Local Government and Tax Incentives
Like federal and state governments, local governments offer tax incentives to businesses to help solve economic and/or environmental problems. Conduct an Internet search and find an example of a state or local government (perhaps your own) that offers an incentive to businesses and cite your resource(s). Describe the tax incentive you found, determine what economic problem(s) government is trying to solve by offering the incentive you highlight, and do your best to evaluate the costs and benefits of the incentive.

For business owners currently living in Philadelphia, PA, or those who hope to relocate their operations to the city, a wide selection of generous tax incentives have been provided on the federal, state, and municipal levels that are designed to incentivize this choice. According to the City of Philadelphia's Business Services division, there are more than a dozen tax incentives currently in place to alleviate operational costs…...

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References

City of Philadelphia, Business Services Division. (2009). Credits, grants & other incentives. Retrieved from website: business types§ion=financing & incentives&bspcontentlistitem=tax credits, grants & other incentiveshttps://business.phila.gov/pages/taxcreditsotherincentives.aspx?stage=start&type=all

Illinois Department of Revenue, Office of Local Government Services. (2012). The illinois property tax system: A general guide to the local property tax cycle. Retrieved from website:  http://tax.illinois.gov/publications/localgovernment/ptax1004.pdf 

Mayes, E. (2013, March 13). Mayor's budget: No new taxes, slight spending hike. The Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved from mayor's-budget-no-new-taxes,-slight-spending-hike.htmlhttp://www.phillytrib.com/newsarticles/item/8165-

Mikesell, J.L. (2010). Fiscal administration: Analysis and applications for the public sector. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Local Government
Around the world, different nations, which are enclosed by their own geographical boundaries, adhere to various different styles of government. Those styles may either be democratic or dictatorial. Within democratic styles of government, there are other different sub-styles such as direct democracies, representative democracies, bi cameral houses, unicameral houses etc. These governments are setup on both federal and provincial or state level along with a local government for each local within a state or province. How these government structures are organized from federal to local level vary from country to country. Likewise, the degree to which individual states and/or provinces enjoy their respective administrative autonomy also vary from country to country.

Introduction

The United States of America is a constitutional republic constituting 52 states in itself and adheres to the representative democratic style of government. This means that the general public in the United States of America, on a federal…...

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References

Bowler, S., & Hanneman, R. (2006). Just How Pluralist Is Direct Democracy? The Structure of Interest Group Participation in Ballot Proposition Elections.Political Research Quarterly, 59(4), 557+. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5035215406 

Cardozo, M.A. (2007). The Use of ADR Involving Local Governments: The Perspective of the New York City Corporation Counsel. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 34(2), 797+. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5021427686 

Heidenreich, D.E. (2003). U.s. National Security and Party Politics: the Consensus on Louisiana, 1789-1803. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 62(4), 370+. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037713519 

Mauro, F.J. & Benjamin, G. (Eds.). (1989). Restructuring the New York City Government: The Reemergence of Municipal Reform / . New York: Academy of Political Science. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102263013

Specifically, education is made accessible to all children by means of the public school system, which stretches across all states, cities and counties. Furthermore, the law requires all students to be enrolled in school once they reach a certain age, which could vary from state to state. The law does not allow any child to be prohibited from a school education (FatNewt, 2011).

Although tertiary education is not free of charge, the government does promote further education by providing student loans, scholarships, and grants. Every student in the United States has the right to apply for such assistance by using the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).

While it is clear that the government cares deeply about both health and education, it is also true that the sheer scale of need sometimes makes it difficult to offer timely help to all who are in need, especially in terms of health care.…...

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References

FatNewt (2011). Government Services. Retrieved from:  http://government.fatnewt.com/government-services 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011). Key Initiatives. Retrieved from:  http://www.hhs.gov/

Citizen trust in Local government performance in Botswana_
Meaning and content of trust has kept changing because of the changing points of reference. Trust in government used to refer to the belief that the government will not become autocratic (Bouckaert & de Walle, 2003). It currently refers to down to earth matters such as reliability of service delivery or the expectation that policy will correspond to an individual's wishes (Hofstede, 1980). Factors that determine trust in a government are not universal (Light and Labiner, 2001). Political systems with impeccable public service do not have to rely on evaluation on public service to determine one's trust in government.

Trust is related to performance. Citizens tend to distrust governments that underperform. Antigovernment context and negative images of bureaucrats are indicators that a government may not be performing well. To reverse declining trust, government institutions have integrated new public management and new public service into…...

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References List

Bouckaert, G. & Van de Walle, S. (2003). Comparing Measures of Citizen Trust and User

Satisfaction as Indicators of Good Governance: Difficulties in Linking Trust and Satisfaction Indicators. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69, 329.

Bouckaert, G., Kampen, J.K., Maddens, B. And Van de Walle, S. (2001)

Bij De Overheid: Eerste Rapport Burgergericht Besturen: Kwaliteit En

Citizen Perceptions of Local Government Performance in Botswana
When many people in the West hear the word, "Africa," they think of the kind of impoverishment and corruption that has kept much of the continent from joining the international community in meaningful ways in recent years. Indeed, for the majority of countries in Africa, this dismal perception holds true. One shining example that has managed to overcome the constraints and obstacles to development following its independence is Botswana. In fact, Botswana has combined its natural resources with an informed and enlightened approach to government that has facilitated the developmental process. Although major progress has been achieved in recent years in improving the quality of living for the people of Botswana, some observers, including Botswanian expatriates, are cautioning that the government is becoming too large and will inevitably suffer the same outcomes as its less fortunate neighbors. To determine the truth, this paper…...

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References

Bawa, K.A. & Mangope, B. (2011, March). Student teachers' attitudes and concerns about inclusive education in Ghana and Botswana. International Journal of Whole Schooling,

7(1), 20-23.

Beaulier, S.A. & Subrick, J.R. (2007, Fall). Limited government and economic growth in Botswana. Journal of Private Enterprise, 23(1), 52-55.

Botswana. (2012). CIA world factbook. Retrieved from   / the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications 

American Mistrust of Centralized Government
This is a paper written in APA style that examines the traditional preference that Americans have for local government, the traditional distrust they have of centralized government, and the reasons behind these phenomena.

Local Government: A Traditional American Preference

There is a strong traditional preference for local government over centralized government in this country. This preference goes back all the way to the beginnings of our nation and can be plainly seen in the debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. It can still be seen going strong today in the never-ending cry of politicians to put an end to "big government." There is an obvious distrust for centralized government in this country, and our political history and current political climate proves this time and time again. Yet what are the reasons for this preference for local government and distrust of centralized…...

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References

Articles of Confederation. Philadelphia, PA. 1782.

Colonial Charters." (2000). Kuyper Institute. Retrieved on December 3, 2003 at http://capo.org/Charters.html.

Colonial Government." (2000). USGenNet. Retrieved on December 3, 2003 at http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/colonial/book/chap10_5.html.

Colonial Government." (2001). USA History. Retrieved on December 3, 2003 at  http://www.usahistory.info/colonial/government.html .

New York State Comptroller Local Government Capital ProjectGovernment agencies involve a part that is devoted to capital projects. In most cases, there are residual effects and practices of budgeting in the future on a budget despite how well it is planned for. The local governments' infrastructure in these projects is a significant investment to the residents since it directly impacts them. The major projects are primarily complex and costly and require work with impact to be performed by the local governments. Having capital projects and investments that are successfully delivered is an excellent way of having quality services provided by the local governments. Long-term costs are reduced due to the overall efficiency of the local governments; hence long-lasting effects are experienced. The success is due to proper planning to avoid negative consequences on communities receiving these services. Therefore, these governments need to invest in significant resources to account for the…...

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References

Afonso, W. B. (2014). Local government capital spending during and after recessions: a cause for concern?. International Journal of Public Administration, 37(8), 494-505.  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900692.2013.865646 

Kelly, J. M. (2015). Performance budgeting for state and local government. Me sharpe. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mrXrstccSrsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=a+state+or+local+government+capital+project,++the+operating+budget+for+the+agency.&ots=UQbN9GZWAB&sig=_QF9tzlq2z-q9b9zodLBlzOkOAg

public policy directly affects local government area organization located. You select a policy affects,, local government area work located. (I work Orlando, Fl). The private sector affected federal, state, local policies.
Public policy: Healthcare in Orlando, Florida

Public policy is a government's attempt to address a problem that affects the public or to improve citizens' lives through legislation. One example of public policy on a federal level is that of the government's efforts to reform both government-sponsored and private healthcare insurance and to curtail spiraling healthcare costs. On a state level, Florida has made an aggressive attempt to reform healthcare. The focus of the proposed Florida program to reform Medicaid, the government insurance program for low-income residents, has been to force healthcare entities to limit care by setting spending caps, increasing the emphasis on personal responsibility, and charging patients fees for procedures to reduce the use of services.

Medicaid is partially funded…...

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References

Deslatte, Aaron. (2011, February 11). Florida Senate Medicaid bill would use HMO-like plans, ban illegal immigrants from care. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved February 19, 2011 at  http://www.orlandosentinel.com/health/os-mulling-medicaid-cuts-20110217,0,1932812.story

reed Specific ans
State and Local Government Laws on reeding Dangerous Pets

While some states and local government have breeding bans on dangerous pets, other states and local governments have failed to address this issue. Rather than a ban on breeding of dangerous pets, the law would be better served to hold owners of dangerous pets responsible for their pets.

The purpose of the study proposed is to examine the state and local laws on breeding of dangerous pets and to determine if a federal law should be enacted on this issue.

The significance of this study is the additional knowledge that will be added to the already existing base of knowledge in this area of inquiry.

Research Questions

The research questions addressed in this study include those as follows:

(1) What types of laws have been enacted by state and local governments to address the issue of breeding dangerous pets?

(2) Are any federal laws in…...

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Bibliography

Breed Specific Legislation (2012) ASPCA. Retrieved from:  http://www.aspca.org/fight-animal-cruelty/dog-fighting/breed-specific-legislation.aspx 

Review of the Viability of City of County Pre-Emption of Banning Certain Dog Breeds By Ordinance (2008) The Florida State Senate Interim Report 2009-102. Oct 2008. Retrieved from:  http://archive.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2009/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2009-102ca.pdf 

Snyder, E. (2012) Dangerous Dog Breeds. Edgar Snyder and Associates Law Firm. Retrieved from:  http://www.edgarsnyder.com/dog-bite/dangerous-dogs.html

Disaster Management in ItalyIntroductionItaly is the one country in Europe most likely to be impacted by a disaster due to its geology. Yet it has a distinct character and cultural set of values that prevent it from adopting a standardized approach to disaster management. The various regions of Italy are historically more like independent and autonomous kingdom states than they are members of a unified nation. These various states have throughout the centuries fought with one anotherbut today they are all considered as part of Italy. It is because of this character of the various regions that Italy today is rather dependent upon local disaster management response than it is upon a centralized approacheven though centralized management procedures are there at least in theory. But another aspect of Italy worth remembering is that Italians care very little for rules and lawsthey are a people who respond to the needs of…...

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References

Alexander, D. (2008). Emergency command in Italy. Retrieved from  http://emergency-planning.blogspot.com/2008/11/emergency-command-in-italy.html 

Carnelli, F., & Frigerio, I. (2016). A socio-spatial vulnerability assessment for disaster management: Insights from the 2012 Emilia earthquake (Italy). A socio-spatial vulnerability assessment for disaster management: insights from the 2012 emilia earthquake (italy), 22-44.

Chaudhury, D. (2021). India, Italy sign MoU to share best practices in disaster management. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-italy-sign-mou-to-share-best-practices-in-disaster-management/articleshow/83870870.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

Fraud in local government is a critical issue that undermines the integrity of public institutions, erodes public trust, and results in significant financial losses. It encompasses a range of illicit activities including bribery, corruption, embezzlement, and procurement fraud. Across the globe, local governments grapple with the task of curtailing these malpractices, which unfortunately can be deeply ingrained in the political and administrative frameworks of municipalities (Graycar & Sidebottom, 2012).
The susceptibility of local governments to fraud is often attributed to the close-knit relationships that can form among local officials, businesses, and citizens. These relationships may provide opportunities for the exchange of favors or the manipulation of policies and contracts to benefit a select few rather than serving the public interest (Smith, 2010). For example, contracts might be awarded to companies due to personal connections rather than through fair and open competitive processes (McCusker, 2006).
Bribery and…...

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References

Graycar & Sidebottom, 2012

Smith, 2010

McCusker, 2006

Sampford et al., 2006

Introduction
Fraud in local government is a serious and pervasive issue that can undermine public trust, waste taxpayer funds, and damage the integrity of public institutions. This illicit activity can take various forms, ranging from embezzlement and kickbacks to bribery and conflicts of interest.

Local governments are particularly vulnerable to fraud due to a combination of factors, including:


Limited resources: Local governments often operate with tight budgets and limited staff, making it difficult to implement robust anti-fraud measures.
Empowerment of local officials: Elected officials and staff in local government can have significant authority and discretion, which can create opportunities for abuse.
Lack of transparency: Local governments can sometimes be opaque in their operations, making it easier for fraudsters to conceal their activities.


The consequences of fraud in local government can be severe. It can lead to:


Financial losses: Fraud can directly deplete taxpayer funds and…...

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References

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. (2022). 2022 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse.  https://www.acfe.com/rttn2022 

KPMG. (2019). Fraud in Local Government: A Growing Concern. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/us/en/pdf/2019/10/fraud-in-local-government-a-growing-concern.pdf

Introduction

Background: Briefly introduce the prevalence and impact of fraud within local government contexts, highlighting its significance for public trust, financial stability, and governance quality.
Objective: Define the scope of the review, including types of fraud (e.g., procurement fraud, embezzlement, corruption) and the aim to explore causes, detection strategies, consequences, and prevention measures.


Conceptual Framework


Definition of Fraud: Discuss various definitions of fraud as it pertains to local government, drawing from legal, economic, and ethical perspectives.
Types of Fraud in Local Government: Provide a categorization of fraud types commonly encountered in local government settings, with examples from recent cases or studies.


Theoretical Perspectives


Criminological Theories: Examine theories explaining why fraud occurs in local governments, such as the Fraud Triangle, which includes pressure, opportunity, and rationalization.
Governance and Accountability Theories: Discuss how governance structures and accountability mechanisms influence the occurrence and detection of fraud.


Methodological Approaches


Research Designs: Overview of the predominant research designs used in the study of local government…...

Career Development and Advancement of Human Resources: How they Influence the Performance qualities of Local Government AdministrationAbstractThis paper analyzes career development and its effectiveness concerning organizational roles. It explains how career development must resonate with organizational goals to determine the performance attributes of the administration. In measuring these influences, career development acts as an independent variable and performance as the dependent variable. This requires the application of human resource structure for deployment and as a platform for assessing their performance. The research utilized questionnaires in data collection with a sample size of 154 from the service sector. The analysis applied the regression method, after which the findings demonstrated that human resource management serves as the best method of enhancing performance qualities. It happens through proper administration that is aimed at address career needs. Besides, the findings showed that career development influenced the commitment and loyalty of those employees towards the…...

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References

Ahmed, S., & Ke, X. (2016). Human resource MANAGEMENT: Employees career development impact on organizational performance. 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), 1–5.  https://doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2016.7538459 

Gerrish, E. (2014). The impact of performance management on performance in public organizations: A meta-analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal.  https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500420 

LeRoux, K., & Pandey, S. K. (2011). City managers, career incentives, and municipal Service decisions: The effects of managerial Progressive ambition On INTERLOCAL service delivery. Public Administration Review, 71(4), 627–636.  

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02394.x 

Trusting the Government to Enact Policies for the Wellbeing of Its CitizensTrust in the government refers to the public holding a positive perception of its actions. The citizens subjective view of the government is based on their judgment of what is considered fair and right, and trust is at optimum at the point of unity with the governments actions are aligned to this perception. Trust is based on two foundational attributes that are delivering on the government policies with competence and at all times, and having good intentions for the public while doing so (Cheema & Popovski, 2010). Since the determination of what is fair and right varies among different individuals, the governments judgment needs to be compared with government functions (Eggers et al., 2021). The governments intent refers to the meaning leaders bear in mind for taking actions. The intention is perceived to come from empathy and taking a…...

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References

Beckman, L. (2019). Popular sovereignty facing the deep state. The rule of recognition and the powers of the people. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 1-23.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2019.1644583 

Cheema, G., & Popovski, V. (2010). Building trust in government. United Nations University Press.

Eggers, W., Chew, B., Knight, J., & Krawiec, R. (2021). Rebuilding trust in government. Deloitte Insights. Retrieved 24 November 2021, from  https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/building-trust-in-government.html .

There is currently a growing concern about the misuse of funds by local governments, which could be a potentially interesting and relevant essay subject. One example of this is the recent scandal in a small town where the local government officials were found to have misappropriated funds meant for community development projects. This could be explored in an essay focusing on the impact of corruption on local communities and the need for better accountability and transparency in government spending. Additionally, discussing potential solutions and ways to prevent such misuse of funds in the future could also be a worthwhile topic....

Counter urbanisation refers to the movement of people away from larger urban areas to smaller towns and rural areas.

This phenomenon is often driven by factors such as high cost of living in cities, overcrowding, pollution, and lack of affordable housing.

Individuals may choose to counter urbanise in search of a better quality of life, greater sense of community, or a desire to live closer to nature.

Counter urbanisation can have both positive and negative impacts on the areas experiencing population growth, such as increased strain on infrastructure and services, but also potential economic benefits from new residents.
One potential positive....

Homelessness: A Social Crisis and Human Tragedy

Introduction:

Homelessness, a multifaceted issue that plagues countless lives, demands urgent attention and comprehensive understanding. It is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, affecting physical and mental health, socioeconomic well-being, and the stability of communities. This essay explores a range of topics related to homelessness, delving into its causes, effects, and potential solutions.

Topic 1: Causes of Homelessness

Socioeconomic factors: Poverty, unemployment, lack of affordable housing
Personal factors: Mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence
Systemic factors: Inadequate social support systems, discriminatory housing practices

Topic 2: Effects of Homelessness

Physical health: Increased risk of chronic diseases, malnutrition, injuries
....

1. The rise of cryptocurrency fraud in local government: exploring how officials are using digital currencies to commit fraud and evade detection.

2. The impact of social media on government fraud: examining how social media platforms are being used to perpetrate fraud schemes within local governments.

3. Corruption in Tendering Processes: an analysis of how fraud is being committed in the awarding of government contracts and tenders at the local level.

4. The role of whistleblowers in exposing fraud in local government: investigating the importance of individuals coming forward to report fraudulent activities and the challenges they face in doing so.

5. The use....