Medical Treatments: Issues and Options for an Expanded Federal Role" Using Bardach's Eightfold Path"
The objective of this work in writing is to assess the work entitled "Research on the Comparative Effectiveness of Medical Treatments: Issues and Opinions for an Expanded Federal Role" using Bardach's Eightfold Path.

Bardach's eightfold path includes specific steps for assessment including: 1) Defining the problem; 2) assembling some evidence; 3) Construction of alternatives; 4) selection of criteria; 5) projection of the outcomes; 6) confrontation of the trade-offs; 7) decisions; and 8) telling the story.

Defining the Problem

The work entitled "Research on the Comparative Effectiveness of Medical Treatments: Issues and Opinions for an Expanded Federal Role" was published by the Congressional Budget Office in November 2007 and is focused on the rising health care costs and the challenge that these represent for the federal government and private payers alike. It is noted in this work that there is…...

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(2) Creation of a commission to monitor he activities of the center; and (3) Make provision of authority to spend $300 million between 2008 and 2010 and an additional $375 million annually following 2010 by annual per capita fee of about $2 imposed on private health insurance premiums to being in 2011.

VIII. Telling the Story

It is noted that there is very little available in the way of hard evidence concerning which treatments "work best for which patients and whether the added benefits of more-effective but more-expensive services are sufficient to warrant their added costs -- yet the current health system tends to adopt more expensive treatments even in the absence of rigorous assessments of their impact." (GAO, 2007) The recommendations are clear in this study in that a determination of the drive for comparative effectiveness of treatment is set out for implementation by the GAO (2007).

The working of the department leads to the overall success of the other programs and plans aimed by the country in delivering medical services to the country. Moreover, delivery of medical services to the marginalized and women involved approaches that consumed less amount of finances from the government and other support organs.
Question 2: Important agencies at the federal level which impact on delivery of medical services to the Americans

There are several agencies situated at the federal level that serve in delivery of medical services to the people of the United States of America. One of the agencies is the Emergency Medical Services in the United States of America. This body provides services to the people in need. Emergency services are those delivered to the people who enter into an instance of medical need out of hospital. In most cases, such cases are acute and in distinctive need of medical…...

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References

Murray, J.E. (2007). Origins of American health insurance: A history of industrial sickness funds. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Niles, N.J. (2011). Basics of the U.S. health care system. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Shi, L., & Singh, D.A. (2010). Essentials of the U.S. health care system. Sudbury, Mass:

Jones and Bartlett Publishers

From there, health care providers are becoming more assertive in denying services based on their religious beliefs (Friedman 2007). This debate has been going since a doctor refused medical treatment to a gay man. The dispute arose in 2000 after San Diego-area doctors Christine Brody and Douglas Fenton refused to artificially inseminate Benitez, a lesbian who lives with her partner, Joanne Clark, in Oceanside, north of San Diego (Parker 2007).
What distinguishes the case of Guadalupe Benitez is that the physicians involved refused to provide a medical procedure to one patient that they readily provide to others, says Jill Morrison, legal counsel to the National Women's Law Center, an advocacy group that works to protect women's rights in the workplace, schools, sports, and health care. "Usually, providers who object to certain services object to them for everyone: 'I won't provide contraception.' In this case, they don't object to the service,…...

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References

2007). Medical treatment & Religion. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from Website: the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga & Latvijas Mobilais Telefons Debate Club

 http://sserdc.wordpress.com/2007/09/21/medical-treatment-religion/ 

Bridge, Caroline (1999). Religious Beliefs and Teenage Refusal of Medical Treatment. The Modern Law Review, Vol. 62, No. 4

2004). Child Welfare vs. Parental Autonomy: Medical Ethics, the Law, and Faith-Based Healing. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics.

elief System: Epicurean vs. Stoic
People over 65 should be prohibited from having major medical treatment such as open - heart surgery. Health care efforts would be better directed toward preventative care for children. From this standpoint this work intends to examine the belief of the Stoic and of the Epicurean and finally to form a personal opinion and state the same.

Stoicism is a term derived from the Greek "stoa" which refers to the columns or "colonnade" such as one sees in the replicas of Grecian architecture or on the front of colonial style homes. Zeno, a teacher taught his followers in the "stoa poikile" in Athens and the name stoics was applied to this group. Followers were inclusive of Marcus Aureoles, Seneca and Epictetus.

Stoic elief

The thinking or logic of the "Stoic" was the same as that of Aristotle but with a different twist adding that:

"The mind is a blank slate,…...

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Bibliography:

"Stoic Logic" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/stoicism.htm#Stoic%20Logic 

The Handbook of Epictetus. Translated by Nicholas White. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983.

Walton, Stephen (1997) THE MANUAL: "How to Control Everything You Can" a modern rendering of the Enchiridion of Epictetus [Online] available at:

Patient's ight to efuse Medical Treatment
My topic is a patient's right to refuse treatment. Is it ok ethically to do so? Do they have the right to refuse treatment? DO healthcare worker have to abide by these wishes, or treat these patients anyway regardless of their wishes?

This paper focuses on a patient's inherent right to refuse medical treatment: just because a doctor or any other medical professional believes that a certain arena of medical care is in a patient's best interest, doesn't mean that the patient has to engage in this treatment. ather, every step of the way, the patient absolutely has the specific right to engage in concerted and proactive choices about his treatment, even if the medical professionals around him disagree. This paper will discuss and examine the pillars and nuances of this concept, and how more healthcare professionals ought to be aware of and follow these…...

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References

Grifitth, R. (2014). Respecting a patient's wish to refuse life-sustaining treatment. British Journal of Nursing, 332-339.

LAC. (1983). The Right to Refuse Treatment. American Journal of Public Health, 918-921.

Mair, J. (2010). Respect for autonomy; or the right to die? Health Information Management Journal, 46-52.

Plawecki, L.A. (2009). When "no" means no: elderly patients' right to refuse treatment. J Gerontol Nursing, 16-8.

Treatments
EST TREATMENTS

Constipation, Hypertension, Seizure

Constipation

This is the infrequent or difficult bowel evacuation (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). While there are no strict standard for bowel elimination, it is generally believed that fewer than thrice a week constitutes constipation. Stools are usually hard and dry. Other common symptoms associated constipation include excessive straining during bowel evacuation, a sense of rectal blockage, a sense of incomplete evacuation and the need to perform manual measures to evacuate the bowels. Constipation may be the consequence of insufficient fluid intake or dehydration, inadequate fiber in the diet, foregoing elimination, irritable bowel syndrome, lack of physical activity, illness, abuse of laxatives and certain medical conditions. Those more likely to develop constipation are older adults, those who are sedentary, confined in bed, dehydrated, on low-fiber diet, on certain medications and undergoing chemotherapy. It is more common in women and children. Causes for alarm include fewer than thrice a week…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Makoff, D. (2012). High blood pressure. MedicineNet: MedicineNet.com. Retrieved on March 7, 2012 from  http://www.medicinenet.com/high_blood_pressure/page 

Mayo Clinic Staff (2012). Constipation. Mayo Clinic: Mayo Foundation for Medical

Education and Research. Retrieved on March 7, 2012 from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/constipation.DS0063/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all 

PubMed Health (2011). Seizures. ADAM Medical Encyclopedia: ADAM, Inc. Retrieved

Case Involving a Medical Dilemma Nurses usually experience ethical dilemmas while carrying out their work of providing care to different patient populations. Ethical dilemmas arising during nursing practice are largely attributable to the complex processes involved in healthcare delivery. An example of a landmark case involving a medical dilemma is the case of a 17-year-old girl in Connecticut, Cassandra C, who refused to continue receiving chemotherapy. Cassandra was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma at Connecticut Children’s Medical Center in September 2014. Following her diagnosis, doctors recommended chemotherapy as a suitable treatment approach that would help save her life. However, with her mother’s support, Cassandra refused this treatment approach for her potentially curable cancer resulting in a medical dilemma that ended up at the Connecticut Supreme Court. In a unanimous decision, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled that the teenager cannot refuse chemotherapy on the premise that she is not mature (Viale, 2015).
Cassandra’s case…...

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References

Hevia, M. & Schnidrig, D. (2016, December). Terminal Patients and the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment in Argentina. Health and Human Rights Journal, 18(2), 247-250.

Viale, P.H. (2015, March-April). Refusal of Therapy: When Is It Appropriate? Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 6(2), 96-97.

Medical Use of Marijuana
Increasing use of medical marijuana

Having looked at the various areas that medical marijuana has been brought into use and the various forms in which marijuana is administered, it is also important to take note of the various challenges that come with it. There have been various researches that have been conducted that covers the medical as well as the ethical side of the medicinal marijuana, and there have been a dilemma in the balance of the two sides on whether to institutionalize the drug or to stop it, and even on whether the medicinal use can be made to work without the proneness to abuse as is the case at the moment.

Medicinal marijuana has neither medical nor ethical standing within the contemporary society where drug abuse is one of the biggest worries of governments across the world and the alternative medicines that medical research can appropriately come…...

Medical Advances in Cancer Treatment Research
This paper discusses the medical advances in cancer treatment research. The writer explores several treatment options and compares them to treatment options of the past. There were two sources used to complete this paper.

There was a time when a diagnosis of cancer meant a death sentence. The word still strikes a chord of fear among the millions each year who are told they have it, but in recent years there have been many advances in medical science that allow many who would have died from the disease to live long and full lives. There are more cancer survivors now than ever before and treatment options continue to be made available.

In the past there were only two options for the treatment of cancer. One could have surgery and one could be given a course of radiation treatments. The surgery was for the purpose of removing the…...

Treatments for Rosacea
Rosacea is a medical condition characterized by reddening of the skin. The face primarily will turn red in hue. Sores may appear on the skin as well. The face may also swell to some degree. It is an unfortunate condition where patients not only have to deal with the illness itself, but also with psychological ramifications from feeling unattractive due to the skin pigments or lesions. Although there is currently no cure for Rosacea, scientists have researched various treatments to help patients suffering from the condition.

In the article, "Treatment of Rosacea with Intense Pulsed Light," researchers Papageorgiou et. al consider how ultra violet and pulsed light might positively treat skin conditions like Rosacea. During this particular experiment, the researchers tested 34 patients who were given treatments every three weeks for a total of twelve weeks. More than 70% of patients experienced at least a 50% reduction of skin…...

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Works Cited

Lee, DH, Li, K.K., & Suh, DH "Pimecrolimus 1% Cream for the Treatment of Steroid-

Induced Rosacea: an 8-week Split-Face Clinical Trial." British Journal of Dermatology. (158:5). 2008. 1069-76. Print.

Papageorgiou, P.P., Clayton, W.W., Norwood, S.S., Chopra, S.S., & Rustin, M.M. "Treatment of Rosacea with Intense Pulsed Light: Significant Improvement and Long-Lasting Results." British Journal of Dermatology. (159:3). 2008. 628-32. Print.

Sharquie, K.E., Najim, R.A., & Al-Salman, H.N. "Oral Zinc Sulfate in the Treatment of Rosacea: a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study." International Journal of Dermatology. (45:7). 2006. 857-61. Print.

In this case, that power dynamic was only exacerbated by the fact that the entire MSICU nursing team had never received training in management of the type of clinical issues presented and by the fact that they were excluded from any consultation in connection with a post-operative management plan.
Therefore, it is recommended that the institution immediately implement a policy of "see something, say something" according to which all members of healthcare teams are encouraged to speak up irrespective of power differentials. Furthermore, that protocol must include a statement of policy insulating any member of a healthcare team who does voice a legitimate concern in good faith from any retaliation or other negative response that could conceivably deter such diligence. Finally, the record of this case also indicates the immediate need for protocols requiring all members of the healthcare team to identify themselves to other members of the team, especially…...

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References

Bosk, Charles L. (2003). Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure.

Gawande, Atul. (2008). Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance.

Groopman, Jerome. (2008). How Doctors Think.

Timmermans, Stefan. (2003). The Gold Standard: The Challenge of Evidence-Based

CAEFS takes the position that women with mental health problems do not belong in prisons and that the treatment, support and assistance they need should be provided to them in the community, rather than in prison.
Recommendation #2)

The above statement clearly outlines central problem areas that should be the focus of investigation. As this study and others emphasize, women who enter prison with mental issues and problems require intensive support. However, this is at present not the case and many women prisoners who suffer from mental problems are not afforded the necessary support and adequate intensive therapy. Some critics also suggest that alternatives be investigated for women with mental issues. "... The public need for the appearance of retribution may deter government from considering alternatives to sentencing persons with mental disabilities to imprisonment." www.elizabethfry.ca/submissn/dawn/17.htm" (ibid)

Another factor which relates to mental and psychological issues is that women experience stress by being…...

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Bibliography

Bilchik, Shay, Cyntha Seymour, and Kristen Kreisher. "Parents in Prison." Corrections Today Dec. 2001: 108+. Questia. 17 Feb. 2005  http://www.questia.com/ .

Bjorhus, Jennifer. "Getting into Prison." Columbia Journalism Review July-Aug. 1994: 14+. Questia. 17 Feb. 2005

Alcohol and drug abuse is not limited to any socioeconomic category, race, religion, or gender. Finding the right drug, the right type of support group, and the right type of intervention can be a long and difficult process. For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) offers special resources for recently-deployed combat officers, teens, and even obese individuals, all of which are tailored to meet the different challenges that life circumstances, age of life, or biology can pose that predispose an individual to addictive behaviors or affect an addict's treatment plan.
However, improving opportunities for jobs and treating communities as well as individuals seems essential to aiding those who are disproportionately affected by addiction. All addicts feel the effects of tolerance and physiological and psychological dependency to some degree, depending on the nature of the drug and their biology (Oakley & Ksir, 2003, pp45-46). But while social…...

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References

Adrian, Manuella. (2001). Do treatments and other interventions work? Some critical issues.

Substance Use & Misuse, 36 (13): 1759-1780

NIAAA. Alcoholism. Getting the Facts. Retrieved October 8. 2010 at  http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ 

Oakley S. Ray & Charles Ksir. (2003). Drugs, society, and human behavior. New York:

Medical Case Study
Florence (F) is a 43-year-old woman who is two days post-operative, following an appendectomy. She has a history of arthritis, and currently takes 10mg of prednisone daily. She is allergic to penicillin. She weighs 46 kg (101.5 lbs.) and is 168cm tall (5'6"). This puts her slightly underweight for her age and height, at least 18-25 pounds (Height and Weight Chart, 2010). While doing a route in dressing change, nurse notice a yellow discharge emanating from the wound.

Identify and discuss the importance of obtaining information during a nursing admission in relation to post- operative assessment. In modern healthcare, a nurse must first and foremost try to understand and utilize a systematic and synergistic model of data collection and assessment. Human beings are complex creatures, and the more data one has, the easier it will be to ensure that a proper diagnosis is made. A systematic assessment provides a…...

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REFERENCES

Height and Weight Chart. (2010). HealthCheck Systems. Retrieved from:

 http://www.healthchecksystems.com/heightweightchart.htm 

Prednisone and Other Corticosteroids: Balance the Risks and Benefits. (2011). The Mayo

Clinic. Retrieved from:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/steroids/HQ01431

These examples highlight that technology is always a tool, a way of enhancing human judgment -- we must not mistake it as a replacement for good nursing practice.
After all, the use of a computer is no substitute for a medical education. Anyone who works in a hospital can see this -- the increased accessibility of information through the Internet also means that patients often come in, convinced that they are suffering from a serious illness, allergy, or condition, based more upon a diagnosis Googled on WebMD, rather than upon the fact that they saw a doctor! If a computer alone was required to diagnose, everyone would have a degree!

Don't get me wrong -- I use technology every day in my life, and thank my lucky stars, and my patient's lucky stars, that it is so ubiquitous. When health care providers wish to communicate, the use of cell phones is…...

Electronic medical records, which refer to medical records that are not only stored in electronic systems (which includes almost all medical records in the modern world, with the exception of some medical records maintained in non-industrialized nations), but that are accessible to multiple healthcare providers across different platforms.  The question is whether these records are able to improve quality of care by allowing healthcare providers to get a full picture of a patient’s medical history, as well as any presenting concerns or issues, as soon as the patient presents for medical treatment.  It would seem like the....

Third party payment, such as health insurance companies or government programs, can distort the healthcare market in several ways:

1. Increased demand: When individuals are not directly paying for their healthcare services, they are more likely to utilize medical services without considering the cost. This leads to increased demand for healthcare services, which can drive up prices and strain the resources of healthcare providers.

2. Lack of price transparency: Third party payment often creates a lack of price transparency in the healthcare market. Since patients are not directly paying for their services, they may not be aware of....

1. "Delving into the Marrow: Exploring the Profound Significance of Bone Marrow": This title emphasizes the importance and complexity of bone marrow, piquing the reader's curiosity and setting the stage for an in-depth exploration of the topic.

2. "Bone Marrow: The Lifeline Within - Unraveling the Vital Functions and Therapeutic Potential": This title highlights the crucial life-sustaining functions of bone marrow and introduces the concept of its therapeutic applications, hinting at a deeper exploration of its significance in medical treatments.

3. "Bone Marrow: A Microscopic World of Cells and Tissues - Unveiling the Complexities of Hematopoiesis": This title delves into the microscopic....

Of course! Here are some potential essay topics related to the placebo effect that you could consider:

1. The history and origins of the placebo effect: Exploring how the concept of the placebo effect has evolved over time and its cultural and scientific roots.

2. The psychology of the placebo effect: Analyzing the psychological mechanisms behind the placebo effect and how factors such as expectation, conditioning, and belief play a role.

3. The ethics of placebo treatments: Discussing the ethical implications of using placebos in medical practice and research, including issues of informed consent and deception.

4. The neurological basis of the placebo effect:....