Kader pp).
Even if a miscarriage occurs just days after a positive pregnancy test, the reaction can include a wide spectrum of emotions, for although a woman and/or couple are mourning a baby that was never born, the daydreams about the baby and what kind of parents they would be were well under way (Goff pp).…...

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Works Cited

Depressive symptoms after miscarriage." American Family Physician. June 01

1992. Retrieved October 04, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Goff, Karen Goldberg. "Miscarriage." The Washington Times. March 26, 2000.

Retrieved October 04, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Civil Liberty? The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti
During the height of the first so-called "red scare" in the United States from 1919 to 1920, two Italian anarchist immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were charged and tried for murder but the evidence against them was spurious (Robbins 178). Throughout what many observers termed "the trial of the century," Sacco and Vanzetti experienced prosecutorial and judicial misconduct. Consequently, these two men were found guilty, sentenced to death and were executed on August 23, 1927 (Bertrand Russell 4). To determine the facts, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine if the charges against Sacco and Vanzetti were valid, and what steps the government took to secure their conviction. A summary of the research and important findings about the "trial of the century" are provided in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

In reality, Sacco and Vanzetti had the cards stacked against…...

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Works Cited

Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Portraits. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Bertrand Russell. (2014). Spartacus Education. [online] available: http://www.spartacus.

schoolnet.co.uk/TUrussell.htm.

Neville, John F. Twentieth-Century Cause Caelaebre: Sacco, Vanzetti, and the Press, 1920-

Essay Topic Examples
1. The sychological Impact of Miscarriage on Women and Couples:
    This essay will explore the emotional and mental repercussions that miscarriages have on the individuals directly involved, particularly women and their partners. It will delve into the different stages of grief, the potential for depression, and the psychological interventions that can support recovery.

2. Understanding the Medical Causes and Risk Factors of Miscarriage:
    This essay will focus on the scientific and medical aspects of miscarriage, examining the common causes such as genetic abnormalities, hormonal issues, and lifestyle factors. It will also dissect the role of pre-existing medical conditions and consider ways that healthcare providers can assist patients in understanding and potentially preventing future miscarriages.

3. The Social Stigma Surrounding Miscarriage and Its Effects:
    An examination of how societal attitudes and misconceptions contribute to the silence and stigma around miscarriage. This essay will look into the cultural variations in dealing with miscarriage and discuss…...

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Primary Sources

Everett, Caroline. \"Miscarriage: Women\'s Experiences and Needs.\" London: Routledge, 1997.

Bardos, J., Hercz, D., Friedenthal, J., Missmer, S. A., & Williams, Z. \"A national survey on public perceptions of miscarriage.\" Obstetrics & Gynecology, 125(6), 1313-1320, 2015.

Kolte, A. M., Bernardi, L. A., Christiansen, O. B., Quenby, S., Farquharson, R. G., Goddijn, M., & Stephenson, M. D. \"Terminology for pregnancy loss prior to viability: a consensus statement from the ESHRE early pregnancy special interest group.\" Human Reproduction, 30(3), 495-498, 2015.

Robbins, Jessica. \"Understanding Miscarriage or the Death of a Baby: A Critical Ethnography of Women’s Experiences.\" PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2009.

Johnson, Kate C., and Michael R. Berman. \"The Silent Subject: Reflections on Miscarriage.\" In Therapeutic Perspectives on Working with Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Clients, edited by Charles Neal and Dominic Davies, 87-102. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.

Miranda Fricker's 'Central Case' of Testimonial Injustice
Considering a case in which Tom, a black man is alleged to have raped a white woman; Miranda explores how injustice happens within the confines of offering testimony. Tom is a black man living in Alabama accused of raping a white woman. Every detail and evidence that tries to bring out Tom as not the possible suspect are disapproved because of Tom's blackness. Tom has no power to harm anyone using some part of his body, a solid and physical prove that he is not the one who might have raped the white woman. The jury is credibly informed that the man in suspect is Tom since they cannot buy into his testimonies because he is considered "black." The testimony is, in some way, affected by the characteristic features of the person giving the testimony. The testimony does not stand on its own to…...

Injustice in the Supreme Court
Gideon v. Wainwright

This was a case where Gideon was a defendant and was denied the right to have a counsel defending him because he was not charged with a capital offense. The Florida court argued that the court was only obliged to provide him with a counsel if he was charged with a capital offense. However, upon taking the case to the Supreme Court, it was determined that every citizen was entitled to a counsel who would defend him against prosecution. The argument is that justice cannot be achieved without providing the defendant with the right to a fair hearing. On the same note, it is the right of the courts to ensure that even those who are unable to pay a legal counsel to defend them are provided with a public defendant who will ensure that their interests are taken care of (Blount, 507).

Indigent defendants

In…...

I am not sure what I expected about my check-up. I suppose I thought that the new relationship I had the OBGYN because of my pregnancy would continue on as a special relationship. I was wrong. My visit was, once again, the sterile, medical kind, and not the kind that I had with him while I was pregnant. My OBGYN performed the post surgical exam, and then spoke with me briefly.

"You're healthy," he said, "and I would recommend beginning again, as soon as you're ready, to get pregnant again. If that's what you." Then he was gone, and the nurse came in with a prescription.

"This, she said, is a prescription for a mild pain killer for cramping. Really, it's just a prescription strength aspirin." Then she looked at me and added, "I know what you're going through."

I thought she was the connection I needed. Someone who had a miscarriage in…...

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Works Cited

Kohner, Nancy, and Alix Henley. When a Baby Dies: The Experience of Late Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Death. New York: Routledge, 2001. Questia. 11 May 2009 .

Seftel, Laura. Grief Unseen: Healing Pregnancy Loss through the Arts. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2006. Questia. 11 May 2009 .

hen does insanity excuse criminal liability?

A defendant has an excuse for liability, says Paul Robinson, in his book Criminal Law Defenses, when he or she is acting involuntarily and their own disability causes him or her to mistakenly or unknowingly violate a criminal prohibition. This person does not know whether his or her behavior is wrong or criminal (Robinson 222). This is in contrast to what is called a character-based approach, where a person's adherence to virtues or vices creates a character and a reputation for morality or immorality, upon which they are judged. Finkelstein argues that a system which bases its retributive punishment on a person's character, rather than on the act itself brings about social welfare. Just as one cannot judge a person's moral character upon a single act, one cannot decide the morality or immorality of a person by visible actions. She quotes George Fletcher as saying…...

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Works Cited

Article 35 of the NY State Penal Code: Found at  http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article35.htm .

Finkelstein, Claire. Excuses and Dispositions in Criminal Law. U. Of Buffalo. 14 Apr 2003.

Fletcher, George. Rethinking Criminal Law. 1978.

Hans, Valerie P. And Slater, Dan. "John Hinckley, Jr. And the Insanity Defense: The Public's Verdict," the Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 47(2). 1983.

Esperanza took the paperwork home and met with her mother, who obtained the appropriate records for her and went through the class schedule with her, as Esperanza translated the information. Esperanza chose a class schedule that was inclusive of her mother's desire for her to take a part time job, and included all the basic education classes that she would need to move forward as a Junior the following year. Esperanza also signed up for a Spanish class and an ESL program, at the urging of the Latino Club advisor. The Latino Club activities included a small grant to pay ESL students to tutor students of Spanish that were in need of extra help. Though the tutoring paid only minimum wage, it allowed Esperanza to fulfill her mother's desire for her to take a part time job and it would not interfere with school work and did not require…...

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References

Fall, K.A., Holder, J.M., & Marquis, a. (2003). Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Petrocelli, J.V. (2002). Processes and Stages of Change: Counseling with the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(1), 22.

physiological perspective, the first trimester of pregnancy is when the majority of fetal development occurs, and also when the full development of the placenta occurs. The first twelve weeks or so after conception see the transformation of a fertilized egg cell into a fetus that shares blood flow with the placenta through the umbilical arteries and vein. As a result, these twelve weeks are particularly crucial for the health and development of the fetus at its most vulnerable stage. Among numerous other physiological changes, the mother's nutritional intake needs (which include vitamins and minerals) increase substantially, so nutrition is crucial. The avoidance of alcohol is necessary to avoid birth defects caused by the substance: as Blackburn notes, "drinking alcohol at any stage of pregnancy can affect the brain and other areas of development" (Blackburn 2007, 221).
Zoey's preganancy undergoes what is termed induced labor, in which she is given a…...

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References

Blackburn, ST. (2007). Maternal, fetal, and neonatal physiology: A clinical perspective. St. Louis: Elsevier.

Childress, J. (1997). Practical reasoning in bioethics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Safeguarding the criminal justice system from wrongful convictions through an efficient innocence program policy evaluation proposalExecutive summaryConvicting innocent people is a global concern. The problem has been brought to the fore in the US through DNA tests that have proven the innocence of some of the people already serving jail terms. So far, up to 138 people have been exonerated of the crimes they were accused and convicted of. Of the number, 13 people were on death row. Experts observe that at least 23 people have already been executed after conviction, in the US, despite their innocence. There are persistent efforts that have led to significant progress with regard to detecting and preventing people from being wrongfully convicted. There is a lot of room for improvement in this area though. Apart from the reforms highlighted and discussed in this paper, the public is increasingly becoming aware of the problem.…...

"It is not just a Catholic and Protestant Debate"(13).
Some Catholic statements, like the 1968 papal encyclical Humanae Vitae, condemn the practice on grounds of the created order, which is thought to be structured in such a way that all sexual expression must be open to procreation. Other statements, notably various declarations issued from 1969 to 1989 by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) in the U.S. appeal instead to the nature of the human person and the idea that life begins at conception. Abortion must be rejected, such statements argue, because it terminates a human life. Yet a third subgroup can be identified. Statements like the NCCB's well-known 1983 pastoral on peace and the Catholic bishops of France's 1979 declaration do not emphasize the doctrines of creation and human persons but argue against abortion by granting priority to the gospel.

In addition, in the Protestant Church, several statements --…...

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References

Beckwith, F.J. Politically Correct Death: Answering the Arguments for Abortion Rights Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1993.

CPN. "Topics." 6, May 2005.  http://www.cpn.org/topics/families/prolife.html 

Currie, Stephen. Abortion. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2000.

Do No Harm. Coalition of Scientists for Research Ethics. 6, May 2005.  http://www.stemcellresearch.org/

Research Question and Introduction Development Topic: Safeguarding the criminal justice system from wrongful convictions through an efficient innocence program
Research Question: What aspects of the innocence program need improvement, and in what ways, in order to guard the judicial system from wrongful convictions? (Rossi, Lipsey & Freeman, 2004)
Introduction
Wrongful conviction is an abuse of justice. It entails the sentencing and subsequent punishment of someone for crimes they never committed (Huff & Killias, 2013). Wrongful convictions can happen in civil and criminal cases alike. Many criminal justice processes have been tailored to overcome this possibility and overturn such erroneous judicial decisions. It is quite difficult to achieve this, however, due to fundamental challenges in the judicial system. Wrongful convictions may take years or decades to overturn. In some instances the discovery of innocence happens after a person has already served their time in prison, after they are dead or after they are executed. Wrongful…...

Armstrong's findings additionally relate that due to previous research and the influence of perinatal loss on postpartum depression on partnered relationships. Armstrong states that differences in continued psychological stress between mothers and fathers after a subsequent birth is another area requiring further evaluation. Specifically stated is that it is necessary to evaluate "...the strength of partnered relationships during future childbearing experiences is important to identify any potential influence of the loss on couple, as well as family, outcomes. Understanding possible gender differences may help neonatal nurses and other healthcare providers to recognize couples at risk for discord." (2007)
Neonatal nurses are those who work closely with infants and parents and in the best position to make identification of depression and to pose questions about the individuals symptoms including:

1) mood;

2) appetite;

3) energy or fatigue levels;

4) ability to concentrate; and 5) as well the neonatal nurse is in the unique position to…...

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Bibliography

Gold, K.J., Dalton, V.K. And Schwenk, T.L. (2007) Hospital Care for Parents After Perinatal Death. Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol. 109. No. 5 May 2007.

Hughes, P., Turton, P., Hopper, E. And Evans, CDH (2002) Assessment of Guidelines for Good Practice in Psychosocial Care of Mothers After Stillbirth: A Cohort Study. The Lancet 2002;360:114-18.

Alexander, K.V. (2001) the One Thing You Can Never Take Away": Perinatal Bereavement Photographs. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing Vol. 26(3) May/June 2001. 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Abortion After Prenatal Testing
Methods of Prenatal Diagnosis

There are four methods of prenatal diagnosis that is available to women. The first and most commonly known is ultrasonography, colloquially referred to as "ultrasound." A picture of the fetus is developed through the implementation of sound waves. Ultrasound is used to identify abnormalities that are physically apparent such as deformed limbs, defective chest, and heart. During the fourteenth to sixteenth week of the pregnancy, neural tube defects can also be detected (Cassidy & Gentles, 2002). There are other uses such as detecting multiple fetuses and measuring fetal growth.

The second method is Maternal Serum Alpha Fetoprotein Screening (MSAFP). Its primary purpose is to detect neural tube defects by measuring the alpha fetoprotein levels in the women's blood. High levels of alpha fetoprotein can indicate neural tube defects in the fetus. This exam is typically administered during the fifteenth to seventeenth week of gestation (Cassidy…...

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Works Cited

Cassidy, E., & Gentles, I.J. (2002). Abortion after Prenatal Testing. Women's health after abortion: the medical and psychological evidence (pp. 155-174). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: deVeber Institute for Bioethics and Social Research.

Yashon, R.K., & Cummings, M.R. (2012). Changes in Chromosome Number. Human genetics and society (2nd ed., p. 56). Australia: Brooks/Cole.

Complexities of Capital Punishment

1. Ethical and Moral Implications: Explore the ethical and moral dilemmas associated with the death penalty, considering arguments for and against its use based on concepts such as retribution, deterrence, and the sanctity of life.

2. Racial and Economic Disparities: Analyze the racial and economic disparities in the application of the death penalty, examining the role of systemic racism and socioeconomic factors in sentencing outcomes.

3. Psychological and Neurological Aspects: Discuss the psychological and neurological implications of the death penalty, including the mental anguish it inflicts on individuals sentenced to death and the potential for irreversible mistakes in sentencing.

Debating....

The Death Penalty as a Societal Rorschach: Reflections on Capital Punishment and the Subconscious Values of Society

Introduction:
In the labyrinth of human justice, the death penalty stands as a contentious issue, evoking impassioned debates and stirring profound introspection. This essay seeks to explore the death penalty as a societal Rorschach, a window into the subconscious values and beliefs that shape our collective perception of crime and punishment.

The Death Penalty as a Reflection of Social Attitudes:
The death penalty offers a potent lens through which to examine societal attitudes towards crime, justice, and retribution. Societies that embrace capital punishment often do so under....

Impact of Domestic Violence on Maternal and Fetal Health during Pregnancy

Domestic violence, a severe form of intimate partner violence, has detrimental consequences for both maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. The physical, emotional, and psychological trauma associated with domestic abuse can have lasting effects on the well-being of both the mother and her unborn child.

Maternal Health:

Physical Injuries: Domestic violence can result in a range of physical injuries, including broken bones, contusions, lacerations, and internal bleeding. These injuries can pose significant risks to maternal health, such as infection, hemorrhage, and organ damage.
Mental Health Issues: Domestic violence often leads to....

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle in the criminal justice system that requires the government to prove a person's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt before they can be convicted of a crime. This presumption ensures that individuals are not unjustly punished or deprived of their rights without sufficient evidence.

The presumption of innocence impacts the criminal justice system in several ways:

1. Protects the rights of the accused: The presumption of innocence ensures that individuals are not unfairly treated or deprived of their rights based on mere accusations or suspicions. It guarantees that individuals are innocent until proven guilty, safeguarding....