Magistrates of Parlement established uniform procedural codes for each of the royal courts and along with this, the importance of judicial responsibilities increased among Parlement members. Regard for legislative, administrative and judicial power became more about loyalty to the crown and interests expressed by the monarch rather than about serving local interests. Through this compliance with centralization of power, the actions of Parlement can be viewed as efforts made to satisfy the principle of royalty being sacred, an attribute of absolute monarchy as outlined by Bishop Bousset. Louis XIV established that another objective in his reform of France's hierarchy was to reform justice in the country, calling for the process of litigation to be streamlined to reduce cost and increase the productivity of Parlement. By assigning judicial powers to the monarch, Louis XIV effectively created a system that was dictated solely by his own decisions - a time and…...

Louis XIV Absolutism
The Fronde was enabled by a number of government conditions, not the least of which was that created by the ravages of the 30 Years War in which large sets of the population, particularly those engaged in martial affairs, became used to a degree of autonomy and near lawlessness. Furthermore, this sentiment was fueled by an increasing feeling of dissatisfaction in regards to the centralized power which France's government was taking. Doing so significantly added to the power of the monarchy form of government, which decreased the power and authority of the French nobility, many of whom were responsible for the ensuing civil war. In particular, an unpopular tax on the Parlement of Paris in 1648 spurred the beginning of the first Fronde, which was an attempt by the nobility to continue to enjoy the feudal system -- and its benefits -- which it had long endured…...

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References

Belk, W. (2000). Louis XIV And Absolutism: A Brief Study With Documents. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

Louis XIV's economic and political impact on the lower class with that of William and Mary
European societies in the late seventeenth century were stratified and hierarchical. Society was viewed as being structured into orders, with each social order fulfilling a particular function in society as a whole, and the entire system being understood as a reflection of a divinely-ordered harmony that pervaded the universe.

At the top of this hierarchical system were monarchs such as Louis XIV of France and William III of England. Separated from these crowned heads by an unbridgeable gulf were the lower orders of society -- the urban and rural poor, smallholders, apprentices, laborers.

The lives of these humble people were greatly influenced by the actions of their rulers, in terms of religion, taxation, law, war and peace, and the institutional and visual expression of political authority. This paper examines some of these issues with reference to…...

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Bibliography

Bluche, Francois, Louis XIV (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).

Briggs, Robin, Early Modern France 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).

Burke, Peter, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).

Hill, Christopher, Reformation to Industrial Revolution (London: Penguin, 1983).

9. How did the new psychology influenced the birth of key movements in the arts: expressionism, dada, and surrealism? Surrealism, dada, and expressionism represent three generations of avante garde protest against "rational" modernism and the meaningless, war and violence filled society that it brought about. They were a reaction against modernism and their great grandchild, postmodernism continues this tradition of social protest. The new psychology of individuals such as Freud and Jung laid bare the "rational" bases of estern culture and showed that we were little better than the mindless primitives that we claimed not to be. Surrealism, dada, and expressionism are merely avante guard reactions against the meaninglessness and nihilism of modern society and it illustrates this by accentuating this and bringing it forward. It is meant to offend and bring about revolutionary change in the process via the social consciousness it produces.

10. hy did the airing of HG…...

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Works Cited

Carsten, Francis Ludwig. (1961). The New cambridge modern history: the ascendancy of france, 1648-88. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

The king of France was more than just a simple leader, as he claimed that he was entitled to the country's throne through divine right. Louis XIV was able to make laws, to increase or decrease taxes, to administrate the state and justice, and to determine whether or not France would express interest in allying itself with other countries. All influential individuals in France were practically forced to check with Louis before they could sign anything. The French king used the court as Versailles with the purpose of keeping important people in the state close to him and in order to watch their every move. This made it difficult and almost impossible for them to plot against his and influenced peasants in expressing more dedication to the king than to the masters of the estates that they lived on.

Louis's connection with the court at Versailles was particularly important for his…...

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Works cited:

Breck Perkins, James, France under the Regency With a Review of the Administration of Louis XIV (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920)

Hassall, Arthur, Louis XIV and the Zenith of the French Monarchy (New York G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1895)

"Louis XIV," Retrieved February 29, 2012, from the Chateau de Versailles Website: http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/court-people/louis-xiv-time/louis-xiv-

"LOUIS XIV and the VERSAILLES PALACE," Retrieved February 29, 2012, from the GPS Faculty Pages Website: http://staff.gps.edu/mines/louis_xiv_and_the_versailles_pal.htm

Beik underlines the fact that collecting a huge amount of data required much more personnel and a far better way of communicating with the city and the village representatives, than Colbert could have ever dreamed of at that time. Nevertheless his achievements in collecting this date are remarkable. Based on these gatherings and his intuition and economic knowledge, Colbert was able to prepare and present to the king reforms destined to improve the macro economic situation as well as to solve some of the deficits that were already adding up as a result of the king's insatiable passion for war. While Colbert was the advocate of reducing taxes and favoring the revenues resulting from manufacturing and trade, the actual royal response comes from the receipts dated from the year Colbert started his collecting data and Madame de Maintenon's time. The king decided when to pay and how much the…...

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Idem, 100

William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000), 13

William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000), 109-110

Ceremonies of King Louis XIV
Marriage Ceremonies and King Louis XIV

Marriage to Marguerite of Savoy

Marguerite was the princess of Savoy; she was stunningly beautiful, with her big shimmering eyes, dark face and fairy like attire. She walked so gracefully that she barely touched the ground. Her reception was the most desired thing of all times, the king, queen and all the others at the court were dying to see her reception. Even before going into sound sleep at night the duchess along with her daughter thought of Marguerite, who according to them would become the future queen of France. To attend the morrow at the princess apartment, the king ordered a suit to be made ready for him.

Next day everything happened against the expectations. Before the court, the king appeared and the manner in which he started to make the announcement seemed to be a reserved and thoughtful one. His way…...

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References

Cowart, Georgia J. The Triumph of Pleasure: Louis XIV and the Politics of Spectacle (U of Chicago Press, 2008)

Fraser, Antonia. Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006

Jones, Colin. The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (1715 -- 1799) (2002)

Versailles was more than just a place inhabited by the French royal family and those close to them, as it was a location where art was in the making, with Moliere and Lully being two of the individuals responsible for transforming the palace into the home of French art in the seventeenth century.
Louis, Lully, and Moliere all collaborated in assisting France in experiencing a process of enlightenment, as the country changed most of its policies during the seventeenth century with the purpose of having these three men and the rest of the country's people exploit its ability to host the concept of art. Even though Louis is likely to be condemned for bringing France into a financial impasse because of his excessive spending, most people are likely to agree that art is one of the best things that one can possibly invest in. The Sun King enabled people to…...

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Works cited:

Calder, Andrew, "Moliere: The Theory and Practice of Comedy,"

Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000

Campbell, Peter Robert, "Louis XIV, 1661-1715," Longman, 1993.

Parkin, John and Phillips, John, "Laughter and power," Peter Lang, 2006.

Il y avait une controle tres rationnelle sur la quantite des produits fabriques par la marque LV. Au cause d'un demande qui reste fort, et un fabrication rationnelle, il y a toujours un certain demande pas tout-a-fait supporte par la boite. Donc le prix peux reste eleve, et les marges restent aussi eleve (Market Research, 2007).

Qu'est-ce qui va passer avec LVMH dans l'avenir?

LVMH continue avec sa marche dans l'industrie de la mode dans le monde entier. Il y a des defis, bien sur. Un defi tres important est le contre faconnage des produits. Dans le passe, les contrefacons ont ete fabrique pour la plupart en Italie. La pratique est devenue plus important dans les pays de l'Orient, y inclus la Chine. Il y a une lutte tres importante de toute l'industrie de la France contre la contre faconnage dans ce pays, qui est suivi avec les moyens de la loi…...

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Weisman, K. (2007, October 8). Perfume industry aims to regain prestige. Internatinoal Herald Tribune, p. n.p.

Who2. (2007). Louis Vuitton History. Retrieved December 2, 2007, from Who2:  http://www.who2.com/louisvuitton.html 

La Groupe LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet-Hennessy)

Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte are the most important personalities of French history; their political achievements impressed people of all generations who admitted the fact that unified strong and highly developed modern France is the main result of their activities. Both Louis XIV and Napoleon were politicians of a new type and had very progressive political views which helped them strengthen their country and defeat political opponents. Period of French history since 1643 till 1812 is full of great changes in social, economical, political and cultural aspects of French life and the outcome of this process was unified French nation, strong state ruled by able bureaucracy and French cultural predominance for many centuries.
To begin with we have to remember, that French nation didn't have strong and unified state before Louis XIV: French kings tried fighting for dominant position in the political system but failed as they were directed in their…...

He is the last resource of the dying; he is the instrument of heavenly mercy. Sire, we supplicate you with clasped hands and bended knees, as the Deity is supplicated! Madame Fouquet has no longer any friends, no longer any support; she weeps in her poor deserted house, abandoned by all those who besieged its door in the hour of prosperity; she has neither credit nor hope left. At least, the unhappy wretch upon whom your anger falls receives from you, however culpable he may be, the daily bread which is moistened by his tears. As much afflicted, more destitute than her husband, Madame Fouquet- she who had the honor to receive your Majesty at her table; Madame Fouquet, the wife of the ancient Superintendent of your Majesty's Finances,- Madame Fouquet has no longer bread."
eality v Fiction

There are many ways in which Dumas stretches the reality of not just…...

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Reference List

Dumas, Alexandre. The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Ed. David Coward. Oxford: Oxford University, 1998. Questia. 3 Aug. 2007  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22933050 .

Macdonald, Roger. "Behind the Iron Mask." History Today Nov. 2005: 30+. Questia. 3 Aug. 2007  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5012048049 .

The Church also viewed exploration and territorial expansion as a means to spread the doctrine and power of the Church.
3.) Describe the difference between an absolute monarch and an enlightened despot.

The differences between an absolute monarch and an enlightened despot are largely superficial. Both legitimate their power through hereditary lineage and both rule without political opposition or a balance of powers. both are autocrats. No constitution or set of laws are in place to keep the powers of either ruler in check. Both rely on some external sources of support, and it is primarily in those external sources that the absolute monarch and the enlightened despot differ. The enlightened despot is less closely connected to the Church. His political philosophy is heavily influenced by Enlightenment values. Thus, the enlightened monarch supports basic tenets like scientific exploration and a greater degree of social and religious tolerance than the absolute monarch…...

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References

Enlightened Despots." Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Retrieved June 1, 2007 at  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook11.html 

Gilbert, W. "Renaissance and Reformation." Retrieved June 1, 2007 at  http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/ 

Rempel, G. "Mercantilism." Retrieved June 1, 2007 at http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/mercantilism.html

Steingrad, E. "Louis XIV." Retrieved June 1, 2007 at  http://www.louis-xiv.de/index.php?t=start&a=start#2

Second Treatise of Government," by John Locke is a revolutionary philosophical work that directly opposed the idea of absolutism.
Absolutism held that the best form of government was autocratic, and was based on both the belief in the Divine Right of Kings and the theory of natural law, as espoused by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan. In the context of the absolutism of Louis XIV, and the political events surrounding Oliver Cromwell, Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" was clearly a revolutionary work on the structure and purpose of political authority.

One of the greatest debates of the 16th and 17th centuries was over the nature of political authority. The belief in divine right of kings that had once held sway over the estern world was quickly dissolving. In its place was a rapidly emerging idea of individualism that took form with the Renaissance and the French Revolution, and took root in the…...

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Works Cited

Hobbes, T. The Leviathan. Chapters XIII - XXI. Reproduced at: The History of Western Philosophy from 1492 to 1776, William Uzgalis, Oregon State University. 15 October 2002.  http://www.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents.html 

Locke, J. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. Chapters 2-8. Reproduced at: The History of Western Philosophy from 1492 to 1776, William Uzgalis, Oregon State University. 15 October 2002. http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke2/2nd-contents.html

Smith believed this would lead to inefficiency.
However, unlike Plato, Smith did not believe that the ideal republic should decide from birth what occupation an individual should follow, rather that the individual must freely choose by his or her own will, how to direct his or her energies and labor in the most efficient and self-interested fashion, which would ultimately result in the advancement of the nation as a whole. Plato's social structure, although not based upon birth, was still based upon a monopoly of philosophers dictating the lives of others according to their state-generated power, unlike Smith's more democratic ideals. Smith's analysis more perfectly echoes that of illiam Petty, who stressed how breaking down tasks, like Smith's pin-manufacturing plant, could generate higher levels of efficiency in economic production. Petty also placed a strong emphasis, as did Smith, upon the vital need of a nation to practice free trade.

Question

Discuss David…...

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Works Cited

Adam Smith (1723-90)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 1999. 8 Mar 2008.  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Smith.html 

David Ricardo." The New School. 8 Mar 2008. http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ricardo.htm

Economics." Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia. 2007. 8 Mar 2008. http://encarta.msn.com.

Mill, John Stuart. Principles of Political Economy. Library of Economics and Liberty.

As the various are works are depicting the two as a perfect match. A good example of this can be seen in the painting the Meeting of Marie de ' Medici and Henry IV at Lyon. Where, Rubens is showing the two in heaven, looking down on themselves when they were younger riding lions. This is important, because the image of them in heaven is highlighting how they are God's match. While the lions are an illustration, of how they are from the same kind of background. As a result, a sense of mysticism is embraced with: heaven and the lions. While reality is depicted by: showing the two people as they actually appeared in real life. Therefore, the aroque style is illustrated through the use of: mysticism and realism that are connected to one another. ("Marie de ' Medici and Henry IV at Lyon," 2011)
ibliography

Artermisia Gentileschi. (n.d.) the…...

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Bibliography

Artermisia Gentileschi. (n.d.) the Art History Archive. Retrieved from:  http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/baroque/images/ArtemisiaGentileschi-Woman-Playing-the-Lute-1609-12.jpg 

The King's Interior Apartments. (2011). Palace of Versailles. Retrieved from: http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover-the-estate/the-palace/the-palace/the-kings-interior-apartments

Marie de ' Medici and Henry IV at Lyon. (2011). Arts Heaven. Retrieved from:  http://www.artsheaven.com/peter-paul-rubens-the-meeting-of-marie-de-medici-and-henri-iv-at-lyon.html 

The Merode Altarpeice. (n.d.). Home Schools. Retrieved from: http://www.homeschoolonline.co.uk/art/great-works-of-art/the-merode-altarpiece-by-robert-campin.html

Louis XIV and Charles II were both monarchs at the time of significant civic unrest and allegations of government overreach and abuse, and, as such, they have many similarities.  However, the differences between the two monarchs are notable as well.  The individual differences may not be as meaningful as understanding their differences when placed into the context of the French and English monarchies and also what was happening in their countries during their reign.

Charles II was the king of England after a bloody English civil war that resulted in the execution of his father Charles....