The Shoshone bartered with them for horses which the team would need to cross the Rockies and for information relating to the pass routes used by the Nez Perce (Lewis and Clark). ith this help, the expedition found a suitable pass in the fall of 1805 along the Montana/Idaho border. However, food was extremely scarce, the horses were not in great condition and the passing through the Rockies proved to be altogether difficult. Still, they did get through, this becoming the first white men to successful travel across the continental divide (Discovering Lewis).
After descending the Rockies, the team used the Columbia River to navigate west into the Oregon territory. The expedition is credited with 'discovering' the inland portions of the Columbia and its significant tributary, the Snake River, which are the two dominant rivers in the Northwest (Lewis and Clark). The discovery and charting of these two rivers led…...
mlaWorks Cited
"Discovering Lewis and Clark- The Expedition." 1998. Lewis-Clark.org. 29 July 2010.
< http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-channel.asp?ChannelID=54 >
"Lewis and Clark." 1996. National Geographic Society. 29 July 2010.
< http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/index.html>
Congress, under orders from President Jefferson, made the decision to send up to twelve men to explore the land all the way to the West coast, and provided a budget of $2,500. The group was going to need to study every detail about the land, including the Native American tribes which already resided on the land. Additionally, the group would need to have a working knowledge of botany, geology, and wildlife, and record information about all of these things. In addition to Native Americans, it was expected that hunters from French-Canada and ritain were active in some Western areas, and the expedition would be expected to evaluate their influence in the areas. Finally, they would need to be able to accurately map out the terrain of the land. (Rick et al.)
The expedition would eventually be called the Corps of Discovery, and would have between thirty and forty members in…...
mlaBibliography
Ambrose, Stephen. "Why Did Thomas Jefferson Want the West?" Lewis and Clark. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/living/idx_1.html
Rick, K., et al. "Lewis and Clark Expedition." Wikipedia. 12 April 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_clark
Lewis & Clark
From the time the Mayflower arrived, Manifest Destiny was etched onto the consciousness of European settlers. An immutable sense of entitlement, coupled with a belief in the spiritual purpose of the mission, is what permeated every decision made by colonial and later, American officials with regards to settlement patterns, land acquisitions, and relations with Native Americans. Native Americans may have had their own "manifest destiny," which was unfortunately to be driven off ancestral lands, massacred, and their cultures collectively and systematically decimated. When Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the Corps of Discovery military expedition into Indian Lands, it was nothing but an expression of American intentions to seize all that was possible to seize. Americans felt entitled to the land, and did not value (or in many places even consider) the input, opinion, or needs of the Native Americans. Manifest Destiny had a dark side to nearly…...
mlaReference
Henderson, Rodger C. Lewis & Clark and the Indian Country: The Native American Perspective (review). The Journal of Military History. Vol 71, No. 2, April 2008.
Hoxie, Frederick E. And Nelson, Jay T. Lewis and Clark and the Indian Country. University of Illinois Press, 2007.
Jefferson also wanted to know what animals Lewis and Clark would encounter, and he wanted a full accounting of the things in the natural world that the two observed or interacted with along the route, which was the Missouri River.
Jefferson also wanted to make sure that there could be a trading port available to the young country in New Orleans, and Jefferson feared that residents of the western portion of the nation might split away. His reasons for the mission were many (beyond basic exploration), and he was smart to get Congress to appropriate the money for the trip.
What was the journey like and would I have liked to have been part of it? The journals that Lewis and Clark kept provided the president with a wealth of new information about the animals and the natural world in the northwest region of the young country. The abundance of the…...
For one thing, if the expedition failed, Lincoln knew that the effort could be justified on scientific grounds. A document was prepared on the various issues to be covered and with the questions to be asked. Jefferson delivered the plan to Congress on the basis of extending trade with the Indians, though clearly that was incidental to his main purpose. One of the theories to be tested was the one that saw the Indians as constituting one of the lost tribes of Israel, and it was though that this could be demonstrated by the languages of the tribes (Ronda 1-3).
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was a major undertaking and demonstrated the sort of effort that could be made by the United States when it wanted to do so. The fact that the President was the major force for the expedition is the reason it was undertaken and the reason…...
mlaWorks Cited
De Voto, Bernard. The Course of Empire. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952.
Fritz, Harry W. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. New York: Greenwood Publishing, 2004.
History of the Expedition." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (2008). April 28, 2008. http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/examples/servlet/transform/tamino/Library/lewisandclarkjournals?&_xmlsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/files/xml/introduction.general.xml&_xslsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/LCstyles.xsl.
Jackson, Donald. Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981.
Lewis and Clark said to every tribe that President Thomas Jefferson was the new great father of the land and gave the Indians a peace medal "with Jefferson on one side and two hands clasping on the other" as well as some supplies ("The Native Americans," PBS.com, 2007). Then the Corps members would perform a kind of parade, marching in uniform and ritualistically firing their guns into the air ("The Native Americans," PBS.com, 2007).
The positive contact between Europeans and Native Americans is perhaps best exemplified in the persona of Sacajawea and her husband the French-Canadian trapper and fur trader, Charbonneau. Lewis and Clark admitted that it were not for Sacajawea the expedition would have met with disaster many times. Once, one of the boats capsized in a sudden squall. Sacajawea, despite the fact she was carrying a papoose on her back was able to retrieve all of the records,…...
mlaWorks Cited
Challenges of the Lewis and Clark Expedition." National Geographic Society, 2001
Dec 2007. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/activities/01/lewis_gallery_1.html
Circa 1803." Lewis and Clark. PBS.com. 2007. 3 Dec 2007. http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/inside/idx_cir.html
The Native Americans." Lewis and Clark. PBS.com. 2007. 3 Dec 2007. http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/index.html
Lewis Clark, Patrick Gass the problem interpretation (communication) encountered explorers ( Indians) expedition.
hen Thomas Jefferson wrote Meriwether Louis on June 30, 1803 to instruct upon some of the conditions that the pending expedition imposed, he made several relevant considerations. The president emphasized that it was an important objective of the mission that knowledge should be acquired in regards to the people who inhabited the target regions of the expedition. He encouraged Meriwether to acquaint himself with the tribes and their religion, wealth, productions, arts, and language, among others. He also advised Meriwether that his behavior toward the inhabitants should be ?in the most friendly and conciliatory manner? (Jefferson 1803) insofar as he would be demonstrated similar conduct. Before going into any other details, it should be mentioned that the referenced expedition is of course the Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned by Thomas Jefferson and commanded by the two aforementioned. Meriwether…...
mlaWorks Cited
Cutright, Paul Russell. Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists. New ed. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. Print.
Dillon, Richard H. Meriwether Lewis. Lafayette, CA: Great West Books, 2003. Print.
Furwangler, Albert. Acts of Discovery: Visions of America in the Lewis and Clark Journals. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1999. Press.
Gass, Patrick. A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Discovery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Matthew Cary, 1810. Web. 26 Sep 2013.
Lewis and Clarke Expedition
The 'Lewis and Clarke' expedition heralded the rise of a new and mighty American nation. However this exploration also signaled the loss of the tribal culture and traditional values, which is why many historians rightly attribute the 'Lewis and Clarke' expedition to be the 'eginning of the end ' of the tribal culture
The Lewis and Clarke expedition was a phenomenal one that had a significant impact on the American nation in terms of both geographical expansion and the cultural influence. The exploration was the outcome of the long cherished dream and vision of President Jefferson. The project, which was envisioned by Jefferson, was led by Meriwether Lewis, a twenty-eight-year-old army officer together with his friend William Clark a 32-year-old army man. The expedition was basically a commercial exploration that was planned to look into the possibility of using the Mississippi River as a communication route and increasing…...
mlaBibliography
Designed by PBS media Inc., "How did Lewis and Clarke Deal with the Indians they Encountered," Accessed on April 4th, 2003, http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/living/6.html
2) Barbara Fielder, "Plains Indians" 'Polygamy', Accessed on April 4th 2003, http://www.stpaulswgl.vic.edu.au/Depts/plains%20indians/Html/family.htm
Richard L. Dieterle, "Encyclopedia of Hotcak,"
Glossary of Indian Nations," Accessed on April 4th 2003, http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.GlossaryIndianNations.html .[Polygamy]
historic expedition, Lewis and Clark used the Native American tribes to their advantage in many ways. The expedition had been charged with several important objectives, including furthering proclaiming American sovereignty in the west, advancing American trade, and promoting peace between Indian tribes. These aims were often complicated by the incredible diversity of the Native American tribes and culture. Importantly, the expedition relied upon the Natives for supplies along the way, and often relied on the Native American tribes for basic necessities like food and information about the uncharted west. The expedition often had to trust the Native American tribes and vice versa, and Sacagawea played an important role in establishing that trust. Not all relationships with the Native American tribes were positive, and the expedition suffered pilfering at the hands of the Clatsop and a direct raid on their guns by the Blackfeet.
Slightly less than 200 years ago, explorers…...
mlaWorks Cited
PBS. The Native Americans. http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/index.html
Ronda, James P. 2002. Lewis and Clark Among the Indians. Univ of Nebraska Pr.
Center for Educational Technologies. An Epic Journal with Lewis and Clark. 29 April 2004.
Jefferson's Character And Lewis And Clark
Thomas Jefferson's impact on the famous Lewis and Clark expedition comes from the impact of Jefferson's character on the objectives of the expedition itself, the influence of his character on the personality of Meriwether Lewis and the expedition-related tasks completed by both Lewis and illiam Clark. Jefferson's interest in Indian affairs, his love of scientific inquiry, and his loyalty to the fledgling American nation had a large impact on his design and deployment of the Lewis and Clark expedition. In addition, Jefferson's long relationship with the Lewis family likely had a strong impact on the development of the young Meriwether Lewis, especially in his love of nature. Jefferson chose both Lewis and Clark for the expedition likely because they exemplified many of the characteristics that Jefferson admired: they were both capable, self-taught men with an interest in the west and a love of nature. Many…...
mlaWorks Cited
Ambrose, Stephen. 1997. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the American West. Touchstone Books.
Moulton, Gary E. Introduction: The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. University of Nebraska Lincoln. 30 April 2004. http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/introduction.general.html
Peterson, Merrill D. 1986. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography. Oxford University Press.
Ronda, James P. 2002. Lewis and Clark Among the Indians. The University of Nebraska Press.
Among the animals found in these relatively lush riparian zones are elk, deer, bear, sheep, and mountain lions. In addition, smaller animals that live and feed along this biologically vital corridor may include birds (like the ring-necked pheasant, grouse, geese, falcons, great blue herons, hummingbirds and warblers), small mammals (such as longtail weasel and striped skunk), reptiles (garter snake and the western painted turtle), and amphibians (red-legged frog and the Pacific giant salamander). The flora and fauna often include many threatened, endangered, or sensitive species, among which could be the bald eagle, peregrine falcon, and kit fox (The Columbia iver Basin watershed and its ecosystems 2005).
The plant life along the river can also has an effect on the health of the species living in the river by maintaining the health of the river by influencing the amount and kind of sediment in the river. The vegetation along the side…...
mlaReferences
Columbia River (2005). Center for Columbia River History. Retrieved September 10, 2005 at http://www.ccrh.org/river/history.htm.
The Columbia River Basin watershed and its ecosystems (2005). Foundation for Water and Energy Education. Retrieved September 9, 2005 at http://www.fwee.org/crb.html .
How a hydroelectric project can affect a river (2005). Foundation for Water and Energy Education. Retrieved September 9, 2005 at http://www.fwee.org/hpar.html .
Human history in the Tetons (2001). Grand Teton History, retrieved September 10, 2005 at http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/gt/history/ .
Summary of the three most important leadership lessons learned
What one can and should learn from studying the life and thinking of Thomas Jefferson is that leaders are not necessarily born, but they are also shaped. What is takes to be a leader in those days, is similar to these. One needs constant learning and interest in different fields of activity that will cultivate not only a good understanding of their society but also a way of thinking that results into initiative. One of the features of Jefferson's leadership is the importance of initiative. Also, one should have within his communication skill those of persuasion. Without a convincingly presentation of one's ideas, these cannot become valuable initiatives - support, and later on persons that carry on one's idea, so therefore followers, are won by powerful statements by powerful men. That is what Thomas Jefferson had: initiative, based on a rigorous discipline…...
mlaBibliography
Biography Online. 3 Major Achievements of Thomas Jefferson. n.d. 22 March 2008. http://www.biographyonline.net/thomas_jefferson/achievements.html
Chemers, Martin M.. An Integrative Theory of Leadership. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1997
Eicholz, Hans. Harmonizing Sentiments: The Declaration of Independence and the Jeffersonian Idea of Self-Government. New York: Peter Lang. 2001
Gould, William D. "
Burnham spent most of his life in the early, expanding est in Detroit, Michigan. He worked as sign painter as well as a popular artist of portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes like the Young Artist. Burnham did the Lewis and Clark Expedition from his imagination, and many of his works are stylized and idealized types of Americana. The charm of the young boy drawing on a beer barrel to delight his friends, an old woman, and an African-American child (perhaps a servant or a slave, it remains slightly unclear) suggests that this is what true American art is -- and should resemble (Thomas Mickell Burnham, 2009, Ask Art). Burnham was also fond of popular seascapes of ships and sailors, evidently culled from his memory growing up in Boston.
The value of this work is primarily to get a glimpse of what American popular art resembled, and how America saw itself…...
mlaWorks Cited
Burnham, Thomas. (1840). The Young Artist. Orlando Museum. Retrieved February 26, 2009 at: http://www.omart.org/collections/american-art/thomas-mickell-burnham-young
Thomas Mickell Burnham. (2009). Ask Art. Retrieved February 26, 2009 http://www.askart.com/askart/b/thomas_mickell_burnham/thomas_mickell_burnham.aspx
Thomas Mickell Burnham. (2009). Art Net. Retrieved February 26, 2009 http://www.artnet.com/artist/3364/thomas-mickell-burnham.html
Art analysis
As a result, the majority of European business companies that handled the large number of fur trades were English. The largest of such firms was the Hudson's ay Company established in 1670 (elden, 82). This institution was the center of North American fur trading for more than two hundred years. It was founded by two French fur traders English merchant. The English government granted the company sole trading rights within the Hudson ay region. The development of the fur trade resulted in a greater integration between traders and merchants, and created an entire social system based upon this concept.
The French dominance of the marketplace meant that other European players wanted to gain momentum within the industry. ritish Merchants founded the North West Company in Montreal in order to compete with the stranglehold of Canadian fur trading (Innis, 154). y the late 1700's, fur became a much harder commodity to…...
mlaBurley, D., J. Scott Hamilton, and Knut R. Fladmark (1996) Prophecy of the Swan: The Upper Peace River Fur Trade of 1794-1823. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
Innis, Harold (1956) the Fur Trade in Canada. University of Ontario Press, Totonto.
Rich, E.E. (1966) Montreal and the Fur Trade. McGill University Press, Montreal.
African-Americans and Western Expansion
Prior to the 1960s and 1970s, very little was written about black participation in Western expansion from the colonial period to the 19th Century, much less about black and Native American cooperation against slavery. This history was not so much forbidden or censored as never written at all, or simply ignored when it was written. In reality, blacks participated in all facets of Western expansion, from the fur trade and cattle ranching to mining and agriculture. There were black cowboys and black participants in the Indian Wars -- on both sides, in fact. Indeed, the argument over slavery in the Western territories was one of the key factors in breaking up the Union in the 1850s and leading to the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. In the past thirty years, much of the previously unwritten and unrecorded history of the Americas since 1492 has been given…...
mlaBIBLIOGRAPHY
Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1970, 1995.
Foner, Philip S. History of Black Americans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Katz, William Loren. The Black West: A Documentary and Pictorial History of the African-American Role in the Westward Experience of the United States. NY: Random House, Inc., 2005.
Katz, William Loren. Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
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