Slaves did, however, hold a few rights such as being able to own property, engage in trade, or buy their freedom. Law was highly developed as is evident from the elaborate laws of Hummarabi, which covered almost every aspect of the Mesopotamian life. (Love)
Patriarchal Society

The Mesopotamian society was highly patriarchal in nature with the wife's position being firmly below that of the husband in the household. omen's position in the society, however, varied between city-states and changed over time. In the early periods, particularly the Sumerian period women enjoyed greater freedom, could own their own property, and engage in business for themselves. Female freedom sharply diminished during the Assyrian era. There was also a great difference between the rights and condition of high status women, such as priestesses and members of royal families, compared to women of lower classes. ("Ancient Tablets...")

orks Cited

Ancient Tablets, Ancient Graves: Accessing omen's Lives in…...

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Works Cited

Ancient Tablets, Ancient Graves: Accessing Women's Lives in Mesopotamia." Women in World History Curriculum. 1996. December 10, 2004.  http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/lesson2.html 

Jacobsen, Thorkild. "Mesopotamian Religion" Article in Encyclopedia Britannica, 2004 CD-Rom Version

Love, Anthony Michael. "Sumerian Society." Sarrisa.org. n.d. December 10, 2004  http://www.sarissa.org/sumer/sumer_s.php 

Summerian Deities." Meta Religion. n.d. December 10, 2004.  http://www.meta-religion.com/World_Religions/Ancient_religions/Mesopotamia/Summerian/summerian_deities.htm

Parents who could not afford to send their children to school are left to teach their children everything they knew. Roman forums are described as the business center where people do their banking, trading, shopping and marketing. It is also the place where public speaking, festivals and religious ceremonies are held. It is also the center where people can express public opinion and elicit support for a particular issue of interest (Flower).
At its zenith, the Roman Empire stretched from modern day England, through much of Central Europe, all of Northern Africa, and all the way to the Euphrates River. Still, culturally and politically, life revolved around Rome, which was the largest megalopolis in the Ancient World, estimated between 1 and 3.5 million people. This was the central commercial hub for the empire, and relied on a strong logistical technology for acquiring, transporting, storing, and distributing food for a large…...

MESOPOTAMIA & EGYPT:
One of the major events that marked the beginning of civilization was the development of agriculture which was made possible by the presence of three important rivers -- the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the so-called "Cradle of Civilization," and the great Nile River in Egypt, where one of the greatest civilizations first appeared some five thousand years ago. As pointed out by Wolfram Von Soden, the area now known as the Near East, comprised of Egypt, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey, "dried out into desert and semi-desert regions after the last retreat of the glaciers which compelled the inhabitants to move to the fertile valleys" bounded by the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile Rivers (67). One reason for this exodus to the "Cradle of Civilization" was the presence of native plants, such as wild wheat and barley, and herds of animals that could be domesticated for…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Braidwood, Robert J. The Near East and the Foundations for Civilization. New York: Collier Publishing, 1952.

Sasson, Jack, ed. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. UK: Hendrickson Publishers, 2000.

Trigger, Bruce. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Von Soden, Wolfram. The Ancient Orient: An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East. Berlin: William B. Eerdman Publishing Company, 1994.

In Mesopotamia, the gods were actively involved in the doings of this world, but not in a way that was just or equitable -- the gods had no special moral attributes, merely greater power than humans.
The lack of harmony in the natural world of Mesopotamia was also reflected in the disparate nature of Mesopotamian government, which was full of small city-states, with no cohesive national ruler. Egypt's pharaohs reigned for thousands of years, and most historians consider Egypt the first real nation-state in recorded history. The steady supply of food, climate, and the Egyptian's mastery over the arid but predictable terrain undeniably facilitated this governmental stability. Egypt was also far easier to defend from attacks by outsiders ("Mesopotamia," PowerPoint, 2007).

However, despite their great differences, both of these early civilizations made profound contributions to the world, such as the Egyptian's architectural gift of the pyramids, and the Mesopotamian saga of…...

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Works Cited

Burton, Dan. "Mesopotamia & Egypt." History Home Page: University of North

Alabama. 2007. 5 Oct 2007. http://www2.una.edu/dburton/MesEgypt.htm

Mesopotamia." PowerPoint.. 5 Oct 2007.  http://www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/lisas/CLAS3095/WomSept11.ppt#305,8,Egypt

Burial in Ur
What were death rituals like in Biblical times? tudying archaeological sites from ancient Mesopotamia offers some answers, as well as raises more questions. Mesopotamia or the "the Land between the Rivers" or "House of Two Rivers" is a region of outhwest Asia between the Trigris and Euphrates rivers, near Iraq ande yria. Writings from this area are some of the earliest known in human culture, so it is believed that this may indeed be the cradle of civilization.

The umerians lived in this area of Mesopotamia about 2800 BC in cities such as Adab, Eridu, Isin, Kish, Kullab, Lagash, Larsa, Nippur, and Ur. Around the city of Ur, which was established around 2100 BC, grew rich agricultural lands. Inside the city proper, stood homes and temples that later became very huge and elaborate buildings.

The city of Ur includes one of the most interesting archaelogical finds of the 20th century,…...

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Some archaeologists believe instead that the burials were for priests or priestesses, who were killed as part of a sacred marriage ceremony, a ritual offering to the god and goddess of Ur to ensure fertile land and a bountiful harvest. Opponents state that one would expect a fertility rite to be performed annually, and this does not correspond to the number of graves. Also if the sacrifice was based on a sacred marriage, the couple would most likely be buried together, Yet, each tomb only contains one individual.

Since most of the graves were robbed over the years, it is difficult to know for sure. The remains were excavated in the 1920's by Sir Leonard Woolley in a joint expedition between the British Museum and the University of Pennnyslvania.

Unless additional information is someday found about the individuals who were buried in these tombs, the individuals will have taken the answer to this mystery with them to their graves.

Cuneiform
Scribes in Mesopotamia have an obligation to record essential facts, to leave in writing a legacy by which posterity will remember and respect the culture. The political organization, economic and trade system, rules, laws, foreign relations and social codes would all make for interesting reading centuries or millennia into the future. Additionally, scribes should record key aspects of our social lives: including the demographics of our civilization as well as gender roles and relations. Scribes should make sure to describe a typical day in the life of different members of the society. For example, a typical day of a peasant farmer should be recorded alongside that of a religious priest. Mundane details such as food and eating habits should be recorded too. This way, future archaeologists will have a clear idea of what life was like in Mesopotamia instead of having to made guesses. Religious beliefs, practices, and rituals should…...

Prior to the solidification of society in the major cities of Greece, the period called the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100-750 BC) shows that there was a great deal of trade and cultural influence between Greece, Egypt, and the Assyrian/Babylonian cultures, This was a time in which the alphabetic script was brought to Greece, and the basis of culture and technology developed. Because of the influences of the other major civilizations of the time, Greece was able to jump start its own civilization and take what they learned and rather quickly advance into a Classical period of development (Hall, 2007).
Contribution(s) to Western Civilization -- Ancient Greece is still considered the basic foundation for modern European culture. Contrary to popular belief, there was really no one "Greek culture" in ancient times. nstead, Greece consisted of several hundred City States (Poleis)- mostly engendered by the geography of the country. There were…...

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ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

Historical and Geographic Background -- The Islamic Golden Age is also known as the Caliphate of Islam or the Islamic Renaissance and refers to a system of government and political, cultural and religious authority derived from the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed, roughly in the early 5th century A.D. The high point of this revival of art and culture is somewhat of a sliding scale, varying between the 8th-13, or even15th centuries (Kraemer, 1992). The geographic area was centered around the Saudi Arabian peninsula, with the first capital in Media, a city in west central Saudi Arabia. At the height of their power, the Caliphate controlled all of the present day Middle East, all of northern Africa and into Spain, and as far East as the Indus Valley, making it one of the largest unitary states in history, and most notably one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents (Kennedy, 2001).

Relationship to Previous Periods -- From the time of the disintegration of the great Middle Eastern Empires (Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, etc.), the Arab world was not unified and remained a series of nomadic tribes under the nominal control of various warlords. Part of the Mohammidian tradition was the understanding that real incentives were needed to increase agricultural production. As a result, Islam is more than a religion -- it is a social transformation that allowed for a greater degree of economic stability, thus allowing various tribes to coalesce into a nation, united under religion. For example, one religious leader expressed it as "All Muslims are partners in three things: water, herbage, and fire" (Chaudry, 2003). The Golden Age was a period in which the Roman Empire had transferred most of its political power to Constantinople and the population of Europe

Interpersonal Skill of Islamic Golden Age

A prime instance of Islamic leadership skills includes their medical services. The hospital and its peer review, were both innovations that enabled the Islamic culture to lead the est (and East) in to a better world. Arab philosophers also introduced the ancient teachings from India and China to the est. It also believed by some historians that Islamic legal tradition has laid the groundwork for the estern legal tradition.

Islamic communication included the introduction of paper, the library, universities, research institutes and diplomas into the est. Another significant contribution is the Islamic globalization of its economy, probably a function of the fact that it lies between the East and est and relatively easy access to and friendly markets in both.

The Golden Age of Islam appears to have been an eclectic and dominant era, wherein the Muslim world of the Middle East excelled in all areas of…...

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Works Cited

Abbott, Frank Frost. A History and Description of Roman Political

Institutions. Boston: Ginn & Company, Publishers, 1901. Print.

Bala, Arun. The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern

Science. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print.

isolated life of the Old Testament Mesopotamians was strictly tied to the fertile plateau the varied civilizations occupied. The groups were largely divided into Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian; under the unifying leadership of Ur, the people were divided into three legal categories that defined their daily lives: aristocracy, commoners, and slaves. While documentation of the cultures are based most commonly in religious texts, further excavation by Sir Leonard Woolley in the Twentieth Century elaborated greatly among the lists of kings, artifact preservations, and spheres of influence among the united cultures.
The daily life of the families was inevitably tied to their life source, the rivers. Marriage, with institutional roots dating back to the Mesopotamians, was more than just alliance among two people, but extended into the larger connections between family clans, exchanges of power, and utility in tilling the land. Overall, marriage served the purpose of being an economic, political,…...

City-dwellers were dependent upon rural residents for buying surplus crops for their food. Trade was mutual, as residents of cities were often specialized artisans that could offer their skills. "Mesopotamian cities controlled the agricultural land and collected crop surpluses from villages in their vicinity. In return, the city provided rural districts with military protection against bandits and raiders and a market where villagers could acquire manufactured goods produced by urban specialists (16). But society was highly stratified because of this rural-city divide. Class divisions were sharply evident in Mesopotamian society -- the infamous law code of Hammurabi meted out different punishments according to class.
Even within religious structures, this inequality was tolerated by the Babylonians. The gods were conceptualized as anthropomorphic and not necessarily beneficent. The gods showed favor to some but not to all. Although all members of the society seemed to participate in some sort of religious rituals…...

Anu was considered to be the supreme God of the sky, and also the Lord of the Heavens, as mentioned earlier, and the 'Supreme Manager' of all the other Mesopotamian Gods. Inanna was the beautiful Goddess of words, language, syntax and meaning. Inanna was probably the daughter of Anu. Humbaba was the monster of the cedar forests, and he was taken on by many Gods, and would get into many a fight with them, in a demonstration of superior strength and power on both the sides. Ereshkigal, the final God on the pantheon of the most import Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, was the underworld Goddess of darkness and death. (the Gods of Mesopotamian mythology)
It is important to remember that Mesopotamian life and religion and knowledge of Gods, Goddesses and Demons is as modern man knows about it today, but one must keep in mind the fact that the Mesopotamian…...

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References

Gill, N.S. Ancient Mesopotamia, early religion. 2007  http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/nemythology/a/mesopotamiarel.htm 

Miller, Patrick D. Israelite religion and Biblical theology, collected essays. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2000.

N.A. Gods, Goddesses, Demons and Monsters.  http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/gods/home_set.html 

N.A. Lecture 3, ancient Mesopotamia. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rels/2/lectures/lecture3.html

However, in Mesopotamia, Ishtar was considered the primary god, and Ishtar was a woman. It is interesting to note that in Mesopotamia war is considered a feminine pursuit, and Ishtar is the god of war, while in Greece it is primarily a male pursuit and, though there are specific gods of war, Zeus is seen as the ultimate leader in times of war.
Despite these differences there are strong similarities between these two cultures as well. Slavery, for instance, was practiced in both cultures. The abundance of slaves was an indication of social rank and prosperity in both the Mesopotamian and ancient Greek cultures. Slaves account for the bulk of the workforce in both countries as well.

Also, even though the treatment of women was very different, marriages were still arranged in both cultures. Of course, in Mesopotamia the groom pays the bride's family a dowry, and in Greece the father…...

Egyptian/Mesopotamian/Hebrew eligious Beliefs
The religious views of the Mesopotamians, Egyptians and Hebrews all have important implications on each cultures unique view of life and death, including the afterlife. Mesopotamia was known as the land between the rivers. Each religion developed according to the history and reality of the people living during their time. The Egyptians and Mesopotamians developed a polytheistic religious outlook, while the Hebrew people developed a monotheistic culture. However the Hebrew religion is much more similar to the Egyptian religion considering it's positive outlook and affiliation with a God or gods, unlike the Mesopotamian belief system which may be considered very negative. Ultimately, though each of these religions are different, they developed as a result of the physical and cultural influences of the people living during ancient times.

The religion of the people of Mesopotamia was all encompassing, the center of daily life (fortunecity, 2003). The Mesopotamian views on…...

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References

Egyptian Religion. Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdoms"

Retrieved February 12, 2003, at  http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/faculty/thomas/classes/rgst80a/lectures/lec3.html 

Egyptian Religion. Mesopotamian Religion. Hebrew Religion"

Retrieved February 12, 2003, at  http://historylink101.com/pop1.htm

Mesopotamian vs. Egyptian civilizations
This paper will compare and contrast the Mesopotamian and the Egyptian civilizations, in particular the political, social, economical and religious differences. The paper also discusses the role Nature played in each civilization.

The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations were similar in many respects, in that they were both at a similar level of 'advancement', in terms of the development of tools, and cultural and scientific thought (such as language, writing, the use of mathematics) but they differed in some fundamental respects, such as in the place of origin of the civilization (for Mesopotamia in modern-day Iraq, and for Egypt, in modern-day Egypt), and the time period during which the civilization ruled (for the oldest Mesopotamian civilization, the Sumerians, from 5000 BC, and for Egypt for the Old Kingdom, from 2770-2200 BC, to the New Kingdom, from 1560-1087 BC).

In terms of the political structure of the civilizations, Mesopotamia was structured…...

Ancient Mesopotamian Artifact
She comes up from the swamp

Is fierce, terrible, forceful, destructive, powerful:

and still) she is a goddess, is awe-inspiring.

Her feet are those of an eagle, her hands mean decay.

Her fingernails are long, her armpits unshaven..."

The High Priest raised his long arms, palms facing upwards. Twelve lamentation priests surrounded him in a circle, their heads bowed, droning the chant. Surrounded by the temple musicians, the circle of lamentation priests swayed to and fro, gently holding each others' hands and reciting the incantation against Lamashtu. One of Uruk's most prosperous merchants, Asshurk, commissioned the rite of protection; his wife was pregnant for the first time and he wanted to ensure the birth of a healthy child. Lamashtu had taken not only his first-born son but also his first wife, who died soon after the child was born. Asshurk wanted no complications with the pregnancy this time, as he was growing old…...

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Works Cited

Caubet, Annie and Pouyssegur. The Ancient Near East. Paris: Terrail, 1998.

Gods, Goddesses, Demons, and Monsters." Article from The British Museum. Retrieved 20 April 2004. Online at  http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/gods/home_set.html .

Jastrow, Morris. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Boston: Ginn, 1898. Retrieved 20 April 2004. Published online at  http://www.cwru.edu/UL/preserve/Etana/JAST.REL/JAST.REL.html .

Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1998.

I. Introduction
A. Hook
B. Background information on astronomy
C. Thesis statement

II. History of Astronomy
A. Ancient history
1. Contributions of early civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.)
B. Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
1. Key figures (Copernicus, Galileo, etc.)
2. Major discoveries and advancements

III. Branches of Astronomy
A. Observational astronomy
1. Ground-based telescopes
2. Space-based telescopes
B. Theoretical astronomy
1. Modeling and simulations
2. Predictions and hypotheses

IV. Key Concepts in Astronomy
A. Celestial bodies
1. Stars
2. Planets
3. Moons
B. Solar system
1. Formation and evolution
2. Exploration missions (e.g., Voyager, Mars rovers)

V. Current Developments and Discoveries
A. Exoplanets
1. Search....

Historical Perspectives:

The Evolution of Gender Roles Throughout History: Examining the Shifting Expectations and Norms
Gender Roles in Ancient Civilizations: A Comparative Analysis of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece
The Impact of Industrialization on Gender Roles: The Rise of the Patriarchal Family and the Marginalization of Women

Theoretical Approaches:

Feminist Perspectives on Gender Roles: Analyzing Power Dynamics, Oppression, and the Construction of Masculinity and Femininity
Gender Performativity and Judith Butler: The Subversive and Fluid Nature of Gender Categories
The Social Construction of Gender: How Society Shapes and Reinforces Gender Norms

Social and Psychological Implications:

The Psychological Effects of Gender Stereotypes: Examining the Impact....

The Iraqi Crucible: A Multifaceted Examination of the Civil War in Iraq

The multifaceted nature of the Iraqi Civil War (2003-2017) demands a title that encapsulates its intricate web of causes, consequences, and complexities. The following titles attempt to capture the multifaceted nature of this conflict:

1. Iraq: The Shattered Crucible
2. The Iraqi Maelstrom: The Civil War and Its Legacy
3. Sectarian Inferno: The Unseen War in Iraq
4. The Iraqi Endgame: From Invasion to Liberation
5. The Iraqi Jigsaw: Pieces of a Broken Nation
6. Iraq: The Lost Decade
7. The Mesopotamian Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Iraq

Each title highlights a particular aspect of the....

Gilgamesh and the Quest for Immortality in Epic Poetry

Immortality has captivated human imagination since time immemorial. The enduring epics of ancient civilizations often explore this tantalizing concept, with protagonists embarking on arduous quests to attain eternal life. Among these literary masterpieces, two stand out: "The Epic of Gilgamesh" from Mesopotamia and "The Odyssey" from Greece. While both feature protagonists with extraordinary journeys, only one is driven by an unyielding desire for immortality: Gilgamesh.

Gilgamesh: The Mortal King with Immortal Dreams

"The Epic of Gilgamesh," composed around 2150 BCE, narrates the extraordinary life of Gilgamesh, a legendary king of Uruk. Gilgamesh is portrayed....