33% on the 2013s; 27.78% on the 2018s 16.67% on the 2028s and 22.2% on the 2038s.
Using market value the weighted-average cost of debt is 6.798%. The weights are 35.42% on the 2013s; 28.39% on the 2018s; 16.14% on the 2028s and 20.03% on the 2038s. Thus, it does make a difference if book or market value weights are used. In this case, the market value weights skew more towards the short maturities, which have the lowest yields. This gives the weighted-average cost of debt for market value weights a slightly lower figure.

5) by book value, the weight for debt is 30.85% and equity 69.45%. This gives a weighted average cost of capital of:

e (Re) + d (Rd) (1 - T) =.6945(9.94) + (.3085)(6.854)(.65) = 8.277%

By market value, the weight for debt is 7.345% and the weight for equity is 92.645%. This gives a weighted average cost of capital of:

9265(9.94)…...

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Works Cited

Dell Computer Form 10-Q for Quarter ended October 31, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008 at http://idea.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/826083/000095013408021635/d65443e10vq.htm

Dell Computer Form 10-K for Year ended February 1, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008 at http://idea.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/826083/000095013408005718/d55156e10vk.htm

Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved December 26, 2008 at  http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=dell 

Dell bond rates from FINRA. Retrieved December 26, 2008 at http://cxa.marketwatch.com/finra/BondCenter/SearchResult.aspx?q=DELL

76), ROE has ranged from 21.6% to 28.3% in recent years, with the 2007 figure being 25.6%. This reflects outperformance of both the industry and the market. The ROA has exhibited similar outperformance of both industry and market. The return on assets for JNJ over the past several years has ranged from 13.1% in 2007 to 17.l% in 2005. The industry five-year average is 8.85% and the market five-year average is 7.50%.
SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Net Income increased despite decline in revenues

Growth in each business segment

R&D expense growing slower than revenues

2-year upward trend in net income

Upward trend in cash levels

Upward trend in cash flow from operations

Current ratio 46.36% higher than industry

Interest coverage 80.09% higher than industry

Net margin 14.04% higher than industry

Return on Equity 1414.79% higher than industry

Return on Assets 48.02% higher than industry

Weaknesses

Decline in revenue this year (1st time in 75 years)

Cost of revenue increasing faster than revenue

SGA expense increasing faster than…...

It is a New York company that employs less than 200 people, and most of them are blue-collar workers. There are thirty people who do nothing but package cookies, and the company is generally fairly efficient. However, if the company were to send its cookie-making work overseas it could probably make the cookies and have them shipped back for less money than it is costing them to make the cookies locally, especially since many of their suppliers are already located far from their plant, driving up the cost of doing business. However, the company would hurt the community it is currently in by doing this because it would mean the loss of jobs and also the anger at those lost jobs, so the people in that area might not buy the company's cookies anymore. This would ultimately damage both profits and image.
eferences

Pagach, D. 2004. Outsourcing at your own risk:…...

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References

Pagach, D. 2004. Outsourcing at your own risk: before outsourcing any process of function, it's essential to assess the risks enterprise-wide. Strategic Finance.

Clark, R. 2004. The real cost of outsourcing: turning over it operations, call centers and network maintenance often involves more than service providers bargained for. America's Network.

Managerial Accounting: Organizations and Expectations
The profession and practice of accounting has become increasingly prominent and increasingly scrutinized over the past decade or so, in the wake of major scandals and upsets in the business world that can be traced in part to nebulous and unethical accounting practices or outright frauds. Because of this increased prominence, accountants today need to be more concerned than ever with not only the standards to which they hold themselves and their work, but also the appearance of these high standards and performance capabilities. This is one of the major benefits, along with many others, of belonging to a professional organization. The authority and austerity that the right professional organization carries provides these abstract as well as concrete benefits to member accountants, from increasing confidence and camaraderie to detailing the actual expectations and requirements of the task of accounting.

The Institute of Management Accountants is one of…...

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Reference

IMA. (2012). Institute of Management Accountants. Accessed 10 January 2011.

 http://www.imanet.org/

Finance
Managing exchange rate risk can be a daunting task for many international firms attempting to expand overseas, acquire new companies, or simply manage its cash flows. Globalization has created a dynamic environment in which competition can arise to disrupt entire industries. Aspects such as technology, pharmaceuticals, banking, and automobiles have all experienced rapid change as a result of globalization and the competitive forces that underline it. As a result, companies, particularly smaller firms, have a higher propensity to experience volatile earnings overtime. Aspects that impact one sector of the globe can have a residual impact on other areas of the individual firm or industry. Managing exchange rates is therefore a viable option for firms to reduce volatility in earnings while subsequently managing its cash flows from operations. Below, is a 5 step program which could be implemented by a firm attempting to manage its exchange rate risk after an acquisition.

The…...

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References

1. Jorion, Philippe (2009). Financial Risk Manager Handbook (5 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-470-47961-2.

2. Bartram, Sohnke M. (2006). "The Use of Options in Corporate Risk Management." Managerial Finance 32 (2): 160 -- 181

Finance
Any Asset Pricing Theory forms the basic foundation of finance theory, in that it deals with the value of any asset under unknown or uncertain circumstances. The relationship between an asset and its price is the mainstay of the asset pricing theory: the lower the price, the poorer the expected performance. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory derives from this theory. The basic idea in the APT theory is that any sort of risk in asset returns must not affect the pricing of the asset in any way; it must depend on the covariance of assets with the risk factors. (Bayesian Approach of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory) The APT originated from Stephen oss, 1976-1978. oss had used a statistical procedure for assets returns, with the belief that there are in existence no arbitrage probabilities. The APT must of necessity involve a lot of risk taking processes, (Definition of Arbitrage Pricing Theory.)

While CAPM,…...

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References

An Introduction to Investment Theory" Retrieved at   Accessed on 29 July, 2004http://viking.som.yale.edu/will/finman540/classnotes/class6.html .

Bayesian Approach of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory" Retrieved at   on 29 July, 2004http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:Sa6l536IAccessed 

Capital Asset Pricing Model" Retrieved at   Accessed on 29 July, 2004http://www.investorwords.com/698/Capital_Asset_Pricing_Model.html .

Definition of Arbitrage Pricing Theory" Retrieved at   on 29 July, 2004http://economics.about.com/cs/economicsglossary/g/apt.htm?terms=economic+theoryAccessed 

Price: The customer will be able to choose from a wide variety of prices, starting with $15 and ending with $2,000. The average retail price is of $100.00 a bottle of specialty wine, with an average fixed cost per bottle of $50. The $50 difference allows me to reduce the retail price if I find this is necessary to attract customers. I could also implement various pricing strategies, such as the penetration one in the beginning and the variable one after the penetration.

Break-Even Analysis: It sees that I would start making profits after I sell 8 bottles of wine. This would not however be true if I sell 8 bottles of the cheapest wines. The implemented price and the incurred costs once again allow me to joggle.

Industry Features: This may be one of the most important aspects of the new business, mostly given the recent talks and figures on a…...

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References

Thomas, C.R., Maurice, C., 2008, Managerial Economics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, the McGraw-Hill Companies

2008, Financial Calculators - Breakeven Analysis,   accessed on November 24, 2008http://www.dinkytown.net/java/BreakEven.htmllast 

2008, Investopedia, accessed on November 24, 2008http://www.investopedia.comlast

On top of this, it's important to remember that FDI inflows to the LDCs are highly concentrated geographically: four petroleum-producing LDCs - Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and Sudan - received more than half (56%) of the total FDI inflows going to all 50 LDCs in 2000-05 (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2007).
LDCs are riskier investments than emerging countries. Emerging countries show signs of advancement in their financial structures - banks, stock markets, regulatory bodies, and have reached a certain level of maturity in terms of depth, breadth and liquidity in its financial structure and economy as a whole (What is the distinction between less developed and emerging markets?). Less developed countries, on the other hand, have not yet reached this stage of financial and economic development.

ibliography

OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/43/38818788.pdf

OCO Global. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/global-foreign-direct-investment-grows-to-almost-1-trillion-in,301274.shtml

Foreign direct investments in 2007. EconomyWatch. http://www.economywatch.com/foreign-direct-investment/2007.html

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. http://www.unctad.org/Templates/webflyer.asp?docid=8624&intItemID=4431&lang=1

What is the distinction between less…...

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Bibliography

OECD.  http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/43/38818788.pdf 

OCO Global.  http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/global-foreign-direct-investment-grows-to-almost-1-trillion-in,301274.shtml 

Foreign direct investments in 2007. EconomyWatch.  http://www.economywatch.com/foreign-direct-investment/2007.html 

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.  http://www.unctad.org/Templates/webflyer.asp?docid=8624&intItemID=4431&lang=1

Managerial Prerogative Has Gone Too Far?
Whenever an organization is founded and the objectives for its existence have been established, the founders and management of said organization are expected to ensure the continuity, viability, and resilience of the enterprise. This is done via the allocation of needed resources (i.e. capital, human, financial, etc.) and formulation of strategies in order to achieved set and target organizational goals. Once operational, there are other duties, responsibilities, accountabilities, rights and privileges management can and must exercise to achieve continued operational success and efficiency. One of these management principles or concepts is known as managerial prerogative, which "includes the right to organize operations and methods of working, issue detailed instructions on the circumstances in which work is performed, and take in matters relating to working hours in so far as these are not rigidly regulated by collective agreement (Eurofound, 2009)." Often, managerial prerogative is institutionalized in…...

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Bibliography:

Bado, J. & Logue, J. (1991). Hard hats and hard decisions: The evolving role in employee-owned firms. Employee Ownership Law and Finance, 4: 1-19. Retrieved May 13, 2011 from http://dept.kent.edu/oeoc/OEOCLibrary/Preprints/BadoLogueHardHatsAndHardDecisions1991.pdf

Ellis, A. (2008). The strain between managerial prerogative and contractual principles in English labour law. Retrieved May 13, 2011 from  http://www.workplacebullying.co.uk/manperog.html 

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound). (2009, August 14). Limits to the employer's managerial prerogative. Retrieved May 13, 2011 from  http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/FINLAND/ANCHOR-DIREKTIOVALLANRAJATGR-Auml-NSERNAF-Ouml-RDIREKTIONSR-Auml-TT-FI.htm 

Greenfield, K. (2008). Reclaiming corporate law in a new gilded age. Harvard Law & Policy Review. Retrieved May 13, 2011 from  http://www.hlpronline.com/Greenfield_HLPR.pdf

Finance/Management Accounting
The topic of finance and managerial accounting inclusively, are broad and incorporate a critical skill set in the modern day business student. Finance involves corporate and investment finance and managerial accounting is complimentary as it involves cost accounting and essentially stresses cost management. Together, these topics provide a comprehensive financial analysis skill set yielding capability in solving the day's most critical business financial quandaries. The literature review will seek to narrow down the literature and funnel the topic into the main financial analysis area.

According to Musvoto, (2011), "Studies in accounting measurement indicate the absence of empirical relational structures that should form the basis for accounting measurement. This suggests the lack of objectivity of accounting information. Landmarks in the development of finance theory indicate the use of accounting measurement information as a basis for their development. This indicates that subjective accounting information is incorporated in finance theory. Landmarks in finance…...

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References

Allen, D. (1992). Financial management: The leading edge of management accountancy. Strategic Finance, 73(12), 53. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/229748882?accountid=13044 

Black, T., & Gallagher, L. (1999). Are physical capacity constraints relevant?: Applying finance-economics theory to a management accounting misconception. Australian Journal of Management, 24(2), 143. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/200627217?accountid=13044 

Brewer, P.C. (2008). Redefining management accounting. Strategic Finance, 89(9), 26. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/229763529?accountid=13044 

Coakley, J.R., & Brown, C.E. (2000). Artificial neural networks in accounting and finance: Modeling issues. Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 9(2), 119. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/214368060?accountid=13044

" (Moseley, 1)
From a project management standpoint, delegating these funds is a
significant concern. The recent history of government financial
mismanagement, has caused the public some rightful wariness as these
massive bailout plans come to fruition. The Obama Administration must
devise a strategy which ensures that these bailout funds are designed to
protect American homes, stimulate job creation and help to improve the
infrastructural stability of the nation. The administration has the
unenviable task of prioritizing the countless areas of civil life in which
the U.S. is currently struggling with debt and the erosion of resource.
This requires a management approach that is informed by crisis planning and
intervention theories.
Another way to successfully plan the delegation of funds and resources
as yielded by the bailout is through information systems management.
Modern IT Systems such as the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system
allow users to enter in a complex array of organizational variables and to
receive projections informing management decisions. Certainly, the U.S.
government will be in…...

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Works Cited:

Barton, P. (2001). Enterprise resource planning: Factors affecting

success and failure. University of Missouri - St. Louis. Online at

 http://www.umsl.edu/~sauter/analysis/488f01papers/barton.htm#Introduction .

Brewer, P. (2009). Root Causes of the Financial Crisis. WiseBread.

Online at  

http://www.wisebread.com/root-cause-of-the-financial-crisis 

Managerial Accounting
Strategic Management in Large Multinational Corporations

Strategic...

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References

Bahel, J. (2010). "IT Departments Can Be Profit Centers." The National Law Journal. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2011 from  http://www.law.com/jsp/lawtechnologynews/PubArticleLTN.jsp?id=1202457604490&slreturn=1&hbxlogin=1 .

Kaplan, R. (2006). "The Demise of Cost and Profit Centers." 07-30. Retrieved 12 June 2011 from  http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:urZNESBdX_wJ:www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/07-030.pdf+cost+center+profit+center&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiH4jXNTLZFAWYz3Mhg9ZiUngFDGhN67WG3nVag2lsUBympBGXHxj_zkTJJLxcCQmQ3C2x3h8G6geB2yK5wZozGeItCBO9bUjQ-EmUYpaJCnQr_q-QTqMvRjb27342hLqU2sPdK&sig=AHIEtbRCnKhuOaTjlOCIqSJvk1lc89O2Ow 

Portz, K. & Lere, J. (2010) "Cost Center Practices in Germany and the United States: Impact of Country." Differences on Managerial Accounting Practices. 25 (1).

Leonard, S. (2006). "Turning your CRA program from a cost center into a profit center." Community Banker. Retrieved 1 February 2006 from  http://business.highbeam.com/61548/article-1G1-142874095/turning-your-cra-program-cost-center-into-profit-center

Managerial Assessments of the Applications of egression
Management

The commentary of the article begins with the subject of the research in the article: Organizational Politics within Academic Departments. This subject is valid of research as it is a factor of which many students are unaware, yet are apart of and by which they are affected. Uninformed views or stereotypes of academia may not include the order of politics evident among faculty and staff within each department, yet they exist. Therefore the first piece of criticism is to validate the subject matter of the study. Furthermore, the authors argue for the importance of their study as there is little research in the area, for reasons that some of which are obvious and self evident.

The specific behavioral focus for the article is conflict. The authors wish to understand the nature of conflict within organizations and the impact conflict has upon perceptions. There are nine…...

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References:

Darr, W.A., & Johns, G. (2003) Political climates: Theoretical processes and multi-level antecedents. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Organizational Behavior Division, 24(3)., 36 -- 50. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Retrieved from 2012 April 14.http://luxor.acadiau.ca/library/ASAC/v24/Proceedings/OrganizationalBehaviour.pdf.

Garson, G.D. (n.d.). Regression statnotes: Topics in multivariate analysis. Retrieved from   2012 April 10.http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/regress.htm .

Finance
Financial Analysis of Morrison's PLC

Morrison's, the UK supermarket may be assessed as a potential investment. The firm may be considered by looking at the way that the share price is performing, comparing it to its past performance as well as benchmarking the performance against the industry

The share price will reflect the market expectations, so as well as looking a past performance it is also necessary to look to the potential future; this is often achieved by looking at the financial ratios of the firm considering the performance both vertically and horizontally.

Morrison's appears to have had a relativity mixed year; the share price stands at 277.60, closing price on the 24th August, 2012 (FT, 2012). The share price has been volatile, increasing and decreasing, over the last 52 weeks the high has been 340.00 and the low has been 261.00 (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Over the year the share price has decreased…...

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References

Baye Michael, (2007), Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Elliott B, Elliott J, (2011), Financial Accounting and Reporting, London, Prentice Hall.

Financial Times, (FT), (2012), WM Morrison Supermarket PLC, retrieved 25th August 2012 from  http://markets.ft.com/Research/Markets/Tearsheets/Summary?s=MRW:LSE 

Financial Times, (FT), (2012), Tesco PLC, retrieved 25th August 2012 from  http://markets.ft.com/Research/Markets/Tearsheets/Financials?s=TSCO:LSE

Managerial Acctg
The weighted average cost of capital is as follows:

In a net present value analysis, the cost of capital is often used as the discount rate. A net present value analysis seeks to reflect the value today of cash flows in the future. In order to do that, the future cash flows must be discounted back to present day dollars. There are a number of different ways to obtain the discount rate. The company might utilize a hurdle rate that they choose given their own reasons. Another approach is to use the rate associated with the financing that the firm wants to use -- for example if it intends to issue a bond it might use that bond rate as the hurdle rate. However, the weighted average cost of capital (ACC) is one of the most common.

The ACC is often adjusted to suit the risk profile of a given project.…...

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Works Cited:

Investopedia. (2012). Weighted average cost of capital. Investopedia. Retrieved November 16, 2012 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wacc.asp#axzz2CQKKm1WP 

Investopedia. (2012). Internal rate of return. Investopedia. Retrieved November 16, 2012 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/irr.asp#axzz2CQKKm1WP