Life Cycle of Organizations
Anthony Downs on the life cycle of bureaus: comparison of old and new organizations and state of organizations at present

In the book, "Inside Bureaucracy," author and political theorist Anthony Downs introduced, analyzed, and discussed the concept known as the "life cycle of bureaus." This concept was conceptualized to illustrate the nature and dynamics of government agencies and institutions, which displayed an altogether different culture compared to private or non-government organizations. From his study of government bureaus, Down presented the argument that,

As a bureau grows older, the number and proportion of administrative officials therein tends to rise. If a bureau experiences a period of relative stability in total size following a period of rapid growth, the average age of its members tends to rise as the bureau grows older. This tends to increase the influence of conservers in the bureau, for many officials of other types are likely…...

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Work cited

Kreitner, R. And A. Kinicki. (1995). Organizational Behavior. Chicago: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

However, if management has encouraged new product development and creative ancillary product development during the maturity phase, the decline phase can be stretched out for a longer period of time, and even reversed with the right management strategies. (HR, 2003)

The focus in all of these stages is balance. Management must know in which stage the organization is at the moment, and must capitalize on that knowledge. At all times, management must be open with employees and investors with regard to the present stage and the plans to act upon that knowledge. Withholding financials and long-term goals from middle managers and investors does not create an environment in which the organization can successfully work towards increasing profits in the pioneering phase, lengthening the growth phase, managing liberally during the maturity phase to create new markets and hopefully avoiding the decline phase. (Dewar, 216)

Life cycles in organizations are as important for management…...

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Bibliography

Voluntary divestitures and corporate life-cycle: some empirical evidence.

By: Pashley, Mary M.; Philippatos, George C.. Applied Economics, Sep90, Vol. 22

Issue 9, p1181, 16p,

ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE CYCLES: STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS FOR OSD.

The successful adaptation of life cycle costing to environmental accounting opens the door for the application of life cycle costing techniques to other emerging areas of managerial accounting. This paper will examine the usefulness of life cycle costing in the context of not only its existing uses but with respect to potential future uses as well. It is expected that this analysis will conclude that life cycle costing is a valuable complementary tool that can be used in a wide range of managerial accounting applications.
The underlying concept of life cycle costing is that a capital asset's "cost" should be taken to incorporate all of the costs associated with that asset over the course of its useful life (oodward, 1997). The costs, once gathered, could be evaluated against the costs of other projects. Compared to previous methodologies, some of which were incredibly simple, life cycle costing was a leaps and…...

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Works Cited:

Ashworth, Allan. (1989). Life-cycle costing: A practice tool? Cost Engineering. Vol. 31, 3, p.8-11

Lindholm, a. & Suomala, P. (2007). Learning by costing. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Vol. 56, 8, 651-672.

Steen, Bengt. (2005). Environmental costs and benefits in the life cycle analysis. Management of Environmental Quality, an International Journal. Vol. 16, 2, 107-118.

Taylor, W. (1981). The use of life cycle costing in acquiring physical assets. Long-Range Planning. Vol 14, 6, 32-43.

Using his theory and trends in current literature, it is safe to assume that environmental auditing is the new social norm in the business community. Those that do not follow this norm will not be able to sustain a competitive advantage in the future (Javernick-Will, 2009).
Accountants and managers are familiar with auditing processes. They conduct audits to examine cash flow efficiency, operational efficiency, and the efficiency of advertising campaigns. The idea of the audit is to get a snapshot of how effectively the company uses its resources. Until recently, environmental concerns were not a part of this process. Recent evidence indicates that the environmental audit can have a measurable impact on the operational efficiency of the organization (Rennings, Ziegler, & Ankele et al., 2006). The amount of literature available on the topic indicates that it is now an important part of the accounting audit.

Environmental auditing is referred to as…...

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Life cycle analysis of tangible assets is already a concept that accountants are familiar with. The life cycle of an asset has both direct and indirect affects on the environment. When something is purchased, it uses natural resources and when its usefulness has ended it generates waste. This impact must now be included in the life cycle analysis (Ekvali, T., Assela, G. & Bjorklund, A. et al., 2007). Research supports the necessity of life cycle assessment becoming an integral part of the EIA (Manuilova, Suibsiri, & Wilson, 2009). Life cycle assessments with an emphasis on specific applications within certain industries are being studied at an increasing rate. One example of these specific applications is the life cycle of coupled solar photocatalytic-biological processes in wastewater treatment (Munoz, Peral & Aylion et al., 2008). Much more literature exists that is industry specific.

Widheden & Ringstrom (2007) demonstrate how life cycle analysis can be used in product development. This is a relatively new concept in relation to environmental concerns, but life cycle analysis for product life has been a part of operational analysis for many years. The inclusion of the life cycle in relation to the EIA is recent development in this area. The use of discarded material is a key issue in life cycle analysis in the EIA (Thomas & McDougall, 2005). Trends in recent literature indicate that many new tools are being developed to assist accountants and operations managers in the conduct of life cycle analysis as a part of the EIA (Winkler & Bilitewski, 2007).

Comparative studies of different processes are an important tool for assessing the environmental impact of the life cycle of the product or process. One example of this type of comparative life cycle analysis is a study of landfilling vs. other forms of waste treatment (Banar, Cokaygil & Ozkan, 2009). This study may appear to only apply to the

Life Cycle Management
Managing a project is a process which begins well before implementation and which extends beyond the final steps of execution. This is because the project manager is not just responsible for overseeing a contract's realization. The project manager must also be fully involved in the steps leading up to this realization and the evaluative steps that must be engaged following. This is why the Project Management Life Cycle is such a critical concept. It provides a more complete framework for seeing an awarded contract, an internal team assignment or even an independent venture from its true start to finish. The discussion here considers some of the most important aspects of each of the four Project Life Cycle stages.

Initiating

The process of Initiating the project life cycle involves the preliminary steps that a project manager must take in order to establish the validity and value of a project. The…...

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Works Cited:

Gido, J. & Clements, J.P. (2011). Successful Project Management. Cengage Learning.

Method 123. (2013). Project Management Life Cycle Methodology. Method123.com.

But the spiral model stresses the maintenance aspect more than general project models.
The spiral model stresses the need to constantly take into consideration the ability to simplify a product for the market and render it impermeable to advances by hackers. Indeed, much of the motivation behind utilizing a life cycle model is to provide structure to avoid the problems of the "undisciplined hacker." Thus, the model seems particularly applicable for today's virus and worm-beset times.

The spiral model of product design of 'going back' before one goes forward adds a vital component to the problem solving process of the project execution life cycle. If a typical cycle of project life is structured into the following pattern of phases of objectives Definition Phase (what is to be accomplished?), Design Phase (what/how to do it), Realization Phase (doing it), and Implementation Phase (hand-over of it), the spiral project model introduces constant security…...

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Works Cited

Kay, Robert. (May 14, 2002) "System Development Cycles." Computer World. Retrieved 13 Jan 2005 at  http://www.computerworld.com/developmenttopics/development/story/0,10801,71151,00.html 

Level 1A. (2003) "Software Life Cycle Models." Retrieved 13 Jan 2005 at  http://www.levela.com/software_life_cycles_swdoc.htm 

Wideman, Max. (Last updated 1 Feb 2004) "The Role of Project Life Cycle (Life Span) in Project Management." Retrieved 13 Jan 2005.  http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/plc-models/late80s.htm

LCA of Printer Cartridges
Life Cycle Analysis and Environmental Impact of Printer Cartridges

Printer cartridges are an important part of the world in which we live. Every day we purchase them, use them, and eventually need to replace them. The objective of this study is to examine the life cycle environmental impacts of printer cartridges. This assessment will not examine a particular type of printer cartridge, but will consider the life cycle of a printer cartridge to be relatively homogeneous. The exception will be in the case of remanufactured cartridges. The goal of this study is to understand the environmental impact of printer cartridges along every state of their product lifecycle.

Functional Unit

ISO standards dictate that the functional unit of the system should be designed so that the inventory results can be understood on the basis of its function. The functional unit serves the purpose of making certain that various units printer cartridges…...

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References

Ahmadi, A.Williamson, B., & Theis, T. et al. (2003). Life-Cycle Inventory of Toner Produced for Xerographic Processes. Journal of Cleaner Production. 11: 573-582.

Bousquin, J., Esterman, M. & Rothenberg, S. (2011). Life Cycle Analysis in the Printing Industry: A Review. Printing Industry Center at RIT. Roche, New York.

Bozeman, M., DeYoung, V., & Laitko, W. et al. (2010). Life Cycle Assessment of a Solid Ink Printer Compared with a Color Laser Printer: Total Lifetime Energy Investment and Global Warming Impact. Xerox. September 2010.

First Environment, Inc. (2004). LaserJet cartridge environment comparison: a life cycle study of the HP 96 A print cartridge vs. Its remanufactured counterpart in the United Kingdom. Project No. HPCKA002. October 2004.

Life Cycle
The author of this report has been asked to do an article review on a subject related to the business world and project management. To meet this requirement, the author of this report has chosen a journal article about the project life cycle. It was written in 2013 by an author by the name of Oellgaard. The article itself pertains to the performance of the overall project life cycle methodology in practice. The article appeared in Project Management Journal. The author of this report will summarize the article itself, will succinctly answer what the article is addressing, will identify who is potentially affected by the topic and will assert an opinion about how well the article is written. While the general idea of the project life cycle is widely accepted by many scholars and professionals, it is a wise idea to always keep track of the method's efficacy…...

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References

Brown, K., & Hyer, N. (2010). Managing projects. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Oellgaard, M. (2013). The Performance of a Project Life Cycle Methodology in Practice. Proj Mgmt Jrnl, 44(4), 65-83. doi:10.1002/pmj.21357

life cycle is best for your project?." It was authored by some entity referred to as ExecutiveBrief. The article focuses on the development life aspect of project management, which is actually the type of methodology employed for developing a project prior to its movement to the production stage. This topic is extremely important in the field of project management, particularly because there are a number of different development models that individuals and organizations can choose to employ. It is vital to understand one's options relating to this pivotal area of project management, as well as the various factors that influence the selection of the model type. The authors have included a great deal of this information in the article which makes it fairly dense yet readable, and of extreme utility to a number of different people.
AFFECTED BY THE TOPIC

The individuals who are potentially affected by this topic include, most…...

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References

ExecutiveBrief. (No date). Which life cycle is best for your project?

Supply Chain Management Theory and Case Study
The process of constructing and maintaining of the immense and integral networks of infrastructure which are vital to the support and survival of municipalities and nations invariably relies upon the cooperative efforts of private enterprise and public entities to ensure that key elements such as a project's budgetary and scheduling concerns are addressed in an with economy and efficiency. Throughout the last century both private and public concerns were willing to work together in a collaborative way via the public-private partnership (PPP) model, a system which enables municipal governments to institute the issuing of bonds to produce financial support which is necessary for interstate highways, hydroelectric power plants, and the core components of infrastructure in the modern age. In a jointly authored article titled "A life-cycle risk management framework for PPP infrastructure projects," which was published within the Journal of Financial Management Of Property…...

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References

Guo, H, Li, H, & Skitmore, M. 2010, "Life-Cycle Management of Construction Projects Based

on Virtual Prototyping Technology." Journal of Management In Engineering, 26, 1

41-47, Scopus®, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 June 2014.

Zou, P, Wang, S, & Fang, D. 2008, "A life-cycle risk management framework for PPP

ystems Life Cycle and Database ystems Including
> Define systems, including why systems have a beginning and end.

> Discuss the importance of integrating a life cycle into the plan for development of a database

> Consider your organization or a business with which you are familiar. Provide examples of the database system it uses, its systems life cycle and how they are related. Is this effective? Why or why not?

> If your organization does not use a formal database system, what should it be implementing? Why?

The systems lifecycle in systems engineering refers to a system that addresses all phases of the engineering process. This includes: system conception, design and development, production and/or construction, distribution, operation, maintenance and support, retirement, phase-out and disposal.

As elaboration of each, we have:

1. Initial idea: this regards what the project is about, its purpose, and ways of accomplishing it.

Feasibility study -- how long the project should take,…...

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Sources

Techtarget.com Varying SDLC methodologies among development teams  http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/answer/Varying-SDLC-methodologies-among-development-teams 

SDLC

 http://azuliadesigns.com/system-development-life-cycles-sdlc/

Management
ationale for the use of life cycle Management at Glazers

LCM (Life Cycle Management) is a framework which manages and scrutinises the performance and sustainability of services and goods. This framework aims to achieve the long-term objectives of the business, and gives less stress on the short-term objectives. For getting a more sustainable value chain, organizations are making use of this framework, which would in turn improve their economic and social performance. Businesses throughout the world are making use of this framework for many purposes, like to improve their standing within the market, to strengthen the relationships with the stakeholders and to produce more environment friendly goods.

LCM urges the companies to look away from their own processes, and focus on activities which are not under the direct control of the company. Such activities include the upstream and the downstream operations that become a part of value chain. In previous days,…...

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References

Crul, M. And Diehl, J.C. (2007) Design for Sustainability (D4S): A Practical Approach for Developing Economies, UNEP publication (at asp?id=DTI/0826/PA).http://www.unep.fr/scp/publications/details.

International Standard ISO 14040 (2006) Environmental Management -Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.

Rebitzer, G., Hunkeler, D. (2003) Life cycle costing in LCM: ambitions, opportunities, and limitations - discussing a framework International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8 (5), pp. 253-6.

Remmen, A., Jensen, A.A., Frydendal. J. (2007) Life Cycle Management: A business guide to sustainability. UNEP/SETAC publication (at / publications/).http://www.unep.fr/scp/lcinitiative

software deployment life cycle after discussing the first of the phases of this important life cycle. Phase IV is seen as a crucial phase wherein is dealt with the actual performance of the newly installed software. Phase V concludes the life cycle and provides impetus for any new deployment plan in future.
The Last Two Phases of the Software Deployment Life Cycle

Software deployment is a complex endeavor, most fittingly used as early as possible in the organizational cycle. All software deployment life cycles must consider three basic tasks: preparing for release of the software, releasing the software application to operations and support, and releasing the software application to the organization's user community. These are the end goals of this endeavor. On a phase-by-phase basis as well, the software deployment life cycle is multifaceted, taking into account many details without which the work of software deployment is incomplete.

The first part of…...

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Bibliography

Ambler, S. (1999. November). Effective Software Deployment. SD Magazine. Internet.   on August 28, 2003].http://www.sdmagazine.com/ .[Available

Other rivals will have a more secure market share as well, and new drugs may develop. However, although the rise may not be as astronomical, hopefully from AstraZenica's perspective, Crestor's next phasing into the 'decline' phase of the product life cycle will not be as impressive, either.
orks Cited

CNN. Com. (18 Nov 2004) "Merck, FDA grilled at Senate hearing." Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://cnnmoney.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=Merck%2C+FDA+grilled+at+Senate+hearing+over+Vioxx+-+Nov.+18%2C+2004&expire=&urlID=12326029&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2004%2F11%2F18%2Fnews%2Ffortune500%2Fmerck%2Findex.htm%3Fcnn

Crestor. (2004) "About Crestor." Official site. Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://www.crestor.com/c/crestor/

Crestor. (2004) "Side Effects: Crestor." Official site. Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://www.crestor.com/c/crestor/sideeffects.asp

Drugrecall.com. (2004) "FDA says Crestor ads are false and misleading." Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://www.adrugrecall.com/news/crestor-safety.html

Marketing teacher. (2004) "Pricing." Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_pricing.htm

Marketing teacher." Product Life Cycle." Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_plc.

Marketing teacher. (2004) "Value Chain." Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_generic_strategies.htm...

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Works Cited

CNN. Com. (18 Nov 2004) "Merck, FDA grilled at Senate hearing." Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at http://cnnmoney.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=Merck%2C+FDA+grilled+at+Senate+hearing+over+Vioxx+-+Nov.+18%2C+2004&expire=&urlID=12326029&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2004%2F11%2F18%2Fnews%2Ffortune500%2Fmerck%2Findex.htm%3Fcnn

Crestor. (2004) "About Crestor." Official site. Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at  http://www.crestor.com/c/crestor/ 

Crestor. (2004) "Side Effects: Crestor." Official site. Retrieved 22 Jan 2005 at

4. Control Phase: This phase is the one in which maintaining the project within the "scope, cost, and schedule" as well as "within acceptable quality" is addressed due to the possible variables. "Unknown or unproven technologies....make these projects difficult for the project manager to baseline the scope, schedules, and costs during the Planning Phase." (Systems Lifecycle Development, 2001) Key deliverables in this phase are the development, testing, implementation and documentation of the scope control, schedule control, cost and quality control as well as the contract administration and configuration management in the project.

5. Closeout Phase: the final phase is characterized by the project being brought to an end with the manager of the project holding responsibility for making sure that the processes in closeout are accomplished while the systems are transitioned to maintenance perspective. The main activities in this phase are administration of closure of the project as well as financial…...

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Bibliography

Concept: Life Cycle Model (nd) available {Online] at  http://www.chambers.com/au.Sample_p/c_pmodel.htm 

Overview of Life Cycle Management (2004) United States Patent and Trademark Office Life Cycle Management Manual

Systems Development Lifecycle (2000) Executive Branch Dept. State of Michigan 2000 Dec 11 [Online] available at   -- 00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/dmb/0,1607,7-150-9131_9347-28112 

Information Technology Project Lifecycle

One weakness of the product life cycle is that it isn\'t set up for innovation. If your product doesn\'t operate for a full life cycle, you\'ll have to replace it over and over. That can be more costly than keeping the product for a long time and then only replacing it when a newer, better model comes along. Another weakness is predictability. That becomes dangerous, because competitors know what each company or individual in competition with them is likely doing. In order to break that knowledge and change the market, a company has to create something completely new and unexpected....

Outlining an Astronomy Essay: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

1. Attention-grabbing hook: Begin with a captivating sentence or question that piques the reader's interest in astronomy.
2. Background information: Provide context about the topic and its relevance.
3. Thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument or viewpoint of the essay.

Body Paragraph 1: The Vastness of the Cosmos

1. Topic sentence: Discuss the immense scale of the universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, and other celestial objects.
- Provide specific examples and statistics to illustrate the vastness.
2. Evidence: Use scientific data, observations, and theories to support the claims.
- Cite reputable sources and avoid making unsubstantiated statements.
3. Analysis:....

Justifying the Running Cost Savings of Commercial Green Buildings

The initial capital investment required for a commercial green building can be significantly higher than that of a conventional building. However, the long-term running cost savings associated with green buildings can justify this initial investment. Here's a detailed analysis:

1. Reduced Energy Consumption:

Green buildings incorporate energy-efficient design strategies and technologies, such as:

Improved insulation and sealing
High-performance windows
Efficient lighting systems
Renewable energy sources (e.g., solar panels)

These measures reduce energy consumption and lower utility bills. Studies have shown that green buildings can consume 20-50% less energy than conventional buildings.

2. Lower Water Usage:

Green buildings....

There are several ways that a company can effectively determine which stage of the product life cycle their product is in. Some of the common methods include:

1. Sales and revenue data: Analyzing sales and revenue data can provide valuable insights into the current demand for the product. Typically, products in the introduction stage will have slower sales and revenue growth, while products in the maturity or decline stage will show signs of stagnation or decline.

2. Market research: Conducting market research, such as surveys or focus groups, can help companies understand customer preferences, attitudes, and behaviors towards the product. This information....