DIAGNOSIS, LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUESDeveloping Diagnoses for Clients Receiving PsychotherapyThis weeks practicum involves making a diagnosis for a presenting client using the DSM-5 criteria and explaining the legal and ethical implications associated with counseling clients with psychiatric disorders.The Presenting ClientThe client is a thirty-six-year-old male of Hispanic origin who came into the US as a teenager and resides with his mother in a mid-income neighborhood.The Chief ComplaintThe client complains of endorsed feelings of depression, insomnia, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in routine activities, sudden unexplained weight loss, and inability to concentrate at work.History of Current IllnessThe client has no history of traumatic childhood experiences or abuse. He, however, has a history of major depressive disorder, for which he received treatment. There is no history of psychiatric illness in the clients family and previous medical work-up shows that his depression has no organic base. His depression is attributable to the…...

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References

APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Bellesheim, K. (2016). Ethical Challenges and Legal Issues for Mental Health Professionals Working with Family Caregivers of Individuals with Serious Mental Illness. Ethics & Behavior, 1(1), 1-14.

Bipeta, R. (2019). Legal and Ethical Aspects of Mental Healthcare. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 108-112.

Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive DisorderAccording to psychiatrist Fernando of Johns Hopkins Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, the prevalence of mood disorders in the United States is far higher than one can imagine. Irrespective of the socioeconomic status, about 21.3% of children experience a mood disorder. In line with the National Alliance on Mental Illness, the most common mood disorders are bipolar and depression (Gordon et al. 2014). Whenever a mood disorder is not detected and treated, the child can be at risk of conditions like substance use disorder and disruptive behavior. Adolescents and children suffering from mood disorders do not express similar symptoms as adults; therefore, parents may fail to detect the problem in their children. Treatment of mood disorders ranges based on particular signs and symptoms of depression. Proper treatment requires a full assessment of mental health history, and pharmacological interventions should form part of the…...

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References

Gordon, M. S., & Melvin, G. A. (2014). Do antidepressants make children and adolescents suicidal? Journal of pediatrics and child health, 50(11), 847-854.

Lorberg, B., Davico, C., Martsenkovskyi, D., & Vitiello, B. (2019). Principles in using psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (pp. A7). International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions.

Simon, A. E., Pastor, P. N., Reuben, C. A., Huang, L. N., & Goldstrom, I. D. (2015). Use of mental health services by children ages six to 11 with emotional or behavioral difficulties. Psychiatric Services, 66(9), 930-937.

Psychology. Presenting ProblemDemographic information entails examining family structures and person changes into and out of different kinds of households, known as family demography. In the family of TB, it constituted of 4 in number that is TB who was the father, the wife, and their two children who were boys. TB was 39 years, and the two children were 10 and 14 years respectively, whereas the wifes age was not indicated. TB married his wife in 2010 and separated in 2018. Comparing the age of their children with the duration they are in a marriage means they used to have sexual affairs before they were married, since the age of their firstborn is more than the duration they have been in marriage. There is no information regarding whether the family of TB has a relationship with other family members. After their eight years in marriage, they separated and divorced for…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2019). About DSM-5 and Development. Psychiatry.org; American Psychiatric Association.  https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/about-dsm 

Celestine, N. (2021, June 2). 12 Most Reliable Mental Health Assessment Tools. PositivePsychology.com.  https://positivepsychology.com/assessment-tools/ 

Cherry, K. (2021). How Moderate Depression Differs From Mild and Severe Depression. Verywell Mind.  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-moderate-depression-5072794

One drug that is very commonly used for depression is Prozac (by Eli Lilly), which contains an "inhibitor" called fluoxetine; another inhibitor is called "phenelzine" and its commercial antidepressant drug is Nardil (by Parke-Davis drug company), which falls under the category of "Monoamine oxidase inhibitor" (MAOI) (Friedlander, p. 632).
The problem with some of these medications, like MAOI for example, is they may cause "dizziness… hypotension, insomnia, central nervous system stimulation, weight gain and edema" in some patients (Friedlander, p. 632). And those MDD patients that are taking a MAOI drug should avoid beer, cheese, red wine and "aged meats" because in some cases those foods and drinks mixed with an MAOI medication can cause "blood levels to rise, and, on occasion, bring about a fatal hypertensive crisis," Friedlander continues on page 632.

The authors suggest that along with antidepressants, patients with MDD should also undergo "Cognitive-behavioral therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy"…...

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Works Cited

Friedlander, Arthur H., and Mahler, Michael E. "Major Depressive Disorder: Psychopathology,

Medical Management and Dental Implications." The Journal of The American Dental

Association. Vol. 132, (2001): 629-637.

Public Awareness of Major Depressive Disorder
Although they may not know it, most people will experience some type of depressive episode during their lifetime, and some people go on to suffer from a major depressive disorder that can have life-changing and life-threatening implications if left untreated. Fortunately, the research shows that a number of efficacious treatments are available for major depressive disorder, but early diagnosis and treatment are critical in helping people overcome this potentially debilitating condition. Unfortunately, many people may not even realize they suffer from major depressive disorder until it is too late. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and background of major depressive disorder, and an alternative approach to the provision of clinical interventions for people who develop this condition. A summary of the research and important findings are provided in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

Background and Overview

Like some other insidious diseases, people who…...

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Works Cited

Feldbau-Kohn, Shari, Richard E. Heyman and K. Daniel O'Leary. (1998). "Major Depressive

Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology as Predictors of Husband to Wife Physical

Aggression." Violence and Victims 13(4): 347-349.

Jacobs, David H. (2009). "Is a Correct Psychiatric Diagnosis Possible? Major Depressive

Mini-Script for NancyDefining MDDOfficial definitions of depression or major depressive disorder and their related mood disorders have changed over the years and will continue to change as new research emerges. The simplest way to describe MDD is a low mood, a loss of interest or passion for life that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act, (APA, 2020). More importantly for you is knowing how to recognize the symptoms through self-monitoring, empowering yourself with this knowledge so that you can manage your symptoms and learn to thrive. The goal would be to thrive not in spite of MDD but because of it, helping you see that your struggles can become your source of strength if you are willing to work through it rather than run from the pain.Explaining the role and action of antidepressantsMedications can be helpful, even essential, for some people. On the…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2020). What is depression? Retrieved from:  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression 

Clevenger, S.S., Malhotra, D., Dang, J., et al. (2017). The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 8(1): 49-58.

Neurocognitive disorders can generally be described as illnesses that contribute to impaired or reduced cognitive function. These disorders are mainly caused by physical changes that affect the brain and make it difficult for an individual to function effectively. Patients with neurocognitive disorders are usually examined through neuropsychological tests to identify and understand the neurocognitive deficit. These tests are followed by the adoption of effective measures to help in recovery and rehabilitation of the affected individual. Some of the most common neurocognitive disorders include dementia in the elderly, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury.
Dementia in the Elderly:

Dementia is a major neurocognitive disease among the elderly whose incidence increases with increase in age (Verghese et. al., 2003, p.2508). This condition has become increasingly prevalent in nearly every society to an extent that a considerable portion of elderly inpatients in general hospitals are elderly people suffering from it. While there are various preventive…...

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References:

Iansek, R. (2004, September). Pharmacological Management of Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 34(3), 229-233. Retrieved from http://jppr.shpa.org.au/lib/pdf/gt/sept2004.pdf

Thompson, H.J., McCormick, W.C. & Kagan, S.H. (2006, October). Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Future Implications. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(10), 1590-1595. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367127/#__ffn_sectitle 

Verghese et. al. (2003, June 19). Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly. The New England Journal of Medicine 348, 2508-2516. Retrieved from  http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022252#t=articleTop

orks Cited

Carney, Robert M.; Kenneth E .Freedland. (2009). Treatment-resistant depression and mortality after acute coronary syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(4), 410-7.

Retrieved April 27, 2009, from ProQuest Medical Library database. (Document ID: 1671559601).

Major depressive episode. (2009). DSM IV. Retrieved April 27, 2009 at http://www.mental-health-today.com/dep/dsm.htm

Franklin, Donald. (2003). Major depression. Psychology Info. Retrieved April 27, 2009 at http://www.psychologyinfo.com/depression/major.htm

Khaled, Salma M.; Andrew Bulloch, Derek V. Exner, Scott B. Patten. (2009). Cigarette

smoking, stages of change, and major depression in the Canadian population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 204-8. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from ProQuest Medical

Library database. (Document ID: 1673587981).

Levinson, Douglas. (2005). The genetics of depression: a review. Biol Psychiatry.

Retrieved April 27, 2009 at http://depressiongenetics.med.upenn.edu/DLResearch/Levinson_GeneticsDepression.pdf

Marrie, A.; R. Horwitz, G. Cutter, T .Tyry, D. Campagnolo, & T. Vollmer. (2009). The burden of mental comorbidity in multiple sclerosis: frequent, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Multiple Sclerosis, 15(3), 385-92. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from ProQuest Medical Library database. (Document…...

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Works Cited

Carney, Robert M.; Kenneth E .Freedland. (2009). Treatment-resistant depression and mortality after acute coronary syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(4), 410-7.

Retrieved April 27, 2009, from ProQuest Medical Library database. (Document ID: 1671559601).

Major depressive episode. (2009). DSM IV. Retrieved April 27, 2009 at  http://www.mental-health-today.com/dep/dsm.htm 

Franklin, Donald. (2003). Major depression. Psychology Info. Retrieved April 27, 2009 at  http://www.psychologyinfo.com/depression/major.htm

depressive disorder (MDD) is a condition distinguished by the presence of at least one major depressive episode (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). MDD occurs in adolescents with an estimated annual prevalence of four to eight percent and with a lifetime prevalence of 20% by age 18 (APA, 2000). In addition, the data indicates that the prevalence of depression rates among adolescents is increasing with the greatest surge in rates of depression occurring in adolescents between the ages of 15-18 years-old (Costello, Erkanli, & Angold, 2006).
Previous research has suggested that when MDD occurs in adolescents and children an untreated episode can last from seven to nine months (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Adolescent depression shares many clinical features similar to depression in adults. Depressed adolescents are sad, they can lose interest in activities that used to be of importance to them, and they are very critical of themselves and believe that…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, IV- Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.

Costello, E.J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1263-1271.

Giedd, J.N., Clasen, L.S., Lenroot, R., Greenstein, D.,Wallace, G.L., Ordaz, S., Molloy, E.A.,

Bipolar
Also known as manic-depressive disorder, bipolar disorder is a severe mental illness that can be treated with a combination of medication and regular therapy. Bipolar disorder is classified as a mood disorder, and is qualified by abnormal intensity of moods and mood swings, leading to dysfunctional, erratic, or self-destructive behaviors. When left untreated or unrecognized, bipolar disorder can disrupt daily functioning and human relationships. Therefore, chemical and non-chemical treatment interventions are critical for maintaining healthy functioning.

Bipolar disorder is referred to as having a cyclic pattern, because the symptoms are episodic. In other words, the person may be severely depressed, then normal, then fully manic, and then back to being depressed. Mania and depression are the two poles from which the person swings back and forth. Prevalence is equally common in men and women ("Bipolar Disorder," n.d.). First signs of onset are usually in the teens or early twenties; more than…...

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References

Barnett, et al. (2011). Personality and bipolar disorder: dissecting state and trait associations between mood and personality. Psychological Medicine 41(8), 1593-1604.

"Bipolar Disorder," (n.d.). Retrieved online:  http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI_278/Other/Clerkship/Didactics/Readings/Bipolar%20Disorder.pdf 

Blechert, J. & Meyer, T.D. (2010). Are measures of hypomanic personality, impulsive nonconformity and rigidity predictors of bipolar symptoms? British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44(1), 15-27.

Ettinger, et al. (2005). Prevalence of bipolar symptoms in epilepsy vs. other chronic health disorders. Neurology 65(4), 535-540

Bipolar I disorder is an axis 1 clinical disorder in the DSM-IV and is a serious mental illness that can lead to suicidal ideation or action. The history of bipolar disorder research is a long one, and understanding of the disease has deepened considerably over the last several generations. Diagnosis of bipolar disorder 1 is complicated by its resemblance to other mood disorders, mainly major depression but also psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. esearch is revealing new treatment interventions that are targeted to the biological needs of bipolar patients, as antidepressants are often or usually contraindicated. A Christian worldview suggests that individualized treatment plans take into account the family history and patient's lifestyle when recommending a treatment plan.
History

Bipolar I disorder is a serious mental illness that affects between 1 and 2.5% of the general population in the United States (Ghaznavi & Deckersbach, 2012). The more conservative estimate, 1%, is generally reserved…...

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References

"A Brief History of Bipolar Disorder," (2012). Today's Caregiver. Retrieved online:  http://www.caregiver.com/channels/bipolar/articles/brief_history.htm 

Angst, J. & Marneros, A. (2001). Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: Conception, birth, and rebirth. Journal of Affective Disorders 67(1-3): 3-19.

Angst, J. & Sellaro, R. (2000). Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 48(6): 445-457.

Baethge, C. Salvatore, P. & Baldessarini, R.J. (2003). Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder. Historical Psychiatry 2003/14: 377-399

psychiatric disorder of childhood depression. The information will discuss how the disorder is diagnosed, the prevalence rates, theories concerning the etiology of depression and various treatments that are available for childhood depression.
hile many people may overlook this serious mental condition that occurs within some children, others are facing the reality of the disorder on a daily basis. More information is becoming readily available that offers research about depression in children and is very helpful to those seeking prognosis and treatment of their loved ones. Many times, depression in children and adolescents is overlooked or misdiagnosed. This paper will discuss symptoms and treatment of depression in children.

Depression

Depression is a mental problem that affects people of all ages, race, and economic levels. The diagnosis is becoming more acceptable and is commonly treated with antidepressant drug therapy. The patient is not only affected by treatment, but the drug and insurance companies also…...

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Works Cited

AllPsych. "Major Depressive Disorder." 13 April 2003.  http://allpsych.com/disorders/mood/majordepression.html 

Mendlowitz, S., Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Scapillato, D., Miezitis, S., Shaw, B. "Cognitive Behavioral GroupTreatments in Childhood Anxiety Disorders: The Role of Parental Involvement." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, v38, p1223. 1999.

National Institute of Mental Health. (Sept 2000). "Depression in Children and Adolescents." NIH Publication No. 00-4744. Available at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/depchildresfact.cfm .

O'Conner, Richard. Undoing Depression: What Therapy Doesn't Teach You and Medication

ascertaining the link between depression and eating disorders, with particular focus on young adults and teens. Not much information is available on the subject of eating disorder (ED)-diagnosed persons' nutritional status and food consumption. The objectives of this study were:
To explain eating disorder-diagnosed teens' nutritional intake and To study the relationship of depression with ED among teens without as well as with ED.

A number of data sources were employed for individual papers examined for this research. This examination facilitates the drawing of a few key inferences. ED's high stability and its major link to obesity and declining psychological health among adults highlight the necessity of timely problem identification and treatment in childhood and teenage. Depressed youngsters must be especially observed to detect restrictive ED development. Further, adult females depicting a lifetime ED diagnosis showed double the likelihood to report migraines as compared to unrelated members of this very cluster;…...

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References

Allen, K., Mori, T., Beilin, L., Byrne, S., Hickling, S., & Oddy, W. (2012). Dietary intake in population-based adolescents: support for a relationship between eating disorder symptoms, low fatty acid intake and depressive symptoms. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 459 - 469.

Christina, B., Lange, K., Stahl-Pehe, A., Castillo, K., Scheuing, N., Holl, R., . . . Rosenbaeur, J. (2015). Symptoms of Eating Disorders and Depression in Emerging Adults with Early - Onset, Long-Duration Type 1 Diabetes and Their Association with Metabolic Control. PLoS ONE.

Costa, J., Maroco, J., Pinto Gouveia, J., & Ferreira, C. (2016). Shame, Self-Criticism, Perfectionistic Self-Presentation and Depression in Eating Disorders. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 315 - 328.

Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Dempfle, A., Konrad, K., Klasen, F., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2015). Eating disorder symptoms do not just disappear: the implications of adolescent eating-disordered behaviour for body weight and mental health in young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 675 - 684.

Eating Disorder and Depression
Annotated Bibliography: What is the Association between Depression and Eating Disorders?

Costa, J., Maroco, J., Gouveia, J., & Ferreira, C. (2016). Shame, self-criticism, perfectionistic self-presentation and depression in eating disorders. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological herapy, 16(3), 315-328.

his article focuses on the connection between external shame and depression in individuals with eating disorders and the moderating role of self-criticism and perfectionistic self-presentation. Following a cross-sectional survey of 121 women with eating disorder, it was found that shame and perfectionistic self-presentation interact to cause self-criticism, which in turn results in depression. he implication thereto is that, when an individual internalises an ideal self, they gain a standard that as per their comparison with the actual self, results in negative feelings and self-evaluations; the individual perceives their real self as flawed or inferior. Consequently, the individual resorts to perfectionist self-representation so as to create to a positive image on…...

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This article focuses on the relationship between dietary intake, eating disorder signs, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The relationship was tested using a population-based cohort of 429 female adolescents. It was found that adolescents diagnosed with an eating disorder had a substantially lower consumption of fat, starch, fatty acid, as well as vitamins A and E. compared to their counterparts without an eating disorder. Further, for participants with an eating disorder, fatty acid intake was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with eating disorder and depressive signs. A major strength of the study is the large sample used, which reinforces the representativeness of the findings. In addition, the study compared specific dietary ingredients' intake and depressive symptoms in subjects with and without an eating disorder. Major weaknesses of the study include use of self-report data and exclusion of male subjects. Even so, the study further demonstrates the impact of eating disorder on psychological wellbeing. In the event an eating disorder is discovered, proper monitoring and management should be undertaken, specifically focusing on nutritional deficiencies and depressive symptoms.

Bachle, C., Lange, K., Stahl-Pehe, A., Castillo, K., Scheuing, N., Holl, R., Giani, G., & Rosenbauer, J. (2015). Symptoms of eating disorders and depression in emerging adults with early-onset, long duration type 1 diabetes and their association with metabolic control. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0131027.

This study sought to analyse the incidence of and relationship between eating disorder symptoms and depression in patients with early-onset type 1 diabetes. 211 subjects aged 18 to 21 years (male and female) participated in the study. Results of the study indicate that the presence of an eating disorder was positively associated with severe symptoms of depression; the outcome revealed that women are the most affected segment. Reliance on population-based data is a major strength of the study. The inclusion of male and female subjects also adds to the strengths of the study as this enabled comparison across genders. Nonetheless, the study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which hinders causality inferences. From a practice perspective, it is imperative for patients with type 1 diabetes to be assessed for depression. In most cases, attention is paid to glucose levels, dietary intake, physical activity, and diabetes-related morbidities. Adding mental health screening can improve health outcomes in type 1 diabetes patients.

Mood DisordersMood disorders are a category of mental health conditions that are characterized by significant disturbances in a person\\\'s emotional state or mood. These disorders can cause significant distress and interfere with daily life, and treatment typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy. One major type of mood disorder is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Individuals with MDD experience at least one serious episode of depression that lasts for a minimum of two weeks. Symptoms often include feelings of sadness, guilt, or worthlessness, as well as a loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide (Nevid et al., 20180.Another form of depression is Persistent Depressive Disorder, or Dysthymia, which is a chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years. Although similar to MDD, the symptoms are typically less severe but last longer. Bipolar disorders are also included under…...

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ReferencesNevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2018). Abnormal psychology in a changing world. Pearson.

Of course! Here are some potential essay topics related to depression:

1. The causes and risk factors of depression
2. The different types of depression (e.g. major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder)
3. The prevalence of depression in different populations (e.g. gender, age, ethnicity)
4. The impact of social media and technology on depression rates
5. Treatment options for depression (e.g. therapy, medication, alternative therapies)
6. The stigma surrounding depression and its effects on those suffering
7. The relationship between depression and other mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, PTSD)
8. The role of genetics and hereditary factors in depression
9. The impact of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and....

I. Introduction
A. Definition of depression
B. Importance of understanding and addressing depression

II. Causes and risk factors of depression
A. Biological factors
1. Genetic predisposition
2. Chemical imbalances in the brain
B. Environmental factors
1. Traumatic events
2. Chronic stress
3. Childhood abuse or neglect

III. Symptoms and signs of depression
A. Emotional symptoms
1. Persistent sadness or emptiness
2. Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
3. Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
B. Physical symptoms
1. Changes in appetite and weight
2. Sleep disturbances
3. Fatigue and lack of energy

IV. Types of depression
A. Major depressive disorder
B.....

Talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, is a widely utilized intervention for addressing mental health concerns. It involves engaging in structured conversations with a trained mental health professional to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that may be contributing to psychological distress. Talk therapy has proven to be an effective approach for various mental health conditions, offering numerous benefits to individuals seeking support.

How Talk Therapy Works

Talk therapy operates on the principle that by talking about and processing one's experiences and challenges in a safe and supportive environment, individuals can gain insights into the root causes of their distress. The therapist serves....

Psychotropic Medications and Therapy: An Effective Combination
Psychotropic medications and therapy are distinct yet complementary approaches to mental health treatment. When used in conjunction, they can synergistically enhance therapeutic outcomes.
Benefits of Combining Medication and Therapy:
Improved Symptom Management: Medications can effectively alleviate symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, allowing patients to better engage in therapy.
Enhanced Cognitive Function: Some medications can improve cognitive function, which can facilitate therapy by enhancing problem-solving skills and emotional regulation.
Reduced Resistance: Medication can reduce psychological resistance to therapy by mitigating symptoms that hinder the patient's willingness to participate.
Increased Motivation: Medications can boost motivation....