CellCept drug for the treatment of kidney complications could be a boon to lupus patients (Chang, 2005). A small study showed that the drug delivered better results than standard chemotherapy, which could cause infertility and other medical problems. A recent experiment compared the effects of CellCept and the older treatment, cyclophosphamide, in patients for 6 months. Those taking CellCept reported fewer side effects. The researchers were led by Dr. Ellen Ginzler of the SUNY Downstate Medical Center. The disease develops mostly in women of childbearing age. The immune system attacks its own organs and tissue. The cause is still unknown. ut in a third of patients, the most common symptom is inflammation of the kidney. This can, in turn, lead to kidney failure (Chang).

Chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for lupus for the past 30 or more years (Chang, 2005). ut it produces unpleasant side effects, which include hair loss,…...

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Bibliography

Chang, a. (2005). New hope for lupus patients. Deseret News: Deseret News Publishing

Company. Retrieved on February 13, 2009 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20051124/ai_n15878948?tag=content;col1 

Henderson, S. (2007). Living with lupus. Ebony: Johnson Publishing Company. Retrieved on February 13, 2009 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_9_62/ai_n27284175?tag=content;col1 

Jancin, B. (2006) improved midterm survival seen in lupus patients. Skin & Allergy

The most common cause of death is infection due to immunosuppression, a result in turn of medications intended to manage the disease. Chances are worse for men and children than for women. After the age of 60, the disease tends to turn benign. The only marker of prognosis in lupus is the anti-ds DNA antibody test and the most sensitive is the Anti-Smith test (Wikipedia)
The standard treatment for lupus has been limited to drugs, such as corticosteroids, anti-malarials and chemotherapy drugs (Wikipedia 2006). The only FDA-approved treatment has been the anti-malarial, Plaquenil. Researches into modern treatment have been enhanced by genetic discoveries, the mapping of the human genome in particular. There has been increased awareness and education about the disease since the 60s, which have also extended help to many sufferers. Records said there were approximately 270,000 to 1.5 million people stricken with lupus. There is no single test…...

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Bibliography

1. Arthritis Society, The. (2002). Lupus: Quick Fact Sheet. http://www.arthritis.ca/types%20%of%20arthritis/lupus/default.asp?s=1

2. National Institute of Health. (2005). What is Lupus? Fast Facts. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. http://www.niamo.nih.gov/hi/topis/lupus/ff_lupus.htm

3. Petri, M. (1998). Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: an Update. American Family Physician: The American Academy of Family Physicians.  http://www.aafp.org/afp/980600ap/petri.html 

4. Spencer, L. (2006). Lupus in African Women. Blackwomen's Health. http://www.blackwomenshealth.com/lupus.htm

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Case Study
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, life-long autoimmune disease that affects multiple tissues and organs in the body (Madhok and Wu, 2009). The primary tissues and organs affected by immune system dysfunction are the joints, kidneys, vessel walls, and skin. SLE is believed to be due to an interaction between genetic factors and environmental triggers. The disease is also more prevalent among women, which is consistent with the possibility that hormones play some role in disease etiology.

Of primary concern is lupus glomerulonephritis (Madhok and Wu, 2009). Other serious complications include cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric involvement. Most patients will experience arthritis or joint pain (84%), fever (52%), malar rash (58%), and photosensitivity (45%). Accordingly, a diagnosis of SLE will depend in part on a blood test for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and presentation with rash, joint pain, fatigue, and/or low-grade fevers.

The pain in Vicki's knees, shoulders,…...

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References

A.D.A.M. (2013, Mar. 14). Lupus in-depth report. Reviewed by H. Simon and D. Zieve. New York Times. Retrieved 7 Nov. 2013 from  http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/systemic-lupus-erythematosus/print/html .

Gill, James M., Quisell, Anna M., Rocca, Peter V., and Walters, Dene T. (2003). Diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. American Family Physician, 68, 2179-2186.

Hedberg, A., Kanapathippillai, P., Rekviq, O.P., and Fenton, K.A. (2013). SMW heparin prevents increased kidney expression of proinflammatory mediators in (NZBxNZW) F1 mice. Clinical & Developmental Immunology, published 17 Sep. 2013 online ahead of print. Available 9 Nov. 2013 from  http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cdi/2013/791262/ .

Madhok, Rajan and Wu, Olivia. (2009). Systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Evidence, 7(1123), 1-29.

Oral Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus
Oral Manifestations of Lupus

Oral Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or lupus for short, is a chronic and generally progressive autoimmune disease affecting many tissues in the body (Lupus Foundation of America, 2015). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015) discriminates between SLE and lupus affecting the skin only (discoid/cutaneous lupus erythematosis) or that caused by medications (temporary). SLE and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) are the only two types of lupus relevant to this article, since temporary lupus can be treated effectively by changing medication. Prevalence estimates vary considerably, but in the United States an estimated 161,000 individuals have a definitive diagnosis of SLE. Information about incidence rates is equally poor, but the most recent study found that 5.6 out of 100,000 Whites in ochester, Minnesota developed SLE between 1980 and 1992. What follows is a detailed examination of lupus erythematosus (LE),…...

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References

Brennan, M.T., Valerin, M.A., Napenas, J.J., & Lockhart, P.B. (2005). Oral manifestations of patients with lupus erythematosus. Dental Clinics of North America, 49(1), 127-41.

Chi, A.C., Neville, B.W., Krayer, J.W., & Gonsalves, W.C. (2010). Oral manifestations of systemic disease. American Family Physician, 82(11), 1381-8.

Lourenco, S.V., de Carvalho, F.R., Boggio, P., Sotto, M.N., Vilela, M.A., Rivitti, E.A. et al. (2007). Lupus erythematosus: Clinical and histopathological study of oral manifestations and immunohistochemical profile of the inflammatory infiltrate. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, 34(7), 558-64.

Lupus Foundation of America. (2015). Get Answers: Understanding Lupus: What is Lupus?. Retrieved from  http://www.lupus.org/answers/entry/what-is-lupus .

Anti-Smith antigen is observed in 25% of patients with SLE overall, with 10-20% whites and 30-40% blacks and Asians and Lupus erythematosus (LE) preparation is found in most patients with active SLE.
Treating the active phase of the disease without allowing the treatment itself to cause long-term damage to the patient is the major challenge for doctors. As a result of this physicians are now less hesitant to use immunosuppressive drugs such azathioprine (Imuran) or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). Treatment for active systemic lupus erythematosus, on the other hand, depends on the organ systems involved and disease severity; this includes a combination of drugs.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are used to reduce inflammation and pain in muscles, joints, and other tissues. These may include aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn), and sulindac (Clinoril). The most common side effects are stomach upset, abdominal pain, ulcers, and even ulcer bleeding. Corticosteroids are more potent than NSAIDs in…...

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Bibliography

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,

Bertram Greenspun, DO, February 9, 2007

Familial Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors, G.E. Eroglu and P.F. Kohler, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2002;61:29-31

Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Update, Michelle Petri, M.D., M.P.H., American Family Physicians, June 1998

Another caution that exists for people suffering from lupus is to exercise caution before and after receiving dental treatment. Lupus patients could develop serious heart infections from the streptococci that might be released into their bloodstream during routine dental procedures, even bi-annual teeth cleanings (Blau and Schultz, 174). The infection can travel to the heart when the patient has certain other manifestations of lupus, and, if the patient has developed a condition called verrucous endocarditis, then it can be deadly if the streptococci infect the heart (Blau and Schultz, 174). Therefore it is strongly recommended that prior to and following dental procedures and cleanings that lupus patients receive antiobiotics that can help them to be prepared to defend their body against the streptococci (Blau and Schultz, 174-175).

The antibiotic -- usually amoxicillin, or another member of the penicillin family, or erythromycin in cases of penicillin allergy -- is taken an hour…...

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Works Cited

http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91348305

Blau, Sheldon Paul, and Dodi Schultz. Living with Lupus: All the Knowledge You Need to Help Yourself. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 1993. Questia. 21 Nov. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91348486 .

De Rossi, Scott S. DMD, and Glick, Michael, DMD. Lupus Erythematosus: Considerations for Dentistry. Journal American Dental Association, vol 129, March, 1998, 330-339.

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=111488560

"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) is a broad term that describes conditions with chronic or recurring immune response and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two most common inflammatory bowel diseases are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease" (IBD, 2013, CDC). Ulcerative colitis affects the large colon; Crohn's usually affects the small colon and the beginning portion of the large colon. egardless in both manifestations of IBD, the body attacks the cells of the intestine, mistaking 'good' things like food and bacteria for dangerous invaders and thus causing chronic inflammation.
The effects of IBD can be extremely severe because of the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and subsequent weight loss and malnutrition that they cause. Crohn's is particularly dangerous because it can cause intestinal blockage from severe swelling and scaring. Ulcers can cause fistulas which become infected. Unlike lupus, both forms of IBD can be treated with surgery as well as various anti-inflammatory drugs.…...

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References

Systemic Lupus Erythematous (Lupus). (2013). American College of Rheumatology.

Retrieved:

 

As a result, children and adolescents are at risk of delays and impairments in cognitive development" (Levy 2009). Such delays are far from inevitable, but they do underline the need to assure that Sarah 'keeps up' with her studies and that reasonable peer-appropriate learning goals may need to be met with the assistance of additional support in some instances.
Although not directly applicable to Sarah, immunizations with live viruses, including chickenpox, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and oral polio vaccines are not advised for children with lupus (Lupus, 2009, Children's Hospital of Boston). Sarah's parents may need to watch for is the possibility of symptoms in her sibling: "a form of lupus may occur at some point in about one out of twenty people whose siblings have lupus" and they may need to take this into consideration when contemplating a vaccination program if they ever have another child (Lehman 2002). Sarah's…...

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Works Cited

Lehman, Thomas J.A. (2002, Fall). Early diagnosis of SLE in childhood. Lupus News.

22.3. Retrieved June 29, 2009 at  http://www.lupus.org/education/topics/early.html 

Levy, Deborah, Stacy P. Ardoin, Laura E. Schanberg (2009). Neurocognitive

impairment in children and adolescents with SLE: Cognitive development in healthy children and adolescents. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol CME. 5(2)

animal species studied for this report include the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) and the American lack ear (Ursus americanus). The plant species studied are the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) and the Prickly Pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa). Each of these species has been observed at the local zoo, and further research has been conducted to learn about the environment in which each species would live in a natural setting. The behavior which have been observed within the zoo have also been combined with the noted behaviors of these species from a natural setting to give a more complete range of information. From this study, I have learned that there are many similarities between the behavior that can be observed in both plants and animals in a captive setting and their natural behavior. However, there are also many notable differences, based largely on to what degree the zoological habitat varies from…...

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Bibliography

ContiE et al. "Wolf." Wikipedia. March 2004.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf 

Hilty, John. "Eastern Prickly Pear." Insect Visitors of Prairie Wildflowers in Illinois. 2003.  http://www.shout.net/~jhilty/plantx/prickly_pearx.htm 

Marshman, et al. "Opuntia." Wikipedia. March, 2004.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickly_pear 

Naddy, et al. "American Black Bear." Wikipedia. March, 2004.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bear

Good Man is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Conner's short story, a Good Man is Hard to Find is a modern parable. The story is laced with symbolism and religious subtext. In many ways the piece is similar to classical Greek plays about pride and retribution.

efore launching into a discussion of O'Conner's story it is important to understand the woman and her motivations to write. O'Conner was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1925 to her devout Catholic parents, Edward and Regina O'Conner. Flannery spent her youth attending Catholic parochial schools. In 1938, the family moved to a town just outside Atlanta called Milledgeville where Flannery continued her education. Unfortunately, her father would ultimately die in this town as the result of complications from the disease lupus. Flannery went on to Georgia State College for Women and then proceeded to the State University of Iowa where she received her MFA in 1947.

It…...

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Bibliography

O'Conner, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. 1953.  http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/goodman.html 

Galloway, Patrick. The Dark Side of Flannery O'Conner. 1996.  http://www.cyberpat.com/essays/flan.html 

Mitchel, J. Tin Jesus: The Intellectual in Selected Short Fiction of Flannery O'Conner. 2000. http://sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu/~jmitchel/flannery.htm

Coles, Robert. Flannery O'Conner's South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1980.

Therefore, it would tend to hold more credibility. Social theories based on bone breakage were based on theory alone. hen one considers the merits of these two conflicting theories, one has to examine the behaviors and condition of modern animals, especially when making such general statements.
If one considers what happens to modern animals when they are hurt, the non-social theory would have more support. Dehydration would be the most critical factor in death after an injury. However, one flaw in this theory is that they gave no comparison of evidence to support their supposition that the animals could live on their body mass while healing. There is simply not enough known about the metabolism of the smilodon to make such as suggestion. Overall, the theories of McCall, Naples, and Martin hold more credibility than the social theories, save for the one exception.

Genetics and DNA

Several researchers were able to extract…...

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Works Cited

Anyonge, W. Microwear on Canines and Killing Behavior in Large Carnivores: Saber

Function in Smilodon fatalis. Journal of Mammalogy, (Nov., 1996), Vol. 77, No. 4 pp. 1059-1067.

Basel, K. On the Ecological Connection Between Sabre-tooths and Hominids:Faunal

Dispersal Events in the Lower Pleistocene and a Review of the Evidence for the First Human Arrival in Europe.2006.

It is often easier to impose this sort of control in a laboratory setting. Thus, true experiments have often been erroneously identified as laboratory studies" (Woolf, 2012). True experiments rigidly control for validity by attempting to isolate variables so that only a single independent variable is studies. The independent variable "is the variable that the experimenter manipulates in a study. It can be any aspect of the environment that is empirically investigated for the purpose of examining its influence on the dependent variable" (Woolf, 2012). Furthermore in true experiments, the subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Finally, true experiments are double blind, which means that neither the experimenter nor the subjects know whether the subjects are in the experimental or control groups (Woolf, 2012).
True experiments differ from experimental designs in the level of control that exists in each different type of research. An experimental design,…...

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References

Brogan, R. (Unk.). Single case design and small n research. Retrieved April 9, 2012 from Psychometrics website: http://www.psychmet.com/id15.html

Lund Research Ltd. (2012). Descriptive and inferential statistics. Retrieved April 9, 2012 from Laerd Statistics website:  https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php 

Woolf, L. (2012). Research methods. Retrieved April 9, 2012 from Webster University

website:  http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/statmethods.html

red wolf and different aspects related to this species. I have included information about its taxonomy, morphology & anatomy, distribution, habitat, feeding, predators, behavior, reproduction, development and economic value. Over all, I have given thorough information regarding the life and habits of the red wolf that is now an endangered animal.
Taxonomy

The red wolf is a species of wolf that is smaller in size and its color varies from reddish gray to almost black. It is commonly known as red wolf. The red wolf is considered as the most beautiful of all the wolves on the planet (Sutton, 1998). However, it has been given the scientific name of Canis rufus. It belongs to the Family Canidae and Order Carnivora (Kelly & Phillips, 2000, p. 247). As far as the status of red wolf is concerned, it has been categorized as an endangered living creature as this species of wolf has…...

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References

Dahl, M. (1997). The Wolf. Minnesota: Capstone Press. Retrieved March 22, 2013, from   wolf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f_FNUZ2tHeqR7AbG5YHwBA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAAhttp://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HomHpmeIyWkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+ 

Kelly, B.T., & Phillips, M.K. (2000). Red Wolf. Endangered Animals: A Reference Guide to Conflicting Issues (p. 247+). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Print.

Mech, L.D., & Boitani, L. (2003). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Print.

Paradiso, J.L., & Nowak, R.M. (1972, November 29). Canis rufus. Mammalian Species, 22, 1-4. Retrieved March 22, 2013, from http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-022-01-0001.pdf

Mind and Body re: Chapter 11 of Phantoms in the Brain
Many a patient with a tumor pronounced malignant has outlived his physician," notes V.S Ramachandran in his book Phantoms in the Brain, through the sheer mental force of the patient's will. To what extent can the mental powers of the human mind affect the body's ability to heal? The extraordinary cases chronicled by the physician hold hope in limiting the spread of cancer and also to treat affectations of the autoimmune system, such as lupus, for example.

But how to design an experiment from the extraordinary experiences of a few individuals? How to create a standard medical prescription from the extraordinary? One possible suggestion would be to take a group of individuals afflicted by such an immune disorder, and to attempt to condition temporary improvements or remissions in their ailment to a physical response that could be replicated, even when…...

Rheumatologist
hat is a rheumatologist? It is a person who is board-certified (either as an internist or a pediatrician) and has the training and experience " ... in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and other diseases of the joints, muscles, and bones" (www.hss.edu). The training to become a rheumatologist is rigorous and lengthy.

The diseases of the joints -- and various kinds of arthritis-related health issues that rheumatologist's treat, include: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma, musculoskeletal pain disorders, osteoporosis, gout, back pain, myositis, fibromyalgia, tendonitis, and vasculitis (www.hss.edu).

hat kind of training is required to become a rheumatologist? It includes four years of medical school, three years of additional training in pediatrics or medicine; and in addition, to become a rheumatologist, another two-to-three years (on top of the original seven years) of specialized rheumatology training is required (www.hss.edu). Once all that training is completed…...

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Works Cited

American College of Rheumatology. (2012). What is a Rheumatologist? Retrieved February

21, 2016, from  http://www.rheumatology.org .

Hospital For Special Surgery. (2010). What is a Rheumatologist? Retrieved February 21,

2016, from  http://www.hss.edu .

1. Have you ever considered how your diet could be impacting your lupus symptoms?

2. The relationship between what you eat and your lupus flare-ups may surprise you.

3. Can making simple changes to your diet help alleviate lupus symptoms?

4. Exploring the connection between nutrition and managing lupus symptoms.

5. The role of diet in maintaining quality of life for individuals with lupus.

6. Research suggests that certain foods can trigger inflammation in the body, which can worsen lupus symptoms and increase the likelihood of flare-ups. It's important for individuals with lupus to identify and avoid these trigger foods to help manage their condition....

1.

'Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disorder, affects an individual's immune system, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Diet, playing a crucial role in overall health, has a significant impact on lupus symptoms and disease activity. Exploring the connection between lupus and diet can help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.'

2.

'For those living with lupus, understanding the impact of diet on their condition is paramount. Diet can influence the severity and frequency of lupus flare-ups, offering opportunities for individuals to take an active role in managing their health. By examining the relationship between lupus....

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to connective tissues throughout the body. These diseases can affect various organs and systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications. Recent literature reviews have shed light on the latest findings and advancements in the understanding and management of CTDs.

One of the key areas of research in connective tissue diseases is the role of genetic factors in predisposing individuals to these conditions. Recent studies have identified several genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of developing CTDs. For example, a review....