The third factor that shapes the organizational culture is the relationship that exists between the employer and employee. As already stated earlier, Second Continental Congress stands out as one of the earliest bodies in the working relationship for perpetuating for the establishment of different organizations that cater for the security of the country.

Organizational structure refers to the level and nature of interaction between employees, supervisors, and management team who are at various cadres of job status. Essentially, U.S. military has adopted a horizontal form of organizational structure that eliminates a lot of bureaucracy. Junior employees, who are also part of the associates, interact freely with supervisors and management team. Problem and challenges are shared out based on equality, and every suggestion is treated with the importance. This factor has been instrumental in promoting the quality of collectivism rather than individualism (Driskill & Brenton, 2005).

Lastly, the national culture of United States…...

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References

Driskill, G.W., & Brenton, a.L. (2005). Organizational Culture in Action: A Cultural Analysis Workbook. New York, NY: SAGE.

Durant, R.F. (2007). The greening of the U.S. military: Environmental policy, national security, and organizational change. Washington, D.C: Georgetown Univ. Press.

Civilian and Military Organizational Competencies
This essay examines instances of planning for and implementation of information technology in civilian and military organizations that require similar organizational competencies.

hen the military adopted A-staff restructuring, it not only implemented standard business practices to improve communications and efficiency, it also communicated the news as many businesses would. The Air Force Print News website provided details of the realignment to the A-staff structure, much as a business' newsletter would communicate a similar organizational change. The article discusses the Air Force adoption of the organizational structure that closely mirrors the Army's G-staff, the Navy's N-staff and the joint J-staff. According to Brig. Gen Sabol, the effort helps the Air Force optimize internal communications as well as helps them communicate more efficiently with other services (Lopez, 2006).

The affected Air Force functions were to be re-named and realigned so that similar functions at all levels were referred to by…...

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Works Cited

Lopez, C.T. Staff Sgt. (2006). Headquarters Air Force realigns similar to 'J-staff" model. Retrieved July 8, 2011 from  http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123015891 

Managing supply chains: What the military can teach business (and vice-versa). 2003. Retrieved July 8, 2011 from  http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm;jsessionid=a830fe1c16ad9a882ac02226606e4c53601e?articleid=894 

Price, D.E. (2004). Organizing for expeditionary operation transforming headquarters financial management into the commander's A-8 staff. Retrieved July 8, 2011 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4018/is_3_38/ai_n6355526/?tag=mantle_skin;content 

Reese, J. (2006). Army adopting Lean Six Sigma. Army News Service. Retrieved July 8, 2011 from  http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,87414,00.html

The ability to lead is an important trait in the organizational world today. With organizations encountering increasingly complex situations, leaders have a role to successfully steer their organizations through those situations. They must properly influence and guide their followers in the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Bateman, Snell & Konopaske, 2016). Leadership ability is particularly important in military organizations. The security environment has become ever more challenging, warranting even more effective leadership (Laver, 2008). Military organizations now grapple with challenges such as craftier enemies, international terrorism, increased incidence of natural disasters, and reduced budgetary allocations. Internally, military organizations face challenges relating to issues such as personnel motivation and retention, capacity building, and veteran welfare. Yet, military organizations must constantly ensure national security. Navigating the increasingly complex security environment requires military leaders to have certain qualities. This paper discusses these qualities. Attention is particularly paid to situational leadership, integrity, people…...

Communication is crucial to any organization as it provides the basis through which people share information, understand each other, and build effective working relations. Most organizations, including the military, have a clear-cut chain of command, such that communication therein is vertical. Vertical communication can be bottom-up or top-down, with the former being the flow of information from management to employees (APACOE, 2014). It provides the framework through which employees can make known to the management their opinions, perceptions, values, needs, expectations, to name but a few. Top-down communication, on the other hand, enables management to make employees aware of organizational projects, plans, visions and missions (APACOE, 2014). The effective combination of these ensures a conducive working environment, builds trust, boosts employee morale and participation, and ultimately leads to organizational success.
Importance of Organizational Communication

As has already been mentioned earlier, communication is vital for the success of any organization. The military is…...

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References

APACOE. (2014). The Role of Communication. APA Center for Organizational Excellence. Retrieved from  http://www.apaexcellence.org/resources/creatingahealthyworkplace/theroleofcommunication/ 

Joint Doctrine. (2001). Joint Doctrine for Civil Military Operations. Collingdale, PA: Diane Publishing.

The Crimson Void. (2010). Military Communication: Problems, Precedents and Solutions. Word Press. Retrieved from  http://thecrimsonvoid.wordpress.com/2010/08/10/military-communication-problems-precedents-and-solutions/

ole in Alibaba Value Chain
IT role in Value Chain

With mounting pressures from market competitors driving ever-evolving business needs, firms are seen to increasingly count on information technology/systems for competitive advantage and attaining business agility. Differentiation can help achieve value creation throughout a business's value chain, via activities that create services and products that increase performance or reduce costs. Business information systems are pervasive and impact all points on a business value chain. Further, they also impact competitive scope, whilst reshaping how a business's offering fulfills consumer needs. All value activities of an organization possess an information processing element which incorporates steps needed for capturing, manipulating, and channeling requisite data for performing the activity (ole of IT in Michael Porter's Value Chain Framework, 2009).

ight from logistics activities to servicing, information systems carry out the functions of control and optimization, and hence, transform processes and products to provide more critical functions.…...

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References

Alibaba: Company Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2016, from  http://www.alibabagroup.com/en/about/overview 

Role of IT in Michael Porter's Value Chain Framework. (2009). Retrieved April 20, 2016, from  http://www.managedecisions.com/blog/?p=6 

What is Alibaba? (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2016, from  http://projects.wsj.com/alibaba/

Despite the high operational tempo though of the U.S. military, it is still an organization that undergoes constant transformation in not only to meet the various missions thereof but in keeping with the changing times. The changes that the American defense forces are contained in policy changes that originate with the National Command Authority and executed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff down the chain of command. Of late, two policies will pave the way for major paradigm shifts in the very fabric of the U.S. military. These policy changes are the repeal of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy banning acknowledgement of gays in the service and the gradual pull-out of troops in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Late in July 2011, President Obama along with Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral ichael ullen signed the certification for the implementation of the…...

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Military Transformation

For the last few years following the 9-11 terrorist attacks on the American homeland, the United States military has been overstretched with two major wars involved in (Iraq and Afghanistan) and several other missions ranging from low-intensity conflicts, humanitarian efforts to continuous training and exercises on its own or with allies and partners across the globe. As the only remaining superpower and acknowledged "police" or the world, the United States uses its military to project its might and ensure that intransigent nations or entities are made to abide by international laws. Despite the high operational tempo though of the U.S. military, it is still an organization that undergoes constant transformation in not only to meet the various missions thereof but in keeping with the changing times. The changes that the American defense forces are contained in policy changes that originate with the National Command Authority and executed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff down the chain of command. Of late, two policies will pave the way for major paradigm shifts in the very fabric of the U.S. military. These policy changes are the repeal of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy banning acknowledgement of gays in the service and the gradual pull-out of troops in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Late in July 2011, President Obama along with Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen signed the certification for the implementation of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT) Repeal Act of 2010. The final paragraph of the document states that "the Act is consistent with standards of military readiness, military effectiveness, unit cohesion, and recruiting and retention of the Armed Forces (DADT Repeal Act of 2010)." The policy or law prior to its development has faced several hurdles especially from those who are bent on not allowing gays and lesbians in the U.S. Armed Forces. At the end of it all, what prevailed is the rationale and logical decision that fighting for one's country is not dependent on one's gender or sexual orientation but the desire to be of service without any reservations whatsoever. Although there are still several days

Military Ops
Military-Led econstruction and Fiedler's Contingency Theory

In light of the unfolding instability, violence and difficulty that characterized the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States military must reexamine its approach to the strategic invasion, occupation, reconstruction and power-handover that have evolved into a war-making template for the nation. Accordingly, the research conducted hereafter considers the need for a change in leadership orientation, using Fiedler's Contingency Theory as the lens for the literature review thereafter. The Findings drawn from the review of literature are presented in this account and, generally, provided confirmation of the pertinence of Fiedler's contingency theory to modern military strategy as well as the pertinence of Fiedler's Least-Preferred Coworker checklist to defining ideal military leadership. The reported findings connecting Fiedler's ideas with strategic and empirical documentation on applied military policy contribute to a number of policy recommendations. In particular, these policy recommendations revolve around two major dimensions…...

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References

Conner, Maj. W.D. (2005). Understanding First in the Contemporary Operational

Environment. School of Advanced Military Studies; For Leavenworth Kansas.

Ellyson, L.M.; Gibson, J.H.; Nichols, M. & Doerr, A. (2012). A Study of Fiedler's

Contingency Theory Among Military Leaders. Allied Academies International

Military Management and the Agency Problem
Agency theory can be helpful for understanding any organizational conflict or behavior, and applies equally as well to the private and public sector. Applied to the military organization, agency theory "offers insight into how military strategies relate to political objectives," an important consideration (Petrina, 2005, p. v). When it is applied to the corporate world, agency theory also offers insight into how executive decisions are made and how executives can become corrupt when they possess significant power and separation from agents or shareholders. There are differences in corporate versus military governance and organizational culture, but those differences to do not cloud over the essential applicability of agency theory to both the private and public sector.

A traditional view of agency theory as it applies to military organizations is that "civilians set oversight measures to monitor the behavior of the military and the military responds based on…...

military topic; exclude civil war. (I chose Special Forces) • All Research Papers 8 1/2 x
white paper, margins 1" x 1." • The Research Papers a minimum 4 pages typed information exceed 6 pages

There is much controversy concerning the U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF) and the missions that they perform on a daily basis because the mass-media tends to distort people's understanding about the military organization. Some might be inclined to consider that the Special Forces take most of the good men in the army and put them in a community that typically performs actions that most military groups would be capable of doing. Moreover, many believe that these people basically take advantage of the government's determination to keep the Special Forces in operation. However, most people fail to understand the training that these people go through on a daily basis, the fact that they have the ability to…...

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Works cited:

Hamilton, John, "Special Forces," (ABDO, 10.01.2007)

North, Robert, "American Heroes: In Special Operations," (B&H Publishing Group, 01.11.2010)

Olson, Eric T., "U.S. Special Operations: Context and Capabilities in Irregular Warfare," Retrieved November 16, 2012, from the National Defense University Website:  http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-56/8.pdf 

Pushies, Fred J., "United States Army Special Forces," (Zenith Imprint, 01.10.2001)

Organizations
The Structure of the British Army Compared to a Civilian Business Organization

Military life, especially during combat situations, is difficult for the individual who has always been a civilian to imagine. The structure of the organization is rigid, strict control is maintained of all personnel, the management style is historically largely authoritarian, and conditions can be harsh. However, there are always people who volunteer for this service for many reasons. The individual lacks responsibility and wishes to gain it, there is a scarcity of sustainable employment, the promise of adventure awaits the soldier. Other reasons exist, every soldier or sailor has one, but whatever the reason when a person joins the military they soon understand the organization. There is no mystery regarding large goals or minor objectives. The British Army has a unique history and purpose that can be useful to companies that want to survive and remain successful in…...

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References

Andrzejewski, S., 1954. Military organization and society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

British Army., 2010. British army: An introduction. Retrieved December 15, 2010 from  http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/2010_ARMY_Brochure_9.0_ (2).pdf

Caniglia, R.R., 2001. Leadership: U.S. And British approaches to force protection. Military Review, 81(4), pp. 72-81

Cassidy, R.M., 2005. The British army and counterinsurgency: The salience of military culture. Military Review, 85(3), pp. 53-64.

The organizational change theory which best fits the organizational development and change of military organization is the "Teleological Change Theory." The top management and the leadership of the military realized the need for constant changes and realized the necessity of change in the organizational structures. The individual managers, the Generals in this case, have been instrumental in bringing about this change. Internal decision making and structures are more affected by the organizational change. In a teleological change, leader is right at the centre of the change, process, people and management. Leader is the one who aligns the goals, rewards, processes, expectations, roles and duties. Strategy formulation and implementation is based on the experiences from the ongoing processes. (Marshak, 2005)

It is important to take into account various factors while evaluating the organizational change in military. The size of the military and complexity of operations make it extremely hard to implement a…...

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References:

Murrell K.L. (1999). New Century Organization Development. Organizational Development Journal. Volume 17: No.4.

Marshak, R.J. (2005). Reinventing organizational development: New approaches to change in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.

Military Dualism in Culture
According to the argument presented by Scarborough, there is a persistent and pervasive divide between the cultures of the United States military and civilian, American culture as a whole, viewed in its entirety. Scarborough argues as if the United States military is a separate entity that stands apart from the fabric of ordinary, daily life as a special institution. Given the extremity of Scarborough's stance, and the author's perhaps own biased view from the vantage of the then-recent (at the time of the author's writing) Navy scandal, the attitude that the United States military is so unique it transforms within its framework members of ordinary American culture may be allowed to some degree. But ultimately, Scarborough's central thesis is problematic, given the leaps of logic deployed in the essay, particularly Scarborough's use of hasty generalization. The United States military is a profession and has a professional…...

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Works Cited and Consulted

Scarborough, Rowan. (17 March 1999)"Army to try video cameras for mixed-barracks safety." The Washington Times.

Scarborough, Rowan. (, 1 July 2004) "Zarqawi Targets Female 'Soldiers.'" The Washington Times.

The organization also seems to be rather adept at evaluating employee performance regularly and fairly. The organizational leaders have, on the whole, established culture of trust, in which employees feel free to speak their minds and express their ideas without apprehension.

CHA is not perfect, however. There are definitely some weaknesses in the organization as well. For example, some of the organization's leaders are not as skilled as they could be at handling conflict and negotiation. There is sometimes a lack of effective communication from the top down which results in problems that resonate throughout the company. When this happens, the conflict that ensues is not always handled as diplomatically as it could be. The "blame game" seems to be a popular pastime in the organization, which ultimately just serves to reduce morale.

My suggestion for overcoming this weakness is to send managers to training sessions on effective communication. In every organization,…...

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References

Bell, M.P. (2007) Diversity in organizations, Thomson Southwestern

Civilian Human Resource Agency (CHRA). (2010) "About Us." Retrieved from http://www.cpol.army.mil/employment/benefits_compensation.htm

Dessler, G. (2005) Human resource management. Prentice-Hall, 10th ed

Gilley, a., McMillan, H.S., and Gilley, J.W. (2009). Organizational change and characteristics of leadership effectiveness. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 16, 38-47

Law Enforcement Agencies
I agree with the para-military style of organization of most law enforcement agencies. There are a number of facets of this type of organization that makes it beneficial to a governmental agency such as the police. The military has clear lines of designation between its various employees, with a chain of command that denotes authority and respect. As such, there is no ambiguity in the type of orders that must be followed -- the very structure of the organization supports ranking officers and those below them, who are compelled to adhere to the commands of the former. The type of danger that is paramount to situations that involve the military necessitate this type of unequivocal chain of command, which enables seamless action in times of danger. The types of dangers faced by the police department are no less hazardous, and therefore benefit from a similar chain of…...

Military Leadership
How the Military Changes

Organizational change is a complex process in most cases, with those at the top of the hierarchy having the authority and power to institute changes while those in the trenches generally lack both the power and the authority but often having the expertise needed to guide needed shifts. In well-functioning organizations, change travels both up and down the hierarchy, with the final authorization for any shift in policy coming from the top echelon. However, in the most hierarchical organizations, all changes must be conceptualized and initiated from the top. Such is the case in the military.

Because of the strictures of its hierarchy, the military is famously resistant to changes. However, the military has also been able to accommodate significant changes over the course of the last half century, from racial integration to a far greater inclusion of women in the armed services to the current shift…...

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References

Nielson, S. (2010). An Army Transformed: The U.S. Army's Post-Vietnam Recovery and the Dynamics of Change in Military Organizations. Retrieved from http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1020.

Pierce, J.G. (2010). Is the Organizational Culture of the U.S. Army Congruent with the Professional Development of Its Senior Level Officer Corps? Retrieved from http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1015.

Authored by Dr. James G. Pierce.

Norman Theory of Russia

The Norman Theory of Russia, proposed by German historians in the 18th century, posits that the foundations of Russian statehood were laid by Vikings known as Varangians. It argues that these Scandinavian warriors established themselves as rulers over the East Slavic tribes, bringing with them their political and military organization.

Essay Topics for Exploring the Norman Theory of Russia:

1. Origins and Evolution of the Norman Theory

Discuss the historical context and intellectual origins of the Norman Theory.
Trace the development of the theory from its early proponents to its acceptance and subsequent challenges.

2. Archaeological and Historical Evidence Supporting....

## Impact of Military Police on Discipline and Order

Military police (MPs) play a crucial role in maintaining discipline and order within the armed forces, both during times of conflict and peace. Their responsibilities encompass a wide range of tasks, including:

Enforcing Law and Order: MPs uphold military law and regulations, ensuring that military personnel adhere to established standards of conduct. They investigate crimes, make arrests, and provide security to military installations.

Maintaining Public Order: In combat zones, MPs assist in the maintenance of public order among civilians. They provide crowd control, protect property, and enforce curfews, contributing to the stability....

The rise of the Ghana Kingdom is a pivotal moment in West African history, characterized by its wealth, power, and political organization. Numerous factors played a crucial role in the establishment and expansion of this influential kingdom, shaping its cultural, economic, and social landscape. By examining these factors, we can gain a deeper understanding of the forces that propelled the Ghana Kingdom to prominence and its enduring impact on the region.
One important historical factor that contributed to the rise of the Ghana Kingdom was its strategic location. Situated at the crossroads of major trade routes in West Africa, Ghana became....

Thesis statement: The concept of mission command outlined in Army Doctrine Publication 6-0 not only empowers subordinate leaders to make informed decisions in complex and chaotic environments but also fosters a culture of trust, initiative, and shared understanding within military organizations. This empowerment of subordinate leaders plays a crucial role in contributing to overall military strategy by allowing for decentralized decision-making that is based on a clear understanding of the commander's intent and the mission's purpose. By entrusting decision-making authority to lower levels, mission command enables agile and adaptive responses to changing circumstances on the battlefield, ultimately enhancing the overall effectiveness....