Louisiana Purchase (MLA Citation)
"Some Still Bitter Over U.S. Purchase of Louisiana"

Weeks after the recent ratification of a treaty with France ceding control of not only New Orleans to the United States, but the whole of the Louisiana erritory, some in Congress are still bitter about the deal. Speaking for the still angered Federalist opposition, Senator from Delaware, Samuel White, recently was quoted during a session of Congress as stating that while "he [President Jefferson] thinks a delivery sufficient to justify the payment of money we may not."[footnoteRef:1] And the expenditure of money was not the opposition's only complaint, as the Senator continued "…it is well-known that Spain considers herself injured by the treaty."[footnoteRef:2] Even after the Senate's ratification of the reaty last October 20th, the opposition still seems to be quite strong. [1: Cerami, Charles A. Jefferson's Great Gamble. Naperville, Illinois: Source, 2003. pp. 215-216. Quoting Delaware Senator Samuel White,…...

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The United States first became serious about acquiring the port of New Orleans after it was ceded by Spain to France in October of 1800 in the infamous secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. And with France in control of the mouth of the Mississippi River, American trade was at the mercy of the French. But there were those who saw this as an opportunity, among whom was the President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson.. Upon hearing the news, Jefferson immediately wrote to the American Minister in France, Robert R. Livingston, "There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans."[footnoteRef:3] [3: "Jefferson's Letter to Robert Livingston, April 18, 1802." The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Web. 15 March 2011 ]http://www.bobsuniverse.com/BWAH/03-Jefferson/18202418a.pdf

Jefferson ordered Livingston to try to acquire the port in order to ensure the United States' free access to the ocean trade from the Mississippi River. The importance Jefferson placed upon this endeavor was demonstrated when he wrote "Every eye in the U.S. is now fixed on this affair of Louisiana. Perhaps nothing since the revolutionary war has produced more uneasy sensations through the body of the nation…"[footnoteRef:4] American trade down the Mississippi had been interrupted in the past and Americans wanted to ensure this never happened again. Even some members of Congress agreed that New Orleans was a potential danger to American trade and had authorized the executive branch "to commence with more effect a negotiation with the French and Spanish governments relative to the purchase from them of the island of New Orleans and the provinces of East and West Florida."[footnoteRef:5] [4: Ibid.] [5: Cerami]

Soon after negotiations opened, it became apparent that the French wanted to sell more than just the port of New Orleans, they wanted to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for 100 million francs (slightly less that 20 million dollars). Robert Livingston made his views of this offer, which was greater in scope than his original instructions, known in a letter to Madison when he stated "We shall do all we can to cheapen the purchase; but my sentiment is that we shall buy,"[footnoteRef:6] And this sentiment was echoed by the president when he wrote to John Dickinson on Aug 9th 1803, "The acquisition of New Orleans would of itself have been a great thing, as it would have ensured to our Western brethren the means of exporting their produce…"[footnoteRef:7] but Jefferson went on to reveal a secondary purpose

Louisiana Purchase was the largest land area ever purchased by the United States from a foreign country. The purchase basically doubled the size of the U.S. And there is no doubt that by paying about 3 cents or slightly less an acre, it was the most economical land purchase in American history. This paper reviews that purchase and the ramifications of it.
Prior to delving into exactly how the purchase from France came about, some facts that basically lay out the advantages and gains of the purchase are worthy of mentioning. The purchase was of 828,000 square miles that had been held by France up until 1803. The purchase encompassed what today includes 15 states in the United States and 2 Canadian provinces. Those states include (all of) Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and portions of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Texas, Montana, yoming, Colorado and Louisiana. The…...

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Works Cited

Balleck, Barry J. (1992). When the Ends Justify the Means: Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 22(4), 679-676.

History.com. (2009). Louisiana Purchase. Retrieved January 22, 2012, from  http://www.history.com/topics/louisiana-purchase .

Surfnetkids Almanac. (2008). Ten Facts About the Louisiana Purchase. Retrieved January 21,

2012, from  http://www.surfnetkids.com/go/66/ten-facts-about-the-louisiana-purchase/ .

Louisiana Purchase
One of the most important events in the history of the United States is the Louisiana Purchase, which had significant impact on the nation's geography. The shape and course of the history of the United States was changed when Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory. The impact of this event on the shape and history of the United States is that it almost doubled the size of the country. As a result of its impact on the size and geography of this country, the Louisiana Purchase was one of the most important land transactions in history. This event occurred in 1803 when the United States purchased a land estimated to be 828,000 square miles in the west of the Mississippi River for $15 million from France. To this extent, an understanding of America's history and development, particularly in the early years, involves examining the Louisiana Purchase and its impact…...

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Works Cited

Landau, Elaine. The Louisiana Purchase: Would You Close the Deal? Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Elementary, 2008. Print.

Monticello. "Louisiana Purchase." Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. .

Unites States. Department of State. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. Louisiana Purchase, 1803. By Office of the Historian. United States Department of State, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. .

Wills, Matthew. "The Politics of the Louisiana Purchase." JSTOR Daily. ITHAKA, 28 Apr. 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. .

The last few years of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century was perhaps the first boom period of the country. The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition provided the means for the United States to expand its land from coast to coast, and the technological innovations of the Industrial era provided the means to utilize that expansion to eventually become the most powerful nation the world.

orks Cited

Hooker, Richard. The Industrial Revolution. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ENLIGHT/INDUSTRY.htm

Eric Foner on the role of westward expansion. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4i3099.html

Indian removal: 1814-1858. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html

Kipp, Kevin. "Historical Background of the Louisiana Purchase." Expedition

Coordinator and Expedition Committee Member

http://www.lewisandclarkstcharles.com/history.asp

Lewis1 and Clark Expedition

http://www.linecamp.com/museums/americanwest/western_places/lewis_clark_expedition/lewis_clark_expedition.html

Lewis and Clark Expedition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition

Louisiana2 Purchase Treaty, April 30, 1803. The Avalon Project at Yale Law

School. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/france/louis1.htm

Hawkins, Michael Daly. "John Marshall through the eyes of an admirer: John

Quincy Adams." illiam and Mary Law Review; 3/1/2002; pp.

Belz, Herman. "The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American

Legal History." Independent…...

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Works Cited

Hooker, Richard. The Industrial Revolution. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ENLIGHT/INDUSTRY.htm

Eric Foner on the role of westward expansion.  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4i3099.html 

Indian removal: 1814-1858.  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html 

Kipp, Kevin. "Historical Background of the Louisiana Purchase." Expedition

Louisiana Purchase to America's westward expansion. How did the United tates handle the problem presented by the indigenous people as the population moved westward?
The vast westward territory known as the Louisiana Purchase held a large number of indigenous peoples, such as the panish, the French and especially the Native American Indian. Immigration by white Americans into this territory increased by huge numbers following the purchase in 1803, mainly due to the ideology known as "Manifest Destiny." By far, American settlers were the largest group but many French-speaking refugees, which included whites, freed blacks and slaves, migrated to the territory. As a result of this ethnic diversity, the culture of the Louisiana territory became very mixed and the boundaries were not clearly set.

At the time of the Louisiana Purchase, the U.. government quickly discovered that a sense of stability must be established within the territory. This was done in two…...

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SOURCES

Stephen Oates. Portrait of America. Vol. 1: to 1877. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1999.

Mary Beth Norton. A People and A Nation: A History of the United States. Vol. A: to 1877. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1999.

epliesDevonGreat point about leadership vs. management in the case of the Louisiana Purchase. While leadership and management are often used interchangeably, they are two distinct conceptsand it especially matters in public administration (Hennessey, 1998). Leadership is about setting a vision and inspiring others to achieve it. Management, on the other hand, is about putting the necessary systems and processes in place to achieve the vision. In other words, leaders create change while managers maintain it. Both leadership and management are essential for successful organizations, but they require different skill sets. Leaders need to be able to think creatively and motivationally, while managers need to be organized and detail-oriented. The best organizations have both strong leaders and strong managers working together to achieve their goals.In the public sector, these two approaches are often combined. For example, a city manager might be responsible for the overall management of the city, while a…...

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ReferencesHarfield, C. (2021). Was Snowden virtuous?. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(3), 373-383.Lyon, D. (2014). Surveillance, Snowden, and big data: Capacities, consequences, critique. Big data & society, 1(2), 2053951714541861.

American Expansion
American Territorial Expansion: The Louisiana Purchase

American territorial expansion was the top priority of ashington DC for every decade of the 19th century, including the Civil ar years. The new territory all came to Americans through treaties or conquest, and thus promoted the isolationist "Manifest Destiny" prerogative of strengthening the American continent. The earliest and largest territorial expansion of the 19th century was the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the American states. The Louisiana Purchase was made with the short-term bolstering of Thomas Jefferson's government in the near-term, yet with deep concerns for the security of the new land and how and who should settle the land in the long-term.

The Louisiana Purchase was not a decision taken lightly by then President Thomas Jefferson, who felt that it would be difficult for the young America to take full possession of the territory, and thus sign the country into a future…...

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Work Cited

1803, and the United States. "Louisiana Purchase." Gateway New Orleans: N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. .

Jefferson, Thomas. "Treaty with France (Louisiana Purchase). 1909-14. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904. The Harvard Classics." Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. .

"Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase - The Louisiana Purchase (American Memory from the Library of Congress)." American Memory from the Library of Congress - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. .

"The Louisiana Purchase -- Thomas Jefferson's Monticello." Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. .

Zebulon Pike was a soldier best known to be an early explorer of the Louisiana erritory. His expedition from St. Louis to the Louisiana Purchase was as significant for the nation as that of Lewis and Clark who had preceded him in their explorations. Pike is remembered for two expeditions, which he led in exploring the newly acquired territory of Louisiana Purchase. His explorations have always been overshadowed by those of Lewis and Clark. his is mainly because his explorations were questionable in terms of their intentions. It was thought he was a spy, or he had secret military orders for provoking war with Spain. His first exploration mission was to find the source of Mississippi River, and the second exploration was for exploration of the regions surrounding the Arkansas and Red Rivers
he first exploration by Zebulon Pike started in August 1805. General James Wilkinson, who was the governor of…...

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The explorations by Pike are not well-known because they are mysterious. The main intentions of the expeditions are unclear to this day. Pike was not also well educated and during his explorations he never made any new discoveries. This is what has made his explorations be less known. Wilkinson had also stated that there was a conspiracy to separate Louisiana Territory and since he was a double agent for Spain. Having not found the sources of the Red River and the Mississippi has also made his explorations less justifiable. His explorations seemed to be filled with ill luck.

Maynard, C.W. Zebulon Pike: Soldier-Explorer of the American Southwest. New York, NY: PowerKids Press, 2003.

Magoon, K., and M. Mayberry. The Zebulon Pike Expedition. Minneapolis, MN: ABDO Publishing Company, 2009.

California was particularly problematic. Taken from Mexico after the war, California was geographically cut in half along the 36°30, and was therefore legally and politically cut in half. However, residents applied for statehood as a free state in 1850. Congress responded with a set of complicated compromises: California would be admitted as a free state in exchange for the Fugitive Slave Law, which required that citizens residing in free states hand over runaway slaves, who would not be afforded any legal rights. Additionally, the District of Columbia would cease trading slaves, but the institution itself would not be abolished; slaves would not be emancipated. The admission of California as a free state upset the balance of power in Congress. The Fugitive Slave Law fueled the Underground Railroad and underscored the deepening divisions between North and South.
The Missouri Compromise was shot to pieces in 1854, when Kansas and Nebraska were…...

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Works Cited

Bleeding Kansas." Africans in America. PBS Online. Online at  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2952.html .

The Compromise of 1850." Africans in America. PBS Online. Online at  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html .

Cozzens, Lisa. "Impact of Dred Scott." African-American History. Online at  http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/scott/impact.html .

Kansas-Nebraska Act." The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press, 2001. Online at  http://www.bartleby.com/65/ka/KansasNe.html .

Lee decided to run even before Sherman was able to come, and escaped from Petersburg. Grant was able to catch him at Appomattox, and then was the surrendered. There were 360,000 dead on the Union side and 260,000 dead on the Confederate side, but the union continued. This war made United States as a nation and a state. Earlier secession and state veto power had been disturbing the government from the beginning. (United States (History): The South Secedes) From here started econstruction, but that is another story.
eferences

Coming of the Civil War: An Overview. etrieved at (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500823_16/United_States_(History).html. Accessed on 26 May, 2005

Encyclopedia: Bleeding Kansas. etrieved at http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Bleeding-KansasAccessed on 26 May, 2005

Encyclopedia: Missouri Compromise. etrieved at http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Missouri-CompromiseAccessed on 26 May, 2005

The Compromise of 1850. etrieved at (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500823_16/United_States_(History).html. Accessed on 26 May, 2005

United States (History): Bleeding Kansas. etrieved at (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500823_16/United_States_(History).html#s85Accessed on 26 May, 2005

United States (History): Changes in Slavery. etrieved from: (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500823_14/United_States_(History).html#s74Accessed…...

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References

Coming of the Civil War: An Overview. Retrieved at ( Accessed on 26 May, 2005http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500823_16/United_States_(History).html.

Encyclopedia: Bleeding Kansas. Retrieved at   on 26 May, 2005http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Bleeding-KansasAccessed 

Encyclopedia: Missouri Compromise. Retrieved at   on 26 May, 2005http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Missouri-CompromiseAccessed 

The Compromise of 1850. Retrieved at ( Accessed on 26 May, 2005http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500823_16/United_States_(History).html.

President Thomas Jefferson offered Napoleon the emperor of France $2 million dollars for the region around the mouth of the Mississippi River, which included the port of and city of New Orleans. Ohio Valley farmers relied heavily on admittance to New Orleans, and President Thomas Jefferson wanted to guard these farmers, because they sent their crops down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, from which ships took the products to cities along the Atlantic coast of the United States (Landy & Milikas, 159). However, this brought about horror in the Americans that the French might obstruct with their trade by imposing elevated taxes on products and ships moving through New Orleans. Even worse, "the Americans feared the French might shut down the ports to the Americans" ( Morris). If the port where shut down, this would bring to an end all shipping in and out of the United States.
President…...

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Bibliography

Elazar, D. American federalism: A view from the states, (3rd) . New York: Harper Collins, 1984.

Landy, M . & Milikas, S. American government: Balancing democracy and rights. New York: NY: McGraw, 2004, 150-188.

McDonald, F. States' rights and the union: Imperium in Imperio, 1771-1876. Lawrence Univesity Press of Kansas, 2000.

Morris, Richard Brandon. Great presidential decisions: State papers that changed the course of history . New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

Thomas Jefferson Politics
Decisions and Actions

Democratic-epublican Party's Beliefs and Ideals

Federalist Party's Beliefs and Ideals

Initiated the first Barbary War -- Aligned most with the Federalists party because it was a display of national power.

They were terrified of a strong national government.

They were strong believers of a central government

Bought the Louisiana Purchase -- Aligned most with the Federalist party because they believed in expanding national power by expanding their territory and property.

They understood the Constitution as being an essential document to limit the powers of the federal government.

They believed that listening to the citizens would make for a weak government system.

Initiated the Lewis and Clark Expedition -- Aligned most with the Democratic-epublican party because it was in the best interest of the people who would be settling there. It also provided insight into the agricultural possibilities in that part of the nation.

They believed that the United States economy should have been based on…...

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References:

Meacham, J. (2012). Thomas Jefferson: The art of power. New York, NY: Random House.

National Archives. (2013). The Center for Legislative Archives. Archives.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2013 from   archives/jefferson-letter.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/about/history/building-an -

Monticello, the mansion that Thomas Jefferson designed in the hills of Virginia near the State University that he founded, has three portraits that are to be found on the wall of President Jefferson's study that have remained there for 200 years. These portraits are of three writers Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton and John Locke. Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence and acquired the Louisiana Purchase form the French, refers to these three as "the greatest men who ever lived." e see Lockean reasoning reflected in the Declaration where Jefferson says that we hold life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to be self-evident truths. A similar reverence was afforded Karl Marx in the Soviet Union, where many streets and several smaller cities were named after Marx and his fellow communist Frederick Engels. One could argue that the primary ideologies of the 20th-century were those of Locke and Marx, as…...

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We can see the best examples of these 19th century economic theories in the works of Henry George, a populist who wished to ensure plurality by limiting the ability of property owners to hoard natural resources, and Herbert Spencer, an English sociologist who incorporated Darwinism into his defenses of what is now termed 'classical' liberalism and famously advocated "the right to ignore the state."

Locke, John, Second Treatise on Self-Government.  http://www.swan.ac.uk/poli/texts/locke/lockcont.htm 

Marxist Origins of Communism, George Mason University.  http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/marx1.htm

Summary of the three most important leadership lessons learned

What one can and should learn from studying the life and thinking of Thomas Jefferson is that leaders are not necessarily born, but they are also shaped. What is takes to be a leader in those days, is similar to these. One needs constant learning and interest in different fields of activity that will cultivate not only a good understanding of their society but also a way of thinking that results into initiative. One of the features of Jefferson's leadership is the importance of initiative. Also, one should have within his communication skill those of persuasion. Without a convincingly presentation of one's ideas, these cannot become valuable initiatives - support, and later on persons that carry on one's idea, so therefore followers, are won by powerful statements by powerful men. That is what Thomas Jefferson had: initiative, based on a rigorous discipline…...

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Bibliography

Biography Online. 3 Major Achievements of Thomas Jefferson. n.d. 22 March 2008.  http://www.biographyonline.net/thomas_jefferson/achievements.html 

Chemers, Martin M.. An Integrative Theory of Leadership. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1997

Eicholz, Hans. Harmonizing Sentiments: The Declaration of Independence and the Jeffersonian Idea of Self-Government. New York: Peter Lang. 2001

Gould, William D. "

The presidents that served between 1789 and 1840 helped shape the nation during its formative years. During this critical period in American history, statesmen laid the foundations for political culture, philosophy, and institutions. Although all the presidents during this fifty-year period had some influence on the early republic, several left a more outstanding mark and legacy. As a Founding Father and author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson undoubtedly deserves recognition as one of the most important presidents in the entire history of the country. As a slave owner who believed in a small central government, Jefferson also set a precedent for what would become a series of contentious compromises between Americans who supported racism and the slave trade and those who recognized the ways slavery contradicted the underlying principles of the democracy. Likewise, James Monroe carried on the American legacy of compromise, and is remembered most by the…...

Thesis Statement: The Founding Fathers of the United States were a remarkable group of individuals who, despite their diverse backgrounds and often conflicting views, came together to create a new nation based on the principles of liberty, equality, and self-government. Their vision and determination laid the foundation for a vibrant and enduring democracy that has served as a model for countless nations around the world.

Introduction:

The Founding Fathers of the United States were a diverse group of individuals who came from different backgrounds, had different experiences, and held different beliefs. However, they shared a common goal: to create a new nation....

Key Figures in Shaping American History
Throughout the annals of American history, exceptional individuals have emerged as pivotal figures, steering the course of events and leaving an indelible mark on the nation's trajectory. Their leadership, vision, and unwavering determination have shaped the very fabric of the country, from its inception to its present day.
George Washington (1732-1799): The Father of the Nation
As the first President of the United States, George Washington played a paramount role in establishing the young republic. His unwavering leadership during the Revolutionary War earned him the moniker "Father of the Nation." As President, he presided over the formation....