..to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; -- to Controversies between two or more States; -- between a State and Citizens of another State; between Citizens of different States,-between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects." (Article III, Section 2, Clause 1)
This establishment of an independent judiciary to regulate disputes between individuals without resorting to a "majority rule" situation in individual disagreements created an extra protection for minority rights in individual situations. The judiciary has frequently created minority protections that are in line with the Constitution but might not be a majority public opinion yet.

ne of these instances in which the judiciary used its Constitutional powers to protect a minority group against the wishes of the majority was in desegregating public schools. The Supreme Court, against significant…...

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One of these instances in which the judiciary used its Constitutional powers to protect a minority group against the wishes of the majority was in desegregating public schools. The Supreme Court, against significant public opinion, ruled that all races of children should attend the same public schools. This event most likely would not have happened, and definitely would not have happened when it did, if it were left up to majority opinion. However, the justices read that all men (including public schoolchildren) had certain rights in the Constitution, and they modeled the public school system to reflect that belief.

Another specific instance of minority rights being protected against the majority's rule is in the Amendments to the Constitution; specifically the Bill of Rights. These amendments guarantee many minority protections-free worship, a free press, free speech, rights regarding criminal charges and trials, and others-all things that might ordinarily be trumped by a majority-rule method. The Bill of Rights protects smaller groups, for example, a nontraditional religion like Santeria, against discrimination or maltreatment by the majority.

The balanced representation system of Congress, an independent Supreme Court to interpret laws, and a Bill of Rights for individuals all help balance out the needs of the majority in the U.S. with the rights that our society guarantees to minority groups and individuals.  http://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/usconst/connotes.html

ut it does not follow that X1 and X beats X2 and Y2 under majority rule." (Nicholas R. Miller, 1996). Today, population of the minority is more then or equal to 270 million, many of the citizens or the minorities are voteless as they do not speak in the government. Many of the minorities work under some lucky minority leaders but still they can't say anything under the power of their leaders and always struggling to persuade the majorities to agree with their needs. All laws and rules are written by the majority population but those rules and laws are not acceptable by the minorities but it doesn't matter for the majority group and because of this every year the circumstances get worse. Only a minority leader can commute the situation of America by decreasing the crime level. (Steve Lewis, 2007).
However, respect and rights of the minorities should be…...

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Bibliography

Brandy Davison. (2006, December 2) Majority Rule with Respect to Minority Rights. Retrieved on November 10, 2007.  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/93543/majority_rule_with_respect_to_minority.html .

Nicholas R. Miller. (1998) Majority Rule and Minority Interests. Retrieved on November 10, 2007.  http://userpages.umbc.edu/~nmiller/RESEARCH/MR&MIN.htm .

Steve Lewis. (2007, April 7) the Minority Rights Amendment. Retrieved on November 10, 2007.  http://steve-lewis.blogspot.com/2007/04/minority-rights-amendment.html .

The Supreme Court ruled that the Federal government lacked constitutional authority, mandated by the Fourteenth Amendment, to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations. The court ruling stated that the Civil ights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional. The decision was challenged by the Justice Harman as a narrow interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, but the Court nevertheless with overwhelming majority ruled that neither the Thirteenth nor the Fourteenth Amendment granted the Federal state jurisdiction over these five cases. "This ruling," as argued by some scholars, "practically put an end to the federal government's attempt to enforce the guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment" (Barnes and Connolly, 1999, p. 338).
In both cases, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized the rights of individual states that narrowly defined the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Louisiana State protected a monopoly power to the detriment of individual workers. The Supreme…...

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References

Barnes, D.A., & Connolly, C. (1999) Repression, the Judicial System, and Political Opportunities for Civil Rights Advocacy during Reconstruction. The Sociological Quarterly, 40(2): 327-345. Retrieved on February 15, 2011, from

Majority and Minority Governments
Is a Majority Government Better or Worse than a Minority Government for Canada?

The minorities of Canada function in a very different way than the minority governments of Europe and other countries (Cowdy 2008). The purpose of writing this paper is to find out if majority government is better or worse than a minority government of Canada. Before going in detail, it is important to know that in Canadian Parliamentary system, the party with the majority of the seats forms the majority government. However, when none of the party has majority seats than a minority government is formed by the party that wins half or less than half seats.

The majority government formed is obviously powerful and has ability to bring big changes. Contrary to this, a minority government works hard to maintain the confidence of the legislative assembly in order to stay in power and for securing a…...

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References

Accountability Measures. (1975). Report of the Independent Review Committee on the Office of the Auditor General of Canada. Report of the Secretary General, Ottawa: Information Canada.

Cody, Howard. (2008). "Minority Government in Canada: The Stephen Harper Experience." American Review of Canadian Studies 38.1 (2008): 27+. Questia. Web. 26 June 2012

Forsey, Eugene. (1964). 'The Problem of "Minority" Government in Canada,' The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 30, 1: 1-11.

Francois, Jean and Hoyland, Bjorn. (2009). Voting Coalitions and Minority Governments in Canada. American Political Science Association Meeting Toronto, September 5.

Rahm Emmanuel, the son of an Israeli immigrant, fits the elite 'profile' less well but was highly prominent in the Clinton Administration, thus reflecting a 'hold over' of power rather than a radical break with the previous Republican administration. Emmanuel also has an MA from Northwestern University. Obama senior advisor David Axelrod was a prominent member of the Chicago media and has a degree from the University of Chicago. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner is a career civil servant. Geithner is also the former President of the Fed of New York State, where the financial industry of the nation is based (Pijanowski 2010).
hile members of the current Democratic-lead cabinet may have more public policy and legal expertise than corporate experience, overall Domhoff's thesis seems to receive at least some support, given their biographies. Additionally, while recent Latina Supreme Court appointee Sonya Sotomayor might seem to be a deviation from an…...

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Works Cited

"Barak Obama: Biography." Biography.com. June 2, 2010.

 http://www.biography.com/articles/Barack-Obama-12782369 

Domhoff, G. William Who Rules America? New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Pijanowski, Jeff. (2009, February 5). "List and Bios of Obama's Key White House Staff

The network economy is unique in that it combines the value inherent in both intangible information and tangible commodities. For example, all digitized data must be sent along cables and through motherboards. The authors offer real-world examples, including the "intel" standard extant on the majority of modern-day PCs. The network economy depends on the prosperity of both hardware and software components.
Furthermore, the authors investigate the implications of the network economy on marketing. For example, information technologies allow for highly precise targeted marketing. Corporations that use precise targeted marketing to their advantage are more likely to succeed than those that do not. The authors offer readers some suggestions to maximize the benefits that can be reaped from the technologies themselves: in essence, how to use the information technologies to benefit information technology markets. In addition to direct marketing issues, the authors also discuss concepts like lock-in and switching costs that…...

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Works Cited

Shapiro, Carl and Varian, Hal R. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998. Retrieved online August 3, 2005 at  http://library.books24x7.com/book/id_2411/viewer.asp?bookid=2411&chunkid=0000000001

Miller admitted that there were three main models used to test for such causation, but also admitted that he did not use them. The plaintiffs clearly thought that by putting an MD on the stand who would agree with their case, that would be sufficient. Perhaps they felt a jury would be sympathetic to their case, if the decision came down to a proverbial "battle of witnesses." However, in this case there was no such battle. Dr. Miller was not an expert and while his testimony was not excluded on those grounds, it could have been. Nonetheless, his lack of expertise showed through in his faulty methodology.
This hints at another point of significant from this case regarding expert testimony. hile Dr. Miller could have been excluded on Rule 702, since he was clearly not an expert, the district court did not use this as grounds for excluding his testimony.…...

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Works Cited:

Christophersen v. Allied-Signal Corporation. Retrieved April 12, 2009 from  http://altlaw.org/v1/cases/518069 

Faulk, Richard O. (1992). The Unanswered Questions of Christophersen v Allied-Signal Corporation. Villanova Environmental Law Journal. Vol. 4.1 pp 21-39.

However, if they do start to reveal sources, then future informants are going to be hesitant to alert the media when corruption takes place (Dreiling, 2004).
News organizations such as the New York Times, the Washington Post, Dow Jones and Company, Gannett Company, Bloomberg and Fox News are asking courts to recognize a reporter's privilege. Without such privilege, news organizations worry that subpoenas will be used to harass journalists and intimidate government workers (Dreiling, 2004)."

Since the events of 9-11 courts have gotten less lenient about journalists claiming that the first amendment protects them from revealing sources. Even in cases that do not involve terrorism journalists are being incarcerated for refusing to cooperate with the demand to know who their sources were. Last October a New York Times reporters and a Time magazine reporters were both jailed for their refusal to tell a federal grand jury who tipped them off to…...

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References

Dreiling, Geri L (2004) First Amendment protects journalists and that the majority... National Catholic Reporter.

____(2006) EDITORIAL: Pass Federal Shield Law From: Contra Costa Times (Walnut Creek, Calif.)

Flowers, Charles (2000) Newspaper Lawsuit Still on the Griddle

Seminole Tribune

British
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Impact of British ule in Sub-Continent 1857-1947 [Pick the date]

The era of British rule in Subcontinent comprise of centuries. Starting from a smart invasion in this land called. "The golden bird." Colonels slowly and gradually controlled the reins of this region. After gaining complete control over subcontinent, various reforms were introduced by British which were later on amalgamated with the existing structure of the political system of subcontinent. This later on, of course had its impact on the inhabitants of sub-continent, socially and economically. During this period, a system was established which was based on British ideology of governance and authority, quite similar to their owns. However, it was an impeccable implementation of this system was impossible. Mainly because of two reasons; firstly the culture variants were highly strong and secondly the main nations i.e. Hindus and Muslims, were not very cordial towards each other. Therefore, an implementation…...

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References:

Maddison, A. 1971. Class Structure and Economic Growth: India & Pakistan since the Moghuls,

Retrieved from:Chapter 3: The Economic and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India

Metcalf, Thomas R. 1994. Ideologies of the Raj, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

British Rule & the Sub-continent Page 2

Comparing Madison's ideas against Karl Marx's proposition of a new form of government (or aptly, a new social order) through Communism, salient differences emerge that highlight how Madison's democracy and Marx's Communism can be found in the opposite poles on the spectrum that is the political school of thoughts. Marx's The Communist Manifesto reflected human history's transition from a traditional to a capitalist society, and eventually, to a Communist society. This transition was a result of a history-long struggle of the "oppressed," who Marx referred to as the "proletariat," the social class that will eventually elevate the status quo of society from an oppressive to an egalitarian one -- that is, through Communism. Marx argues that transitions throughout history prior to the establishment of a Communist societydid not offer any the "class antagonisms" that existed in society:

The history of all past society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms,…...

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References

Fukuyama, F. (2006). The End of History and the Last Man. NY: Free Press.

Madison, J. E-text of The Federalist No. 10. Available at:  http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa10.htm 

Marx, K and F. Engels. E-text of The Communist Manifesto. Available at:  http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm 

Mostov, J. (1989). "Karl Marx as Democratic Theorist." Polity, Vol. 22, No. 2.

Then he continued to express his understanding towards those who had been so vehement in their opposition of the war during the previous years.

After he explained the current state, he returned to the past in order to further prove his point. He began speaking about the origin of the war and America's early involvement in the overseas conflict, which many had no idea why we would have begun our involvement in the first place. He uses specific examples based on the actions of previous presidents, who were extremely popular within the eyes of the American public. He explains the actions of President Eisenhower and President Kennedy, who were both adored by the American public, as a way to show that his actions were just a follow through of those executed by previous great men.

Then after he has set up the justification for his plan, he explains what he really intends…...

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Works Cited

American Rhetoric. "Richard M. Nixon's 'The Great Silent Majority.'" http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/richardnixongreatsilentmajority.html.2008.

Center for History and New Media. "Silent Majority." The Hard Hats Riots. http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/silent.html.2008

Rowland, Robert C. "The Ethos of Rhetoric." Argumentation and Advocacy. Vol. 41.

Terada, Rei. "Pathos (Allegories of Reading)." Studies of Romanticism. Vol. 39. 2000.

Ground Rules With Your Learners
There are several effective ways for establishing ground rules for learners. The most useful methods involve both classroom participation in the germination of such guidelines, as well as mandates dictated from the teacher which serve to underpin his or her classroom authority. As an authority figure, the teacher should always have a number of ground rules in mind before entering the classroom, but the prudent pedagogue (with enough time at his disposal) will involve a classroom discussion of these matters, and with his or her gentle prodding, help students feel as though they have determined these rules on their own. Classroom participation in this critical component of determining in-class behavior often helps students to follow these guidelines themselves, since students take a sense of accomplishment in carrying out directives which they feel they have helped determine.

For younger students, ground rules are established with the deployment…...

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Bibliography

1. Budden, Joe. 2010, Teaching English, viewed April 7, 2011. .

2. Gorski, Paul C. 2010, Guide For Setting Ground Rules, viewed April7, 2011.

3. Keeley-Brown, L. (2007) Training to Teach in the Learning and Skills Sector. Pearson Education Limited.

4. Reece, I. And Walker, S. (2006) Teacher, Training and Learning, 6th Revised Edition. Business Education Publishers.

FCC Rules
The FCC has recently authorized novel mergers amid media corporations; adversaries of the novel set of laws are expecting Congress to build no less than a temporary halt for such contracts and set of laws.

The set of laws, which was approved with a veto-proof majority and moved to the Senate, is an effort to kill one of a sequence of novel regulations produced by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as fraction of a court-ordered reduction of government power over the media. The novel FCC regulation would boost present restrictions and permit media companies to possess an adequate amount of television stations to communicate amid 45% of the America's addressees. One more novel regulation that Congress has decided to turn over is going to permit companies to possess a newspaper, as well as a broadcast station in a huge media marketplace (1).

Relationship and authority between the FCC and Congress

The novel…...

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Bibliography

1) A.N. Crigler. The Psychology of Political Communication. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1996.

2) Elfriede Fursich and Eli P. Lester Roushanzamir. Corporate Expansion, Textual Expansion: Commodification Model of Communication. Journal of Communications Inquiry 25.4. October 2001.

3) Edward S. Herman, Z Magazine. Word Tricks & Propaganda. http://zena.secureforum.com/Znet/zmag/zarticle.cfm?Url=articles/june97herman.htm

FCC Rules

" (Rise of the Commons)
The 14th century was a time when the aristocracy (the Commons in particular) acted on account of their personal interests in addition to acting in accordance with the King's wishes. These individuals gradually started to consider that it was only natural for them to have a word in governing the country and that it was irrational for them to simply accept the King's decisions with regard to taxes. The Parliament thus emerged as a result of people's reluctance to follow the King's laws blindly. The aristocracy played an active role in reestablishing its influence in the country throughout the fourteenth century.

Edward III's last years were less impressive when considering his leadership abilities and the fact that he was largely inactive due to his age and sickness materialized in the masses becoming stronger. The people named Sir Peter de la Mare as a spokesman on behalf of…...

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Works cited:

Bond, Maurice, "The History of Parliament and the Evolution of Parliamentary Procedure," Retrieved July 7, 2013, from the Parliament Website:  http://www.parliament.uk/documents/parliamentary-archives/evolution.pdf 

Harper-Bill, Cristopher, and Vincent, Nicholas, "Henry II: New Interpretations," (Boydell Press, 2007)

Lord Irvine of Lairg, "The Spirit of Magna Carta Continues to Resonate in Modern Law," Retrieved July 7, 2013, from the Parliament of Australia Website:  http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/pubs/pops/pop39/lairg.pdf 

"Magna Carta and the Rule of Law 1215," Retrieved July 7, 2013, from the Moonogian-Demirdijian School Website: http://agbumds.edlioschool.com/ourpages/auto/2009/8/25/44063368/Magna%20Carta%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20Law%201215.pdf

The definition for "subversives" is a bit vague, but Fagen explains that in Argentina and elsewhere in Latin American dictatorships the victims of violent repression tended to be union leaders, liberal political leaders, artistic people in cultural circles, student protest leaders and media personalities (p. 41). The whole point of these horrendous repressive policies was to inspire fear, confusion and "distrust" among the general population. For those who believe the United States' military always stands on the side of democratic movements it may come as something of a shock that the U.S. funded and trained many military outfits during the time of dictators in Latin America.

"An entire generation of Latin American military officers and police were armed, trained, and 'professionalized'" by American police and military leaders (Fagen, 1992, p. 43). Fagen says the repression in Argentina was, in part, designed to "Purge ideological infection"; Argentine present General Jorge Rafael Videla,…...

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Works Cited

Fagen, Patricia Weiss. "Repression and State Security." Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Hunter, Wendy. "Continuity or Change? Civil-Military Relations in Democratic Argentina,

Chile, and Peru." Political Science Quarterly 112.3 (1997): 453-475.

Remmer, Karen L. Military Rule in Latin America. University of Texas: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

Balancing Personal Morals and Societal Good in Lawmaking

The role of lawmakers in balancing personal morals with the greater societal good is a complex and multifaceted one. Lawmakers are tasked with creating laws that govern the behavior of individuals and organizations within a society. These laws must be founded on sound moral principles, while also taking into account the diverse needs and interests of the population.

Ethical Considerations

1. Moral Imperatives: Lawmakers should be guided by their own moral convictions when considering new legislation. It is important to weigh the potential benefits and harms of a law based on moral principles. For example,....

Ideological Differences between Federalists and Anti-Federalists
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists were two opposing political factions that emerged during the debate over the ratification of the United States Constitution. Their distinct ideologies shaped the contours of the American constitution.
Federalists
Strong National Government: Federalists believed in a robust central government with ample authority to regulate interstate commerce, raise taxes, and defend the nation.
Checks and Balances: They supported a system of checks and balances among the three branches of government to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Limited Popular Sovereignty: While Federalists acknowledged the importance of popular representation, they also feared....