Law and omen in Medieval Europe
omen have always been victims of various legislations and the way the law is applied concerning the crimes that they commit in the society. The suffering that women underwent in medieval Europe cannot be emphasized much as seen from this study. In late medieval Europe, religion played a significant role in shaping the way the law was practiced. A very wide jurisdiction was controlled by the ecclesiastical courts exempted the clergy from secular jurisdiction by extending their control over the laymen. The ecclesiastical courts protected the helpless people in the society like women, orphans, and children. It also handled a broad range of semi-secular offenses like forgery, perjury, libel, and falsification of testimony, weights, and measures among other crimes (Merback 8). In most of these cases, the church did not have exclusive jurisdiction, but concurrently exercised a considerable degree of influence by the secular courts.…...

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Works Cited

Brundage, James A. Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. Print

Geremek, Bronislaw. The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Print

Merback, Mitchell B. The Thief, the Cross, and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print

omen's Domesticity In Medieval Europe During The Late Middle Ages
Role of omen as Mothers/ives

During the pre-industrial period in Europe, European housewifery included not only the housework chores, but also medical services, distillation, water purification, brewing, veterinary services and producing simple goods (all 19). During the time, although some of the European women contributed to the economic well-being of the society, they were not at anytime identified through their occupational designations. Therefore, although some of the women were working, the society throughout identified them through their marital status (McKeon 177). Nonetheless, all the early women in Europe undertook domestic chores. Although there were two types of women, those from high ranks, and those of lower ranks, both attended to domestic chores, which made them equal.

The ranks were achieved owing to the type of work, or it was dependent on the husband's profession. For the low ranked wives or mothers, their husbands…...

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Works Cited

Gilchrist, Roberta. Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course. Rochester: Boydell Press,

2013. Print

Howell, Martha. Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities. Chicago: The

University of Chicago Press, 1986. Print

Alike
Medieval Europe and Japan

There is an old saying that familiarity breeds contempt. But does unfamiliarity breed similarity? In the Middle Ages, two civilizations at opposite ends of the globe evolved in a strangely similar manner. Western Europe had its feudal age. Japan had its feudal age. The oman Catholic Church exerted a powerful influence from Sweden to Italy, Buddhist temples and monasteries from Hokkaido to Kyushu. In the West, civilization rebuilt itself after the fall of a great empire, while in the Far East a new nation emerged that modeled itself after the ancient civilization of its powerful neighbor. There are indeed many similarities between Medieval Western Europe and Medieval Japan, but there are also many differences. These two civilizations - almost entirely unknown to each other - evolved along similar yet different paths.

Following the Fall of ome, and in the wake of devastating barbarian invasions, the map of…...

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References

Dahmus, Joseph. A History of the Middle Ages. New York: Doubleday, 1995.

A www.questia.com/PageManagerHTMLMediator.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=9135381"Hane, Mikiso. Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001648096
Goldberg, Jeremy. "Girls Growing Up in Later Medieval England." History Today, June 1995, 25+. http://www.questia.com/. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27843659

Herlihy, David. Women, Family, and Society in Medieval Europe: Historical Essays, 1978-1991. Edited by a. Molho. Providence, RI: erghahn ooks, 1995. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001272076

Purkiss, Diane. "The Case for Women in Medieval Culture." Medium Aevum 68, no. 1 (1999): 106. http://www.questia.com/. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14413469

Richards, Earl Jeffrey. "Seulette a Part -- the Little WomanOn the Sidelines Takes Up Her Pen:the Letters of Christine De Pizan." In Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre, edited by Cherewatuk, Karen and Ulrike Wiethaus, 139-170. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24951699

Stuard, Susan Mosher, ed. Women in Medieval Society,. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001272088

Tavormina, M. Teresa. "Medieval Marriage: Literary Approaches, 1100-1300." Medium Aevum 68, no. 1 (1999): 109. http://www.questia.com/. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002090486

Women and Religion in Medieval England." Medium Aevum 72, no. 2 (2003): 368+. http://www.questia.com/.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24951705

Susan Mosher…...

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Bibliography

 

medieval period papal bull's regulations covered Jewish behavior, lifestyle, and [clothing] living areas. hat mentality? Catholic Church response gentile population time period?
Medieval period papal bulls and other regulations covered Jewish behavior, lifestyle, clothing and living areas

The medieval papal bulls issued regarding the Jews during the Middle Ages did occasionally protect Jewish rights, such as the bull in 1205 by Innocent III which issued the statement that Jews should not be forced to convert, a radical notion at the time. However, Jews were still prohibited from dining with Christians and owning Christian slaves, underlining their unequal status ("Bulls, Papal," Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2008). Other papal bulls seemed to feed the fires of anti-Semitism such as the 1218 bull of Honorarius III which forced Jews to wear clothing that marked them as separate from Christians and demanded that Jews pay a tithe (ten percent of their income) to the local church where…...

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Works Cited

"Bulls, Papal." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2008. [9 May 2013]

 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03728.html 

Halsall, Paul. "Pope Innocent III: Protest to Philip Augustus of France Against Royal Protection

of Jewish Money-Lenders, 1204." Medieval Sourcebook. October 1998. [9 May 2013]

Northern and Southern California
Gender and the Middle Ages

Legend, Faith, and Historical Reality

'woman,' as was understood by a resident of Europe during the Middle Ages, was either the mother of Jesus or the physical embodiment of Eve's sin. In the rhetorical discourse of courtly love, women functioned either as representations of desire or objects of adoration for men to save. They could inspire heroic deeds in the hearts of knights yet in the Christian discourse of the lives of the saints and miracles, women functioned as representations of what was worldly, fleshy and desirable in a negative fashion. Thus, to eschew the feminine in the religious discourse of the period was evidence of saintliness, as seen through the eyes of saintly hagiographers.

omen thus occupied an ideologically precarious position within the context of Medieval Europe. They were symbolically central. They were not socially marginal as a group, as transactions and exchanges of…...

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Works Cited

Bennett, Judith. Medieval Life: Cecilia Penifader of Brigstock, c. 1297-1344Medieval Life: Cecilia Penifader of Brigstock, c. 1297-134. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

A de Troyes, Chretien. "Yvain: The Knight with the Lion." Arthurian Romances. New York: Penguin Classics, 1991.

Joinville, Jean. Life of Saint Louis. New York: Penguin Classics.

Chretien de Troyes, "Yvain: The Knight with the Lion," Arthurian Romances, (New York: Penguin Classics, 1991), p.296.

The second statute which serves to maintain the economic and political domination of women is the rule stating that women may not "dare or presume to take for spinning more than one ball of wool at one time," because this prevents any attempt on the part of female workers to stockpile or otherwise accumulate enough wool to sell or use it outside the established, guild-monitored economy ("Statutes of a wool guild," 1384, 106). Although this statute may have decreased the overall efficiency of the wool-spinning process by requiring women to go get a new ball of wool every time they finish, it also served to protect the guild from rebellion or discontent, because allowing women greater control over the process "might give rise to a strong organization of skilled craftsmen who would be much more difficult to control than" individual women, spinning one ball of wool at a time out…...

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Works Cited

Belfanti, C.M. (2004). Guilds, patents, and the circulation of technical knowledge northern italy during the early modern age. Technology and Culture, 45(3), 569-589.

Caferro, W.P. (2008). Warfare and economy in renaissance italy, 1350 -- 1450. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 39(2), 167-209.

Statutes of a wool guild. (1384). Padua.

Medieval Philosophy
In the introduction to the Greenwood series the Great Cultural Eras of the Western World, A.D. 500 to 1300, is described as the Middle Ages.

"Borders and peoples were never quiescent during these tumultuous times." Schulman (2002). Germanic tribes had invaded and settled in the former oman Empire, and the synthesis of three cultures -- the classical, Christian, and Germanic -- had begun. In the sixth century, Clovis had completed the Frankish conquest of Gaul; the Vandals controlled North Africa; the Visigoths, forced to retreat from southern Gaul by the Franks, continued to dominate Spain; and the Angles and Saxons had settled in Britain. At the same time, the emperors of the Eastern Empire, Constantinople, thrived. " ... The oman papacy began to play an independent role in European society." Schulman, (2002) says "Pepin needed papal support to become king. Schulman, (2002, p. viii) It is later commented that the…...

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References

Adams, M.M. (1999). What Sort of Human Nature? Medieval Philosophy and the Systematics of Christology. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.

Burch, G.B. (1951). Early Medieval Philosophy. New York: King's Crown Press.

Driscoll, J. (1966) The New Book of Knowledge Encyclopedia. New York: Grolier's

Glick, L.B. (1999). Abraham's Heirs: Jews and Christians in Medieval Europe (1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Medieval Cultural Exchange
Contrasting Medieval eligious Expression:

An analysis across Christian and Islamic Civilization

In Chapters 7, 8 and 9 of John McKay's A History of World Societies, the similarities and differences of medieval Christian and Islamic civilization across Europe, the Middle East and Africa are detailed as the rise and fall of political and religious actors are presented. One fascinating subject that stands out from such a tremendous amount of material and which returns the student of history to the human scale is how the two civilizations influenced each other in developing new perspectives on religious expression through art, ranging from architecture to calligraphy to even everyday objects such as religious clothing. An understanding of how these two civilizations influenced one another contributes to a more complete understanding of the broader issues of politics, religion and geopolitical competition that defined this historical epoch.

One of the most prominent areas of religious cross-influence across…...

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References:

Goskar, T. (2011). Material Worlds: The Shared Cultures of Southern Italy and its Mediterranean Neighbors in the Tenth to Twelfth Centuries. Al-Masaq. Vol. 23, No. 3.

Hoare, T. (2005). Introduction to World Humanities. Johnson County Community College. Date Retrieved 12/27/11. URL: http://staff.jccc.net/thoare/145byz.htm

Mango, C. (1972). The Art of the Byzantine Empire. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

McKay, J.P. (2008). A History of World Societies: Volume A: From Antiquity to 1500. New York, NY: Beford Publishers.

20,21). Romanesque structures tend to be dark and cave-like on the inside. Arches became pointed, rather than rounded as in Roman structures. Gothic architecture represents an advancement in engineering techniques, as builders found that they could do with thinner materials and that roofs could span greater distances. The roofs in Gothic architecture was supported by this new form of arch, rather than by the massive walls, as was done in Romanesque architecture ("Gothic Architecture," pp. 20,21)
Gothic structures sported and increased number of towers, flying buttresses, and decorative designs ("Gothic Architecture," pp. 20,21). Gothic architectures indow openings were adorned with either stained glass or the distinctive Gothic Rose indows. Adornments included human figures, animals, scenes of ordinary life, wars, important events, gargoyles and other mythological creatures. Gothic structures were highly ornate when compared to Romanesque Structures.

Conclusion

Visiting different structures on a trip through Europe can be an exciting adventure. The continent…...

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Works Cited.

"Gothic Architecture." Athena Review. Vol. 4. No. 2.pp. 20,21. <   >. Accessed October 6, 2010.http://www.athenapub.com/14gothic-architecture.htm 

Gothic Art. "Worldly Famous Gothic Cathedrals and Key Characteristics of Gothic Cathedrals." < >. Accessed October 6, 2010.http://www.gothicart.org.uk/characteristics_of_gothic_cathedrals.htm

Sacred Destinations. "Romanesque Architecture." Sacred-Destinations.com. 2010. < >. Accessed October 6, 2010.http://www.sacred-destinations.com/reference/romanesque-architecture

"Actually, there is nothing particularly ancient about either the peoples of Europe or their supposed right to political autonomy. The claims to sovereignty that Europe is seeing in Eastern and Central Europe today are a creation of the nineteenth century, an age that combined the romantic political philosophies of ousseau and Hegel with 'scientific' history and Indo-European philology to produce ethnic nationalism. This pseudoscience has destroyed Europe twice and may do so yet again. Europe's peoples have always been far more fluid, complex, and dynamic than the imaginings of modern nationalists" (Geary 13).
One problem with the idea of ethnic 'self-determination' that Geary's book highlights is that it is virtually impossible to draw the line where it ends. "Surely, if Lithuanians or Croats have their own language, their own music, and their own dress, then they have a right to their own parliament and their own army" (Geary 9). But…...

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Reference

Geary, Patrick. The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 2003.

This gave her husband the right to sell any of her property and she was not in a position to object in any way. Religious women with their vows of obedience and poverty really had no reason to get involved in legal matters and were untouched in any way by the legal structure.
idows were the only women who held in legal position in the society. "She (a widow) regained her legal personality, was entitled to a certain share of her husband's holdings and, for the first time in her life, could make independent decisions." Legally, this was the best position for women. It was not without problems especially for wealthy women. These women were frequently intimidated into a second marriage or into relinquishing parts of their holdings. They had no legal recourse against this kind of intimidation in the same way that married women could not object to domestic…...

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Works Cited

Barber, Richard. The Penguin Guide to Medieval Europe. New York: Penguin

Books, 1984.

Conway, Stephen. "Silent Voices: Women in the Middle Ages." 1991.  http://www.subverbis.com/essays/medievalwomen.rtf .

Delort, Robert. Life in the Middle Ages. Trans. Robert Allen. New York:

Masturbation in Medieval Times
The history of human masturbation extends back into prehistory. Evidence of this can be seen on Prehistoric petroglyphs and rock paintings in areas throughout the world. "A clay figurine of the 4th millennium efore Current Era [i.e., .C.], from a temple site called Hagar Qim on the island of Malta, depicts a woman masturbating. However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common."(McFarland .) For example, from the inventors of the first written Western language, the Sumerians, we find references " ... To the Mesopotamian god Enki masturbating, his ejaculation filling the Tigris River with flowing water." (McFarland .) Until the middle ages sexual activity was generally seen as natural and a normal part of healthy human development.

The attitudes towards sex and masturbation during medieval times were determined by the Catholic Church, particularly under Pope Gregory IX in the 13th Century. The Church…...

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Bibliography

Beidler P. Rape and Prostitution. Retrieved November 3, 2005.

 http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/anthology/beidler/rape.html 

Blacksmith E. SEX IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Retrieved November 2, 20005. Web site:  http://www.rencentral.com/feb_mar_vol2/sexmiddleages.shtml 

Brundage J. (1987) Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. Retrieved November 2, 2005. Web site: http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/medevl1.html.

Power of the Medieval Church
There is little doubt that the Church was one of the most powerful institutions in Medieval Europe. Many factors contributed to its remarkable success. Among these was the importance of religion in the everyday lives of people of all classes and backgrounds. It is not by accident that the Middle Ages is sometimes known as "The Age of Faith." In a world that had not yet discovered scientific explanations for the travails that beset humankind, religion offered answers and also hope. The monasteries that dotted the map of Europe provided safe havens in the violent storm that was the essence of Medieval life for so many. Within their sheltering walls, there existed a different, more peaceful, more promising modus vivendi. Here, man was free from the constant wars, and the sudden destructions that too often befell the men and women of that period. On another…...

By the late thirteenth century he had his own seal. The various officials concerned with the holy infirmary, the infirmary for sick brothers and almsgiving were under his authority. From 1340, the hospitaller was a brother from the tongue of France."(Nicholson, 77) Thus, the knights were mainly warriors who nevertheless had numerous other attributions, such as being actively engaged in charity actions and other social services. Percival's quest for the Holy Grail exemplifies the sublime missions assigned to the most virtuous of knights.
Thus, knighthood can be identified as an important cell in the Middle Ages, with a complex ideology of its own but also with a determinate role in society.

orks Cited

Harper-Bill, Christopher ed. And Ruth Harvey ed. Medieval Knighthood IV: Papers from the Fifth Strawberry Hill Conference 1990. oodbridge: Boydell, 1992

Kaeuper, Richard . Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Nicholson, Helen. The Knights Hospitaller.…...

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Works Cited

Harper-Bill, Christopher ed. And Ruth Harvey ed. Medieval Knighthood IV: Papers from the Fifth Strawberry Hill Conference 1990. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1992

Kaeuper, Richard W. Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Nicholson, Helen. The Knights Hospitaller. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2001.

Prestage, Edgar. Chivalry: A Series of Studies to Illustrate Its Historical Significance and Civilizing Influence. London: Kegan Paul, 1968

I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of the history of corrections
B. Importance of understanding the historical perspective on corrections

II. Ancient and Medieval Times
A. Origins of corrections in ancient civilizations
B. Use of punishment and retribution in medieval Europe
C. Evolution of correctional institutions during the Middle Ages

III. The Enlightenment Era
A. Influence of Enlightenment ideals on corrections
B. Emergence of reformative approaches in corrections
C. The role of punishment and rehabilitation in the Enlightenment era

IV. The Industrial Revolution
A. Impact of industrialization on corrections
B. Development of modern prison systems
C. Changes in correctional practices during the Industrial....

1. The Inevitability of War: Exploring the Historical Patterns and Causes

2. Wars as Catalysts for Societal Change: Examining their Role in Shaping Nations

3. From Conquest to Conflict: Analyzing the Evolution of Warfare Through the Ages

4. War and Power: Assessing the Impact of Conflict on International Relations

5. The Irony of War: Unraveling the Paradoxes and Contradictions of Armed Conflict

6. The Human Cost of War: Investigating the Psychological and Emotional Consequences

7. Beyond Borders: The Global Impact of Wars on Economies and Trade

8. War and Technology: Exploring the Transformative Role of Innovation in Conflict

9. War Propaganda: Unveiling the Manipulation of Masses and Public....

The Hundred Years' War: A Tumultuous Conflict that Shaped Medieval Europe

The Hundred Years' War was a protracted conflict between England and France that spanned from 1337 to 1453, leaving an indelible mark on the political, social, and military landscapes of medieval Europe. The term "Hundred Years' War" is a modern historiographical designation, as contemporaries referred to the conflict as the "Great War" or the "English War."

Origins and Causes:

The roots of the war can be traced to the complex feudal relationships between the French monarchy and the English kings, who held extensive lands in France. Edward III, King of England (1327-1377),....

Evolution of Political Titles and Its Impact on Contemporary History

Throughout history, political titles have played a crucial role in shaping the exercise of power and the evolution of societies. From ancient monarchs to modern leaders, the titles attributed to political figures have carried immense symbolic and practical significance.

Ancient Monarchies:

In ancient civilizations, such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, rulers bore titles that reflected their divine authority and earthly power. Pharaohs in Egypt were considered gods on earth, while Mesopotamian kings were often referred to as "shepherds of the people." These titles reinforced the absolute authority of the monarch and maintained social order....