" (2001)
Kalathil states that the state has been both "empowered and weakened..." y the recent information and communication advances and as well these have created great difficulty for the effective hoarding of control information resources by the government. (2001) As the government in China has lost its monopoly on information, Internet-based media in the country "have capitalized on the opportunities made possible by new technology. y making available a wide range of news stories from geographically diverse locations, for instance, Chinese web portals have been encouraging competition between news organizations. This competition means that small, local news organizations are increasingly pushing the boundaries of acceptable reportage, pressuring larger national organizations to follow. News often appears on the Internet either exclusively or before traditional media outlets can publish it. Even stodgy, official media organs such as the People's Daily view their web sites not merely as an extension of the newspaper,…...

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Bibliography

Croteau, David and Hoynes, William (2003) Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences. Pine Force Press 2003.

Kalathil, Shanthi (2002) Chinese Media and the Information Revolution. Harvard Asia Quarterly, Winter 2002. Online available at:  http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=924&zoom_highlight=media+and+politics 

Smith, Vive (2004) Influence of Media In Presidential Politics The University of Texas at Austin. Think Democracy. Election 2004. Online available at:  http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2004/election_media.html 

Hardcastle, Jonathon (2009) Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens. Retrieved November 11, 2009, from  http://ezinearticles.com/?Do-?Mass-?Media-?Influence-?the-?Political-?Behavior-?of-?Citizens&id=308174

Today, the modern media are so thoroughly integrated into our lives that the ubiquitous and instantaneous availability of information means that the media now influence, rather than merely report the news. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the modern media have contributed to the outcome of national elections and they have been substantially responsible for the success of political coupes that toppled dictatorships and failed economic and political systems.
orks Cited

Carr, Caleb; Choi, Scott; DeAndrea, David; Van Der Heide, Brandon; Kim, Jinsuk;

Tong, Stephanie Tom; and alther, Joseph B. (2008) Interaction of Interpersonal, Peer, and Media Influence Sources Online: A Research Agenda for Technology Convergence. Accessed 12 December 2011 from:

https://www.msu.edu/~carrcale/ICA_Carretal_2008_Convergence.pdf

Chang, Susan; Newell, Jay; and Salmon, Charles T. "Product placement in entertainment media." International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 28, No. 5 (2009): 783-806.

Entwistle, Joanne and Rocamora, Agnes. "The Field of Fashion Materialized: A Study of London Fashion…...

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Works Cited

Carr, Caleb; Choi, Scott; DeAndrea, David; Van Der Heide, Brandon; Kim, Jinsuk;

Tong, Stephanie Tom; and Walther, Joseph B. (2008) Interaction of Interpersonal, Peer, and Media Influence Sources Online: A Research Agenda for Technology Convergence. Accessed 12 December 2011 from:

 https://www.msu.edu/~carrcale/ICA_Carretal_2008_Convergence.pdf 

Chang, Susan; Newell, Jay; and Salmon, Charles T. "Product placement in entertainment media." International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 28, No. 5 (2009): 783-806.

Media Influence in the BU Controversy
Terrorist attacks using biological weapons, and also the threat of widespread viruses and illnesses have prompted the creation of research labs as preventive measures to deal with these types of possible future problems. These research labs which study some of the most harmful pathogens and viruses known to mankind are now present all over the world in places like Australia, Russia, South Africa, The U.K., and also The United States. These research labs are classified in four categories according to the level of danger posed by the pathogens being studied within these labs. The highest or most dangerous classification is known as Bio-safety Level Four (BSL-4), these are "also known as maximum containment laboratories (MCLs), to perform work essential for promoting public health and to ensure bioterrorism preparedness."(LeDuc 1685). In Recent years The United States government has decided to take a proactive approach, as they…...

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Works Cited

"Angles: A Biosafety Leven 4 Facility in Boston: A Threat of Epidemic or a Defense Against Bioterrosism? By Janice O'Brien." MIT. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

Hernandez, Gabrielle. "BU Biosafety Lab Ignites Critiques." Tufts Daily. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

Le Duc, James W. "Framework for Leadership and Training of Biosafety Level 4 Laboratory Workers." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14.11 (2008): 1685-688. Print.

Media Influence and Crime Myths
People who watch the News on television believe there is a lot more crime than there really is, according to researchers. This apparent effect of watching televised Newscasts is in addition to the effect of crime programs, movies, and made-for-television dramas which also perpetuate crime myths. Most people are unaware that they believe in a myth. The myth of crime has been rhetorically constructed through discourse and has sunk into the collective consciousness. People talk about it until they believe it. Once a myth is embedded in consciousness, it is difficult to dislodge. This essay will focus on the role the media plays in the maintenance and perpetuation of crime myths and some ideas for dislodging them.

Television (radio, too) exists and profits by the sale of advertising. The more viewers expected to watch a program, the more money TV executives can get for the time they…...

But Johnson's overall ensemble embraces an ethos of 'geek chic,' not a narrow media image. He wears a pair of thick glasses, suspenders, expensive-looking leather shoes, and carries a heavy leather bag. Some of his clothes, particularly his shoes, sweater, and bag, look expensive and ruggedly masculine, while his vest, suspenders, and of course his Forever 21 Necklace do not. Johnson is an African-American, but his style is not necessarily identifiable as African-American -- his image tells the viewer to embrace one's own, unique identity, whatever that may be, rather than conform to a media stereotype, even though he embraces brand names.

Johnson's identity is clearly masculine, as emphasized in his shoes and bag. He dresses the part of a young, urban professional yet injects this persona with youthful irony through his necklace and over-the-top suspenders. There was a popular African-American young man named 'Urkel' who sported a similar style but…...

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Works Cited

Coleman, David. "Gay or straight: Hard to tell." The New York Times. June 19, 2009.

December 6, 2009  http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/19/fashion/sundaystyles/19GAYDAR.html 

Dossi, Joel. "The Rise and Fall of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy." After Elton.

January 3, 2005. December 6, 2009.

Media Influence on Values
DEEPER FACTORS DO

The media does not influence our values

Majority Views on Media's Influence on Values and Morals

According to the 2007 Culture and Media Institute report, a high 74% of Americans attributed the decline of the nation's moral values to the influence of the media in the past two decades (Fitzpatrick, 2007). Of this number 64% considered the media an important force and factor in shaping moral values. Only 7% disagreed. A large 68% pointed to the negative impact of the media on values and only 9% commented on its positive impact. Furthermore, 73% blamed the media for the negative impact of the entertainment industry on moral values and only 7% saw its positive effects. The news media was also blamed for its negative impact by 54% of Americans. Only 11% recognized its positive impact (Fitzpatrick).

Furthermore, the media undermined Americans' sense of personal responsibility (Fitzpatrick, 2007). The study…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, L.B. (2011). Influence on children media -- history of media for children, general considerations, studies of media influence, domains of influence, recommendations. State University: Net Industries and Its Licensors. Retrieved on September 26, 2011 from  http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2212/Media-Influence-on-Children.html 

Fitzpatrick, B. (2007). The media assault on American values. A Special Report. Culture and Media Institute: Media Research Center. Retrieved on September 28, 2011 from http://www.sel.eesc.usp.br/informatica/graduacao/materia/etica/private/the_media_assault_on_american_values_report-2007.pdf

Richards, M.B. (2010). Mass media's relationship with adolescent values and behaviors:

a theory of mediated valueflection. Department of Sociology: George State

Media Coverage and the Vietnam War: A Literature Review
Few events in U.S. history had the dramatic and lasting impact on American culture as did the Vietnam War. Many historians and commentators attribute the war's outcome and legacy to the treatment it received by the mainstream media. A review of a sampling of the literature on this subject reveals a very diverse, sometimes acrimonious, view of the media's influence on the Vietnam War.

In Michael Mandelbaum's Vietnam, The Television War, he discusses the convergence of television news coverage and the Vietnam war in the early 1960s. As of 1963, for the first time, most Americans were looking to national network news on television for information on current world events (Mendalbaum 159). As the conflict in Vietnam escalated, the networks devoted more coverage to the fighting. The American public, at the time by and large supporting the war effort, tuned in nightly and…...

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Bibliography

Braestrup, Peter. The Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1977

Hallin, Daniel. Presentation given at the "American Media and Wartime Challenges"

Conference. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, (March 21-March 22, 2003).

Herring, George C. Reviewed work(s):Vietnam: A Television History by Richard Ellison and Television's Vietnam. Part I; Part II by Peter Rollins. The Journal of American History, Vol. 74, No. 3, (Dec., 1987), pp. 1123-1125

. invasion of Iraq under what we now know were false pretenses.
ubsequently, I considered the coverage of FOX News of the scheduled 2011 expiration of the Bush tax cuts with the facts and I realized that their coverage was tremendously biased as well. While the President made every effort to support preserving the tax cuts for the middle class and allowing only those benefiting the wealthy to expire, the GOP leadership shamelessly accused the Obama administration of wanting to "raise taxes during a recession." Likewise, FOX made absolutely no editorial comment criticizing the expressed goal of GOP leaders to use their 2010 assumption of control in the House of Representatives primarily to ensure the failure of the Obama presidency over all else, including the most important needs of this country.

However, nothing was more disappointing to me in terms of its significance for the bias of FOX News than its recent…...

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Subsequently, I considered the coverage of FOX News of the scheduled 2011 expiration of the Bush tax cuts with the facts and I realized that their coverage was tremendously biased as well. While the President made every effort to support preserving the tax cuts for the middle class and allowing only those benefiting the wealthy to expire, the GOP leadership shamelessly accused the Obama administration of wanting to "raise taxes during a recession." Likewise, FOX made absolutely no editorial comment criticizing the expressed goal of GOP leaders to use their 2010 assumption of control in the House of Representatives primarily to ensure the failure of the Obama presidency over all else, including the most important needs of this country.

However, nothing was more disappointing to me in terms of its significance for the bias of FOX News than its recent coverage of the debt ceiling fiasco engineered by Republican leaders. Instead of explaining that this entire problem was expressly created by the GOP and that they were literally holding the nation and much of the world hostage to a threat of a global depression, the FOX News reports focused on the GOP talking points accusing the Obama administration of "bringing the country to the edge of financial ruin."

Finally, the revelations about illegal FOX News practices in England sealed my position that the entire network is suspect. Ultimately, the entire process of discovering the extent of the bias of the organization changed my confidence in the news media in general. As a result, I no longer merely absorb news and I make an effort to obtain information from as many different sources as possible to avoid having my beliefs shaped by the financial interests of news organizations and their parent companies.

Advertising and Media Influence on Children
It shouldn't come as a shock that commercials during children's programming include ads for toys, junk food, snacks and confectionary, after all, most advertisers are fully aware that most of their target market consists of young children, and "young children are cognitively and psychologically defenseless against television advertising" (Strasburger, 2001).

Children, especially pre-schoolers and pre-adolescents are the highest susceptible to the influences of advertising. Toy merchandise is thrown in between programs and during hours that children are most likely to be watching television, but parents have a reasonable amount of sway when it comes to the selection of toys.

There are birthdays, seasonal holidays like Hannukah and Christmas, and most parents can rely on the fact that after a few months, there will be something better, and more exciting that will capture their child's interest and start the onslaught of nagging all over again.

Nevertheless, children-targeted advertising has…...

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Bibliography

Saying No to Marketer's Madness

Mothering, Nov-Dec, 2000.

Article available at website, or: (www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0838/2000_Nov-Dec/76614533/print.jhtml)

Borzekowski, D.L.G. The 30-second effect: An experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschooler.

Section A
Every industry that exists out there serves a specific purpose for its customers. Organizations in the mass media industry offer their own content. Producing and offering content is the basic mandate of the mass media. The media deals with producing content for the electronic channels, print, and the internet. One of the main functions that the media does in its delivery of services is the selection of the content to be delivered. This is because time and space are limited resources to the media. It is a difficult decision-making process to decide what they will include and exclude from content coverage. Therefore, it means that there are some stories that never make it to the audience through mass media. Both internal and external factors influence what is to be included in the content to be covered by mass media houses. The first and most conspicuous one is the economics…...

Essay Topic Examples
1. The sychology Behind Fake Influence: Vulnerabilities and Consequences:
    This essay will explore the psychological aspects that make users susceptible to fake social media influencers and the subsequent emotional and behavioral consequences. It will address the allure of online popularity, the impact of comparison culture, and the potential risks to mental health.

2. The Economics of Deception: Monetizing Fake Influence on Social Media:
    This topic will delve into the financial implications of fake influence, discussing how inauthentic engagement and followers can distort the social media marketplace. It will consider the effects on advertising, brand partnerships, and the overall trust in social media marketing.

3. The Erosion of Trust: How Fake Influence Undermines Social Media Authenticity:
    An examination of how fake influencers damage the credibility of social media platforms, leading to a general erosion of trust among users. This essay will analyze the long-term implications for social media as a space for genuine connection…...

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Primary Sources

Waddell, Kaveh. \"The Shady World of Social Media Influencers.\" The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 30 Dec. 2016, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/12/influencers-are-shady/511679/.

Confessore, Nicholas. \"The Follower Factory.\" The New York Times, The New York Times Company, 27 Jan. 2018, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/27/technology/social-media-bots.html.

Lin, Jhih-Syuan, and Linda L. Price. \"The Impact of E-Word-of-Mouth on the Online Popularity of Restaurants: A Comparison of Consumer Reviews and Citations from Other Sources.\" Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, vol. 39, no. 5, 2015, pp. 531-551.

Hui, Pak Ming, et al. \"Disinformation and Influence Campaigns on Social Media: A Network Perspective.\" Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, vol. 13, 2019, pp. 316-325.

Ferrara, Emilio. \"Disinformation and Social Bot Operations in the Run-Up to the 2017 French Presidential Election.\" First Monday, vol. 22, no. 8, 2017, firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8005.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Impact of Fake Social Media Influence on Mental Health


This essay will explore the psychological effects that fake social media influencers can have on individuals, particularly young and impressionable audiences. The discussion will focus on issues such as lowered self-esteem, increased anxiety, and the prevalence of body image disorders that result from the portrayal of unrealistic lifestyles and standards of beauty.


2. Dismantling Trust: How Fake Influencers Undermine Authenticity in Digital Communities


The essay will examine the erosion of trust within social media communities due to the rise of fake influencers. It will assess the implications for authenticity and the challenges genuine influencers and brands face in maintaining credibility and building genuine relationships with audiences in an environment increasingly characterized by deception.


3. Economic Ramifications of Inauthentic Social Media Influence on Online Marketing


This piece will delve into the economic impact of fake influencers on businesses, including wasted marketing budgets, skewed…...

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Primary Sources

Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. \"The spread of true and false news online.\" Science 359.6380 (2018): 1146-1151.

Ferrara, Emilio. \"Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election.\" First Monday 22.8-7 (2017).

Bessi, Alessandro, and Emilio Ferrara. \"Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion.\" First Monday 21.11-7 (2016).

Humprecht, Edda. \"Where \'fake news\' flourishes: a comparison across four Western democracies.\" Information, Communication & Society 23.5 (2020): 699-715.

Lazer, David MJ et al. \"The science of fake news: Addressing fake news requires a multidisciplinary effort.\" Science 359.6380 (2018): 1094-1096.

Vietnam films have rewritten the winners and the losers of that saga and action-adventure films reinforce cultural norms of violence and power (175). Despite the increased real presence of women in positions of power, often media representations of women and other formerly disenfranchised groups remain stereotyped or relegated to marginal or token roles, although this is changing. Still, certain outlets like women's magazines often function as advertisements that perpetuate corporate images that make women feel worse, rather than better about themselves (188). Furthermore, a hegemonic ideology is implied by supposedly mainstream news organizations. Consider the construct of 'economic news.' This implies that the 'economy' is in a neat little box, and that social issues of race and political disenfranchisement, limits on wealth and access to education and power, have no role in who possess wealth and who lacks wealth in society. Economics as separate from other issues is essentially…...

Providing a strong cultural and personal role model may be more important than attempting to socially engineer the messages teens and all citizens receive. The lesser susceptibility of certain ethnic groups to media pressures to live up to an ideal of thinness or physical perfection highlights the complex interplay between cultural, social, and psychological factors that produce self-esteem and what might be called body image. The interplay of these factors is more important in creating a 'body image' than what constitutes an individual's media exposure.
This is an important topic of research because it highlights the fact that censorship of media has limited value in engineering positive social results. hile it would be tempting and easy to suggest that developing minds and bodies should be shielded from toxic media influence as though it were the plague, this type of isolation would have a limited effect. It would not screen out…...

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Works Cited

Girls get anorexia 'because their brains are wired differently' (17 Dec 2007). The Daily Mail. Retrieved 26 Oct 2008 at ttp:/ / www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-502705/Girls-anorexia-brains-wired-differently.html

Holmstrom, Amanda J. (2004). The effects of the media on body image: A meta-analysis.

Entrepreneur. Retrieved 26 Oct 2008 at  http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/118953907_5.html 

Media's effect on girls: Body image and gender identity. (2008). National Institute on Media and the Family. Retrieved 26 Oct 2008 at  http://www.mediafamily.org/facts/facts_mediaeffect.shtml

28, No. 4, 603-625 (2006) Sage Publications.
Aeron avis states that the work in writing "Media Effects and the Question of the Rational Audience: "... offers evidence for an alternative perspective on the media effects debate. Early work on media influence, be it conservative or critical, assumed a causal link between mass media and mass behavior. In contrast, decades of effects and audience research has established the inadequacy of this 'strong effects' paradigm. The main thrust of this counter-research is the realization that audiences actively consume and use the media for self-serving purposes. The alternative perspective offered here comes from a study of elite fund managers, their communications and decision-making in the London Stock Exchange. The research findings suggest that such individuals do respond actively to media, but, collectively, the results can be both self-defeating and on a mass scale. That is, individuals do not have to be ignorant nor…...

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Davis, Aeron (2006) Media Effects and the Question of the Rational Audience: Lessons from the Financial Markets. Media, Culture & Society, Vol. 28, No. 4, 603-625 (2006) Sage Publications.

Aeron Davis states that the work in writing "Media Effects and the Question of the Rational Audience: "... offers evidence for an alternative perspective on the media effects debate. Early work on media influence, be it conservative or critical, assumed a causal link between mass media and mass behavior. In contrast, decades of effects and audience research has established the inadequacy of this 'strong effects' paradigm. The main thrust of this counter-research is the realization that audiences actively consume and use the media for self-serving purposes. The alternative perspective offered here comes from a study of elite fund managers, their communications and decision-making in the London Stock Exchange. The research findings suggest that such individuals do respond actively to media, but, collectively, the results can be both self-defeating and on a mass scale. That is, individuals do not have to be ignorant nor act irrationally to contribute to media-instigated, collective irrationality."

Media Effects on Culture

I. Introduction
A. Explanation of what cosmetology is
B. Importance of cosmetology in personal care and beauty industry

II. History of Cosmetology
A. Origins of cosmetology
B. Evolution of cosmetology over time

III. Education and Training in Cosmetology
A. Types of cosmetology programs and schools
B. Curriculum and skills learned in cosmetology training
C. Licensing and certification requirements for cosmetologists

IV. Specializations within Cosmetology
A. Hair styling and cutting
B. Makeup artistry
C. Nail care and manicures
D. Skincare treatments

V. Career Opportunities in Cosmetology
A. Job outlook for cosmetologists
B. Potential salary ranges for cosmetologists
C. Work environments for cosmetologists

VI.....

1. The Power of Language: How literacy shapes our worldview and understanding of the world around us.

2. From Illiteracy to Empowerment: The transformative journey of becoming literate and how it changes one's life.

3. The Intersection of Literacy and Identity: How our literacy experiences shape our sense of self and belonging in society.

4. Literacy as Liberation: Examining how literacy can empower individuals and communities to advocate for their rights and bring about social change.

5. The Role of Technology in Modern Literacy: Analyzing how digital technologies are reshaping the way we read, write, and communicate.

6. Literacy in a Global Context: Exploring the....

1. The two theoretical perspectives behind research are the positivist perspective and the interpretivist perspective.

- Positivist perspective: This perspective focuses on the idea that knowledge can be gained through objective observation and measurement. Positivists believe that there is an objective reality that can be studied and understood through empirical evidence and scientific methods.

- Interpretivist perspective: This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals attach to their experiences. Interpretivists believe that reality is socially constructed and that individuals' interpretations of the world are shaped by their unique perspectives, beliefs, and values.

2. Research question: How....

1. The use of genetic engineering in creating designer babies
2. The ethics of animal testing in scientific research
3. The impact of social media on privacy and ethical boundaries
4. The ethical implications of artificial intelligence and automation in the workforce
5. The ethical considerations of data mining and surveillance in the digital age
6. The ethical responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies in pricing and distributing life-saving medications
7. The ethics of factory farming and its impact on animal welfare and the environment
8. The ethical dilemmas surrounding end-of-life care and physician-assisted suicide
9. The ethical implications of technology companies manipulating user data for profit
10. The ethical considerations....