Market forces have helped to shape the development of the modern medical system. Yet each nation manages these market forces to their own needs -- some systems remove medicine almost entirely from the market, while others only have limited government intervention. This article represents a preliminary exploration of the concepts that were first identified thirty years ago in the works of Heggenhougen (1984) and Dewalt (1986). These authors laid the foundation for the study of how the market economy has influenced the development of health care around the world.
The influence of the market economy has in particular been felt in the realm of drug development, and that is the area where the present study will focus. Building on these early works, the present study will examine drug development processes in different nations around the world, in particular examining the juxtaposition between drug development in the United States, versus the…...

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References

DeWalt, B. R. (1986). Directions in Anthropological Research on Agrarian System in Central America and Mexico. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 15, 25-43.

Gunel, M., Hand, B. & Mcdemott, M. (2009) Writing for different audiences: Effects on high-school students' conceptual understanding of biology. Learning and Instruction. Vol. 19 (4) 354-367.

Heggenhougen, H. K. (1984). Will Primary Health Care Efforts be Allowed to Succeed? Social Science and Medicine, 19(3), 217-224.

B. In market economies, governments are supposed to provide economic conditions for private enterprises to function effectively. However, the main purpose is to create an environment for a healthy national economy, in which all the parties are prosperous, not only private enterprises (USINFO, 2007). The main difference between market economies and planned economies lies on whether the influence of the government is used to preclude private decision (Wikipedia, 2007). The fact that the Mercedes bidding process took place at the state and local level of governments probably influenced the inducements for this project. In other words, a federal government probably would not have offered such favorable tax condition for the Mercedes plant implementation, being more preoccupied on the social welfare.

C. The state and local governments were definitely in favor of the Alabama Mercedes project, and the enormous amounts of money invested in this project by the Alabama government prove it.…...

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Reference List

Hirschey, Mark. Case Study: Oh, Lord, Won't You Buy Me a Mercedes-Benz (Factory)? Fundamentals of Managerial Economics.

Government in a Market Economy (2007). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved July 17, 2007 at http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/market/mktec8.htm.

Market Economy Introduction (2007). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved July 17, 2007 at http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/market/mktec1.htm.

Market economy (2007). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved July 17, 2007 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy#Government_intervention .

Market Model Patterns of Change
Market Model Pattern of Change

The market model industry I research on is the rental movie industry, which the Blockbuster video was the dominant product. This industry has undergone through gigantic market change over many years. Hollywood video is the national competitor; however, they often compete with the local and regional movie rental industries. The use of the new technology has significantly led to the competition among different companies. The market model pattern of change shows that the industry has competitors or not, also, the costs in the company.

Explain the industry and outline the overall wave of change of the specific market structure

The Blockbuster video once dominated the movie rental industry; this has changed enormously due to the competition in the entertainment market. The evolution of the new technology has led to multiple competitions and has changed the consumers' purchase of the rental movie and other video.…...

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Reference

Blockbuster LLC, 47). Company Overview. Blockbuster Corporate.

Michael, R.J. (2011). Transaction and Strategies; Economics for Management. Mason, USA

The Motion Picture Association of America. (2011). Mpaa statement on strong showing of support for stop online piracy act. The Motion Picture Association of America. Washington, D.C.

Ford, A.(2009). Modeling the Environment, Second Edition.New York: Island Press

Because of the free-price system, trading exists in various degrees thus causing a lack of organized trading system. Issues also indicate that market economy creates monolopies that threaten the competitiveness of goods and services. Therefore, the solution to such problem that market economy critics find is to support mixed economy because they need a structured and organized system of trading. But what can a mixed economy provide to the economic condition of a nation? To the proponents of mixed economy, this system can prevent unstable economic conditions because the economic system is controlled. A mixed economy presents both the faces of a free-market and capitalism where people have the right to choose which type of economic system they wish to implement in trading. Additionally, even if free-market also exists in a mixed economy, it is still limited which therefore continues to present a controlled economic condition....

To ensure that none of this was taking place, many state regulatory commissions would set prices and monitor the industry. Then, during the 1980's is when deregulation would occur, as many economists felt that they were stifling economic growth. As a result, the different laws were changed, allowing for electric producers to have greater freedoms in: setting prices and determining how it would be distributed. With a host of electric companies, beginning to own others producers in different states and they began to actively trade it. This is important, because it shows how the overall level of government regulation would be reduced. Yet, the various state regulatory commissions would still be able to maintain oversight and control inside their borders. As a result, there was a reduction in the overall amount of regulations, while allowing certain controls to remain in place. When you put these different elements together, this…...

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Bibliography

Aharoni, Yair, 1997, 'Government Intervention in Services,' Changing Roles of State Intervention, State University of New York Press, Albany, pp. 3- 24.

Griffin, James, 2005, 'Electricity a Natural Monopoly,' Electricity Deregulation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 2-5.

Klein, Jeffrey, 1996, 'Shall the Elite Inherit the Earth,' Mother Jones Magazine, pp. 3 -- 6.

Harvard Format. http://libguides.library.uwa.edu.au/data/files2/49275/Harvard%20LibGuide%20-%20All%20Examples%20PDF.pdf

Market in Early epublic
James Henretta is a history professor for the University of Maryland. In his article about the market in the early republic, Henretta (1998) outlines the structure of the market during that time period. He opens by pointing out that at the time there were two competing views of what the market should look like. One view, that of Hamilton and the Federalist party, was to "use the power of the state to assist monied men ... to pursue a capitalist path of domestic commercial development" (p.290). Such an approach would focus on building a strong banking industry to support the capitalists. The other approach, as advocated by Jefferson, Madison and the Democratic-epublican party, preferred a model that supported farmers, artisans and other small businesses. Incentives would be offered for these to produce for export markets, a "subsistence-plus" model that allowed people the means to survive while having…...

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References

Henretta, J. (1998). The market in the early republic. Journal of the Early Republic. Vol. 18 (2) 289-304.

Market Society Material and Ideological Conditions
A great transformation occurred at the end of the Medieval Age, when a resurgence of classical humanism and an age of Enlightenment led the way to an industrial revolution and a restructuring of European affairs. The Old World religion gave way to a Protestant ethos which shaped the philosophies of the centuries that followed and the rise of democratic societies and the "middle class" altered the way nations conducted business. This paper will discuss the material and ideological conditions that supported this "great transformation" (Polanyi), the characterizations of the market society, the significance of the transformation, and the connection between the "Protestant work ethic" and the "spirit of capitalism" as defined by Max Weber (Bendix).

The transition from medieval to market society came about by a shifting of societal values. Trade between East and West increased as technology and the means of travel increased. The authority…...

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Reference List

Bendix, "German Society and Protestant Ethic."

Heilbroner, "Economic Problem."

Polanyi, "Rise and Fall of Market Economy."

Rinehart, "Alienation and Development of Industrial Capitalism in Canada."

Market Revolution: hy it as Good for Some, Not for Others
The Market Revolution of the 19th century could not have occurred without the Age of Industrialization that allowed it to displace the old mode of commerce and trade. Goods could now be produced en masse and shipped at far faster speeds than ever before. hat had once been the work of the domestic role players was not taken out of their hands and made the work of laborers in factors. In every sector, technology played a part -- the cotton gin, the furnaces, the steel mills, the meat packers, the freight trains -- the landscape of America was changing and life and its social, spiritual, economic and political characteristics were also being impacted as a result. For some the impact was positive -- but for others it was negative. To some, the market revolution was a quality of American liberty;…...

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Works Cited

Srebnick, A. (1997). The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers. NY: Oxford University

Press.

Over the last few years, the government has exerted more control on the insurance industry by controlling premium rates meaning the industry has become less competitive on pricing. In addition to this, through Obamacare, the government has set requirements for healthcare insurers which have significantly reduced their medical loss ratio Dinan 396.
The second factor that affects the degree of competitiveness of the industry is the number of companies operating in the industry. This has been the major reason for the hundreds of mergers in the industry since this is the major driving factor for changes in market share. The last factor is government-provided health insurance. The government provides insurance plans which create significant competition for the private companies Vanness and olfe 101()

The productivity measures that can be developed are the number of health insurance consumers, average cost of providing medical cover and price of health insurance premiums. The number…...

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Works cited

Austin, D. Andrew, and Thomas L. Hungerford. The Market Structure of the Health Insurance Industry. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2009. Print.

Baughman, Reagan. "Differential Impacts of Public Health Insurance Expansions at the Local Level." International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics 7.1 (2007): 1-22. Print.

Dinan, John. "Shaping Health Reform: State Government Influence in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act." Publius 41.3 (2011): 395-420. Print.

Dossche, Maarten, Freddy Heylen, and Dirk Van den Poel. "The Kinked Demand Curve and Price Rigidity: Evidence from Scanner Data." The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 112.4 (2010): 723-52. Print.

Market Model Changes
The medtech, or medical technology, industry is a large and intensely competitive industry that produces highly innovative medical devices for hospitals and other healthcare facilities in the effort to save lives and improve health for patients (Research, 2012). It is spread across different segments including, cardiology, oncology, neuro, orthopedic, and aesthetic devices. It relies largely on aging baby boomers, high unmet medical needs, and increased incidence of lifestyle diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.

The industry is being challenged by pricing concerns, hospital admissions and procedural volume, uncertainty concerning healthcare reform, Medicare reimbursement issues as agencies are looking for cost reduction measures, and regulatory overhang. There is a rise in patients deferring treatment in elective procedures. "One factor aligning economic and clinical forces: in the U.S., the number of medical practices owned by hospitals grew from 25% in 2005 to 50% in 2008" (practice, 2011). Where hospitals…...

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Bibliography

Blog, I. (2012, Mar 12). MedTech Industry Stock Outlook. Retrieved from Financial Content: http://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/news/read/20832505/MedTech-Industry-Stock-Outlook

practice, B.G. (2011, Feb 9). Creating a new commercial model for the changing medtech market. Retrieved from Bain & Company:  http://www.bain.com/publicatgions/articles/creating-a-commercial-model-for-changing-medtech-market.aspx 

Research, Z.E. (2012, June 15). MedTech Industry Stock Outlook-June 2012-Zacks Analyst Interviews. Retrieved from Nasdaq:  http://community.nasdaq.com/News/2012-06/medtech-industry-stock-outlook-june-2012-zachs-analysts-interviews.aspx ?

Market Patterns
One industry that has shifted in the past few years in terms of its structure is the smartphone operating system market. A few years ago, most of the early smartphones were based around proprietary operating systems. Palm and Blackberry dominated the market. Apple joined the industry with the introduction of the iPhone, but more recently other firms have entered the market as well, including Google (Android), indows, Symbian and other systems. The market has moved from a stable oligopoly of four firms basically between two firms into a market that is much closer to monopolistic competition. However, there is the risk that as operating systems shake out, the market could return to an oligopoly of just three operating systems (est & Mace, 2007).

In the short-run, firms in this industry will seek to gain market share through differentiation. The products are slightly differentiated from each other -- they perform the…...

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Works Cited:

West, J. & Mace, M. (2007). Appropriability, proximity, routines and innovation. Druid Summer Conference 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2012 from http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=1675&cf=9%20{^

Seppala, (no date). Monopolistic competition. University of Illinois. Retrieved February 4, 2012 from http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~seppala/econ102/lect15.pdf

Watkins, T. (no date). The transaction cost approach to the theory of the firm. San Jose University. Retrieved February 4, 2012  http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/coase.htm 

Blodget, H. (2011). Android is destroying everyone, especially RIM -- iPhone dead in water. Business Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2012 from http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-04-02/tech/30089528_1_android-phones-google-s-android-smartphone-market

These convergences lead to mixed economies.
Globalization and the U.S. Economy

Outsourcing is a result of the current globalization rate, due to rise of internet users and communication through broadband. In actual sense, outsourcing is inevitable, and no one is going to eliminate it any time soon, including the United States. However, outsourcing will mean loss of jobs in the United States, leading to a position where these jobs need to be replaced. This is because outsourcing results into competitive businesses, leading to profit and export increase and also increases the opportunities for investments in other countries, different from the source country such as the U.S. In the last decade manufacturing jobs have been moving out of the United States, and this can hardly be prevented. In fact, outsourcing of manufacturing jobs has greatly destroyed the middle class Americans, hence undermining the performance of their economy in general. Competition is mounting…...

Market Behavior
One industry that has seen a shift in the market model is the smartphone industry. During the mid-2000s, this industry was an oligopoly, populated basically by two firms that emerged from the old PDA market. Palm and RIM (Blackberry) operated as a duopoly, catering primarily to business customers with early smartphones. Apple joined the industry with the iPhone, and was quickly followed by a number of other players. The organization of the industry is somewhat unique, as some firms are vertically integrated providers with operating systems and hardware integrated (Blackberry, Apple) and other firms have a number of hardware manufacturers working in conjunction with operating systems makers. Thus in operating systems there remains almost an oligopoly with two or three major firms and a couple of other minor ones, whereas on the hardware side the industry is fully in a state of monopolistic competition.

Short Run and Long Run Behaviors

During…...

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Works Cited:

Ha-aburda, H. & Yehezkel, Y. (2011). Platform competition under asymmetric information. NET Institute Working Paper. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from  http://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/31399/2/11_05.pdf 

Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., Thisse, J-F. & Zhelbodko, E. (2011). Monopolistic competition with big firms. Google Scholar. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from  http://d852eff6-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/mathieuparenti/home/research/KPTZ.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpH5Fs5HfC7W-DaU_jYLfshpIWuFjGQCtwDfIlgmj8XZQjc6ooKbOToLXP9dRdEkSMqCS3FwU-WOisyNmvlPGWdewkrOq-OL-nY4y7rJEDKgYcUsXNwq7m3JMiSWKrhtM4Is8Y-uys6Gtdw6GUAnSX_Xs5P4Dk7UKBmzE9KRySQadZg8JhrIirYITG4tkbdGRW7B4m1KuzWLj1MU3t3s4aCiZn7Z3CgXyu5CyRzRvOHGirSCKg%3D&attredirects=0 

Thierer, A. (2012). Bye Blackberry: How long will Apple last? Forbes. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamthierer/2012/04/01/bye-bye-blackberry-how-long-will-apple-last/

arket Analysis of House of Fraser
House of Fraser was founded in 1891 by James Arthur in Glasgow. Originally a drapery shop, the store quickly expanded and by the end of 1891, the entire Fraser family was investing in the company. At this point, the store was renamed to Frasers & Sons. Over time, the store expanded from selling draperies to selling clothing, shoes and other department store apparel.

The company has continued to grow through the purchase of smaller companies. In 2005, House of Fraser aquaired Jenner's department store and in 2006 it took over Baugur. In 2008, the company had three new openings in London, Belfast and Bristol. The company continues to grow and is a ripe competitor.

House of Fraser is ranked high in the market overall with its six major competitors being arks & Spencer, John Lewis, Harrods, Debenhams, Selfridges and Fenwick. John Lewis is by far the most…...

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Mintel (2011), Department Stores Retailing-UK-March 2011,  http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic//display/&id=545274 

Office for National Statistics (2012), Consumer Prices Indices- RPI Annual Percentage Changes 1948 to 2011,  http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=CDKQ&dataset=mm23&table-id=2.2 

Wikipedia (2012), House of Fraser,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Fraser

The total supply of milk might remain the same, because the remaining high-efficiency producers are likely to be able to earn profits at this level of output. In the long-run, however, lower prices are going to sustain the quantity of milk demanded at higher than equilibrium levels, and the profits available to producers at lower than equilibrium levels. Producers, in their efforts to control costs, are going to reach a point of diminishing returns on those efforts. The result of this is that the market for milk will eventually become so distorted by the price ceiling that the government is forced to raise the price ceiling in order to ensure that there are producers remaining in the market. The government will have created a situation where to simply maintain the milk market requires active management.
2. There are several factors that contribute to the price elasticity of demand. One factor…...

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Works Cited:

Rittenberg, L. And Tregarthen, T. (2009). Chapter 3: Demand and Supply. Section 1 and 3. Principles of Microeconomics. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from: click here

Rittenberg, L. And Tregarthen, T. (2009). Chapter 4: Applications of Demand and Supply. Section 1 and 3. Principles of Microeconomics. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from: click here

Rittenberg, L. And Tregarthen, T. (2009). Chapter 5: Elasticity and a Measure of Response. Section 1 and 2. Principles of Microeconomics. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from: click here

As health care’s share of gross domestic product (GDP) grows, people are struggling with how to estimate the value of the health care industry in the economy.  While it might seem like a straightforward answer, simply looking at the total amount paid for healthcare in proportion to the total GDP, that valuation would be a gross oversimplification. Generally, GDP is viewed as a proxy for standard of living, but in the United States standard of living might actually drop for many people as the percentage of GDP attributable to healthcare grows.  It is important to keep in....

1. The rise and fall of the Russian Empire
2. The impact of Peter the Great on Russian history
3. The role of the Russian Revolution in shaping modern Russia
4. The Soviet Union under Stalin's rule
5. The Cold War and its effects on Russia
6. The fall of the Soviet Union and the transition to a market economy
7. The role of Russia in World War II
8. The cultural and artistic history of Russia, including literature, music, and visual arts
9. Gender roles and women's rights in Russian history
10. The legacy of Tsarist Russia in modern-day Russia
11. The impact of the Mongol invasions on Russia's....

1. The Origins of the Kievan Rus' and the Emergence of a Unified Slavic State:

Explore the historical, cultural, and geographic factors that contributed to the rise of the Kievan Rus' state.
Analyze the role of the Varangians, Slavs, and other ethnic groups in the development of a unified Slavic society.
Discuss the significance of Vladimir the Great's conversion to Christianity and its impact on the state's identity.

2. The Mongol Invasion and its Transformative Influence on Russian Society:

Examine the reasons for the Mongol conquest of Russia and its devastating consequences on the population and economy.
Analyze the political and....

The Dawn of a New Era: Poland's Political Transformation in 1989

The year 1989 witnessed a pivotal shift in Polish history, marking the end of four decades of communist rule and the dawn of a new era of political and economic transformation. This seismic change was sparked by a series of significant events that culminated in the first democratic elections in Poland since the end of World War II.

1. The Rise of Solidarity:

The catalyst for Poland's democratic revolution was the emergence of Solidarity, a trade union movement that became a symbol of resistance against the communist regime. Led by Lech Walesa,....