Students should be able to reflect on the process of problem solving.
easoning and Proof

Students should recognize that proofs are a fundamental aspect of mathematics. Within that understanding, they should develop the ability to select and use various types of mathematical reasoning.

Communication

The standard calls for students to communicate their mathematical thinking in a coherent and clear way to teachers, peers, and others. Students should be able to express their ideas with the correct use of mathematical language.

Connections

The standard requires that students be able to demonstrate the interconnectedness of mathematical ideas and recognize and apply mathematics in other contexts.

epresentations

Students should be able to use representations to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. This will enable them to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena.

The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) is an initiative by the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences. On its website, a link to Middle School Math…...

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References

Choppin, J.M. (2009). Curriculum-contxt knowledge: Teacher learning from successive

Enactments of a standards-based mathematics curriculum. Curriculum Inquiry 39 (2),

287-320). Retrieved from ERIC database.

Mac Iver, M.A., & Mac Iver, D.J. (2009). Urban middle-grade student mathematics achievement growth under comprehensive school reform. Journal of Educational

One of the methods that has been suggested for improving interest in reading amongst middle school students is the diagramming of two different short stories or novels, dissecting the different arts of the plot and the methods of progression in both of the stories (Education.com 2010). By demonstrating the underlying mechanisms of literature, students can better understand the progression of both individual storylines as well as of the reader's interest, making a clear and concrete connection between the organization of information and its impact on the reader (Eductaion.com 2010). The desire to increase this understanding, it is hoped, will give yet another reason to engage in reading (Education.com 2010).

When it comes to writing, one of the most effective ways to encourage greater engagement and enjoyment in writing during the middle school years -- which are formative not only in terms of cognitive ability, but also in personality and in students'…...

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References

Education.com. (2010). Middle school reading activities. Accessed 24 December 2010.  http://www.education.com/activity/middle-school/reading/ 

Steele, K. (2007). How to put your own voice in your writing. Accessed 24 December 2010.  http://www.kimskorner4teachertalk.com/writing/sixtrait/voice/howto.html

Course scheduling would "move from teacher to teacher with the same group of peers throughout the school day" (Brown & Knowles 2007 p 227). This enhances the quality and depth of curriculum and instruction through more intimate governance. Empirical studies on the benefits of block scheduling show a general 12-15% increase in vocabulary scores (Wormeli 1999). According to the research, "When teams have some control over the class schedule, students have the opportunity to explore ideas for longer periods of time" (Brown & Knowles 2007 p 229). Each team should be within the context of a block structure, allowing students to be more engaged in that team's strategies and coursework during the shared time that extends over several classes. This would require longer class periods, but the research shows that if managed innovatively by collaborative teaching strategies, the students will most likely respond positively (Wormeli 1999).
Moreover, the new school…...

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References

Brown, D.F. & Knowles, T. (2007). What Every Middle School Teacher Should Know. 2nd ed. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Wormeli, Rick. (1999). Block classes change instructional practice: Carpe diem! On Target. National Middle School Association. Web. http://www.amle.org/portals/0/pdf/publications/On_Target/scheduling/scheduling_3.pdf

Governments of Eastern Hemisphere nations

Families, clan and tribal groups act to maintain law and order

As settlement patterns changed, new political developed to meet the complex needs of society.

Through time, the people have held different assumptions as to power, authority, governments and law.

Governments change over time to meet changing needs and wants of the people

Present systems of government have their origins in the past

The value of the nations affect the guarantee of human rights and how human needs are met.

The value of the nations are embodied in their constitutions, statutes and important court cases.

In modern political states governmental structures play an important role in maintaining social order and control

Human rights is a key factor in a totalitarian society.

The United Nations were created to prevent war, and to fight hunger disease and ignorance.

The rights and responsibilities defined by their constitution and by other laws of their nations.

Seventh and Eighth Grades:

Social Studies in…...

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Bibliography

New York State Resource Guide with Core Curriculum:

 http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/ssrg.html

Indeed, if students are not encouraged to perform better during these years, they may be lost not only to academics for the rest of their lives, but also to opportunities that they could have created for themselves in the future. They would also be unable to contribute to the manpower and output of the country as a whole. It is therefore not only a losing situation for students and schools, but also for the country as a whole.
In terms of implementation, the article appears to make some very useful suggestions. Particularly important in this regard is that all parties involved should liaise with each other. Students who transition should be in continuous communication not only with their current teachers, but also with their parents, high school teachers, and students at high schools. Communication is vitally important if these students are to understand the importance of maintaining not only their…...

Although using standardized assessment to measure performance may be more difficult with this approach to learning, using these techniques teach students to learn and think independently, which many believe is a more important goal for students of this age, rather than meeting standardized proficiencies. This approach may better reflect the unique needs of middle school students who are facing particular intellectual, social, emotional, moral, and developmental challenges (Clark & Clark, 1993). These students are beginning to go through puberty, are beginning to become able to reason abstractly, are facing social and emotional pressures from their peers for the first time and have just begun to develop a sense of self. Advisory programs to accompany individual student research problems can be helpful so that students work one-on-one with teachers and adult mentors, but still advance their academic skill levels. This also shows students that adults are not 'the enemy' which helps…...

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Works Cited

Clark, S.N. & Clark, D.C. (1993). Middle level school reform: The rhetoric and the reality. The Elementary School Journal. 93(5): 447-460. Cited by Banks, Ron. (2003). Middle School. Clearing House on Early Education and Parenting. Retrieved 16 Aug 2007 at http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/poptopics/middle.html#2

Friedman, Adam & Richard Hartshorne, & Bob Algozzine (Summer 2005).

Middle Schools Online. Meridian: A Middle School Computer Technologies

Journal. 8 (2):1-6. Retrieved 16 Aug 2007 at  http://www.ncsu.edu/meridian/sum2005/middle_schools_on_net/index.html

When this happens, they will recall these concepts and begin utilizing them. In a number of schools, this is enhancing everyone's understanding of the challenges that English language learners and other individuals will face in adapting with their new environment. (Graham, 2009) (Wang, 2010)
How does the research relate to these theories?

The research is showing that each one of these theories is effective at enhancing diversification inside middle schools. This is because they are taking a much different perspective, when it comes to understanding and addressing those challenges impacting students. The added flexibility makes educators more capable of addressing key problems when they are small and improving individual motivation. (Koop, 2008) (Ogot, 2008)

What are the theoretical assumptions and allegiances (based upon the data that was collected)?

The theoretical assumptions are that one strategy will work better in contrast with the others. When in reality, many of these ideas can be implemented…...

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References

Alba, R. (2011). Schools and the Diversity Transition. American Behavioral Scientist, 55 (12), 1616 -- 1634.

Brozek, E. (2009). Supporting English Language Learners. Educators Voice. Retrieved from:  http://www.nysut.org/files/edvoiceIV_ch2.pdf 

Casas, M. (2010). Enhancing Student Diversity. New York, NY: Routledge.

Graham, S. (2009). It must be Me. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 38, 487 -- 499.

Of challenge too is finding a method that can best help the student gain and retain (as well as improve) reading skills both in and out of the classroom settings
The if/then statement

If self-instructional training is used then student's reading skills may be developed

Independent variable

Reading skills

ependent variable

Self-instructional training

(Source:

Charn, L.K. (1991). Promoting Strategy Generalization Through Self-Instructional Training in Students with Reading isabilies, Journal of learning isabilities, 24, 427-433)

3. The problem question

Are there similarities between disability in math and disability in reading?

The problem statement

Knowledge of areas of similarities and differences in learning disabilities in both math and reading may be helpful in treating reading disability.

The problem's significance

Many research findings and theoretical studies show similarities between disabilities in reading and math. Evaluating areas of similarity and differences between the two fields may help instructors better help students who have reading disabilities as well as directing future research and theory development on the subject.

The…...

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Dependent variable

Research and implementation of research on similarities / contrast between the two fields.

(Source: Kulak, A. (1993). Parallels Between Math and Reading Disability, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 666-673

Program Goals and Behavior Objectives

Because arbitrary benchmarks such as standardized test scores will not be used in isolation of other student data, the goals of the action plan envisioned herein will be strictly considered in terms of achieving a positive academic outcome as defined as the student successfully graduating from high school with at least a "C" average; this goal would be applied across the board to all students, with an analysis of how many scored above or below this average grade used to fine-tune the individualized plan for each student.

The objectives of the action plan, therefore, will be to provide all students with an individualized plan for their high school experience that includes specific references to what coursework will be required to help them gain admission to college or vocational-technical school in a given course of study, or to help them become better prepared for working in the real…...

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References

Arce, J., Borjian, a., Conrad, M., & Luna, D. (2005). No Child Left Behind: Who wins? Who loses? Social Justice, 32(3), 56.

Barrow, L.H. (2001). An analysis of middle school preservice faculty positions. Education, 122(2), 402.

Goldschmidt, P., & Wang, J. (2003). Importance of middle school mathematics on high school students' mathematics achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 97(1), 3

Hebert, T.P., & Neumeister, K.L. (2001). Guided viewing of film: A strategy for counseling gifted teenagers. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 12(4), 224.

There are some teaching strategies available that have been shown to generally improve student interest and motivation to improve their reading abilities and comprehension levels; however, because every student is unique, these strategies should be used as a guide rather than a cookbook in developing and fine-tuning teaching strategies for a given class. In this regard, Conley and Hinchman (2004) recommend that the following teaching strategies to help improve literary rates in middle school and beyond:

Continuous reading instruction with an emphasis on developing strategic knowledge for dealing with unknown words and comprehension; improving adolescent literacy rates requires reading instruction that continues in content areas across grades, especially as adolescents are required to read more demanding materials while responding to increasingly complex tasks and studies have confirmed the importance of direct and incidental vocabulary development (and teaching comprehension) through activating prior knowledge, determining importance, imagery, and summarization, across age groups.

Develop students'…...

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Works Cited

AEE Fact Sheet. (2007). Alliance for Excellent Education. [Online]. Available:  http://www.all4ed.org/publications/ReadingNext/AdolescentLiteracyFactSheet.pdf .

Conley, Mark W. And Kathleen a. Hinchman. (2004). "No Child Left Behind: What it Means for U.S. Adolescents and What We Can Do about it the No Child Left Behind Act Promises All Students a Better Chance to Learn, but Does That Promise Include Adolescents?" Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 48(1):42.

Jobs for the 21st Century. (2006). Alliance for Excellent Education. [Online]. Available:  http://www.all4ed.org/publications/Adolescent%20Literacy%20Policy%20Update.pdf .

Middle Eastern Students: What Is the Effect of Advisory Participation in the Adolescent Years- Grades 8-9
Benefits of student advisory

Adolescence and its effects on learning

Functions and Expectations of Advisory Program

Middle Eastern Student advisory experiences

Participants

Social and economic mobility is a function of educational achievement. It is important to ensure that all children receive education in order to secure their future and that of the nation. The U.S. accommodates many immigrants from the Middle East. Several studies done in the recent past have examined how immigrants fair in the educational system. However, few studies attend to the subject of adolescent students from the Arab world participation in advisory programs for schools and the effects of such participation explicitly. It is not clear whether the results of adolescent participation in school advisory programs would necessarily coincide with the participation by Arab immigrants. Considering the consistent negative portrayal of Arabs in news media; especially after…...

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References

Alexander, W.M., & George, P. S. (1981). The exemplary middle school. New York, NY: Holt, Reinhart, & Winston.

Al-Khatab, A. (1999). In search of equity for Arab-American students in public schools of the United States. Education, 120, 254.

American Psychological Association. (2010). 2008 APA survey of psychology health service providers: Special analysis. Washington, DC: Author

Arnold, J. (1991). The revolution in middle school organization. Momentum, 22(2), 20-25.

This could hurt the ability of educators to evolve with new difficulties. At the same time, it is illustrating the benefits that this can provide inside the classroom. (Lee, 2008)
Key Elements: Select 2 key ideas from the article and consider how you can effectively connect them to your research question.

Two key ideas from the article include: using technology to speak to students in a format they understand and utilizing key phrases / words during the discussion. The way these insights are connected to the research question is they provide tools and techniques for improving diversity on the middle school level. This helps these institutions to more effectively accommodate a wide variety of students from contrasting backgrounds. (Lee, 2008)

eflection: Explain various ways that you could incorporate the learning theory expressed in the article into your teaching methods. Also, explain how the theory demonstrates Christian principles in teaching.

The way these theories…...

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References

Lee, O. (2008). Science Curriculum and Student Diversity. The Elementary School Journal, 109 (2), 123 -- 137.

In short, there are numerous reasons to state the need for intervention of school counselor during the middle years, all of which can be summed up under the discovery that middle school students perform better academically, consider more intensively their future, and possess more achievement -- styled goals when they are in touch with a mentor (Zirkel, 2002). Students, at all ages, make choices, but middle school students are likely, for the first time, to make autonomous and independent choices that may significantly effect the rest of their life. Students seek differentiation from parents, responsibility, and independence, and it is the role of the counselor to assist students with decision-making skills and to help them select choices that are healthy and growth promoting.

Other areas that students need assistance in dealing with are class electorates as well as negotiating their way between multiple teachers and new peer groups. This complex environment,…...

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References

Akos, R, Konold, T., & Niles, S. (2004). A career readiness typology and typal membership in middle school. The Career Development Quarterly, 53, 53-66.

Cobb, N. (2001). Adolescence: Continuity, change, and diversity (4th ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

Eccles, J., & Templeton, J. (2002). Extracurricular and other after-school activities for youth. Review of Research in Education, 26, 113-180.

Mahoney, J., Cairns, B., & Farmer, T. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 409-418.

middle school, high school, and now college, is my ability to focus on an academic task when I really need to buckle down and concentrate. I get decent grades because I can give enough focus at the last minute, some call it "cramming," to get through the test, or get the paper done in time. But because I can't bring a consistent sense of concentration in a regular pattern, I become stressed when time comes to be tested, or to turn in a research paper or essay.
When I am assigned to read a book, I have a problem concentrating on the text, and very often I have to go back and read the whole previous page over again because I have no idea what I just read. Even very interesting fiction, my mind drifts off while I'm reading. But I have come to grips with my reading problem and…...

In the future, this can hurt the conclusions and findings. (Hill, 2009)
Key Elements: Select one or two key ideas from the article and consider how you can effectively connect them to your research question.

The two most important ideas from the article are: increased parental involvement and improved academic socialization strategies. These ideas will help to promote diversity by having the student learn in a format and background they are comfortable with. Then, these concepts are reinforced using socialization to help the individual understand them from contrasting perspectives. This is the point that diversification is improving inside the classroom. The way that these ideas relate to the research question, is they are highlighting specific tools that are used to achieve these objectives. (Hill, 2009)

eflection: Explain various ways that you could incorporate the learning theory expressed in the article into your teaching methods. Also, explain how the theory demonstrates Christian principles…...

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References

Holly Bible New International Version. (1983). Lebanon, TN: The Gideon's.

Hill, N. (2009). Parental Involvement in the Middle School. Developmental Psychology, 45 (3), 740 -- 763.

A literacy narrative is a type of autobiographical essay in a modified narrative essay format. It focuses on a person’s own experience with one or more aspects of literacy including speaking, writing, or reading. Your literacy narrative relates a personal experience and should help explain your development as a communicator, even if not as a writer or reader.

Some topic or title suggestions are:

• Through the Wardrobe: How The Chronicles of Narnia Helped Introduce Me to the World of Fantasy
• My Worst Book Boyfriends: An Examination of the Toxic Traits in the Male Characters I Love to Hate and....

1. Individualized instruction: Tailoring instruction to meet the student's unique learning style and needs.

2. Accommodations: Providing supports or modifications to the curriculum, environment, or materials to help the student access and demonstrate their learning.

3. Specialized instruction: Offering additional or alternative instruction in areas where the student may be struggling.

4. Assistive technology: Using tools or devices (such as speech-to-text software or audiobooks) to help the student complete tasks or assignments.

5. Behavioral supports: Implementing strategies to address behavior challenges and help the student stay focused and engaged.

6. Communication supports: Providing tools or strategies to help the student communicate effectively and participate in....

Mathematical discourse can enhance learning for emergent multilingual students in several ways 1. Encourages critical thinking Engaging in mathematical discourse requires students to think critically, discuss their ideas, and explain their reasoning. This helps emergent multilingual students to develop their logical reasoning skills and deepen their understanding of mathematical concepts. 2. Increases language proficiency By participating in mathematical discourse, emergent multilingual students have the opportunity to practice using academic language in a meaningful context. This can help them improve their vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension skills in both their native language and the language of instruction. 3. Fosters collaboration and community....

Effects of Wearing Required School Uniform on the Self-Esteem of the Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Junior High School Students

How does mandatory school uniform impact self-esteem of low-income junior high students?

Literature Review

The use of school uniforms has been a subject of debate for several decades, with proponents arguing for their positive impact on student behavior, safety, and academic performance, while opponents cite concerns about individuality, creativity, and freedom of expression. One aspect that has received less attention is the potential effect of school uniforms on students' self-esteem, particularly among those from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds.

Positive Effects on Self-Esteem

Some studies have suggested that wearing school....