Learning tends to be associated with specific ways of considering events and establishes a student's "explanatory style," or the components of permanence, pervasiveness, and personalization.
Permanence refers to someone believing that negative events and/or their causes are permanent, despite the fact that evidence, logic, and past experience indicate that they are instead temporary: "I'll never be good in English." Pervasiveness is generalizing, so a negative aspect of a situation is thought to extend to others as well: "I failed math, so I'll fail all my courses." Personalization deals with whether individuals attribute negative events to personal flaws or to outside circumstances or people. They tend to blame themselves for everything: "It's always my fault."

To overcome such helplessness, teachers have to incorporate means of gaining self-worth and learned optimism with activities identifying negative interpretations of events, assessing their accuracy and generating more accurate interpretations. The encouragement of gaining mastery over acquiring…...

mla

References

Bransford, J.D. (Ed) (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School Committee on Developments in the Science of Learning, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Caine, R.N., & Caine, G. (1997). Education on the edge of possibility. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic,1983

Goleman, D. (2006) Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantom Books

Learning Theory:
The process through which humans learn has been an issue of significant concern since the emergence of formal education thousands of years ago. In attempts to understand the process of human learning, there have been several theories and concepts that have been developed from time to time. These concepts and theories have particularly been a reflection of the various paradigm shifts in thought and practice. The most significant shift or event that contributed to understanding the process of human learning took place in the past century. This shift resulted in the development of a plethora of ideas regarding the most appropriate practices for encouraging learning. Notably, the shift led to the development of learning theory because of the extensive considerations by early educators and philosophers.

Learning theory is centered on identifying the best practices for encouraging learning since it traces the roots of learning and how the process of learning…...

mla

References:

Edgar, D.W. (2012). Learning Theories and Historical Events Affecting Instructional Design in Education: Recitation Literacy Toward Extraction Literacy Practices. SAGE Open, 2(4). Retrieved from  http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/2/4/2158244012462707.full 

Knowles, M.S., Holton, E.F. & Swanson, R.A. (2011) The Adult Learner., Oxford, UK: Elsevier,

Retrieved from  http://theteachingdoc.hubpages.com/hub/Malcolm-Knowles-and-Adult-Learning-Theory

Learning Theory and Its Implications for the Theory and Practice of Instructional Design Paradigm Shift in Instructional Learning Theory
PARADIGM SHIFT IN INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING

ecause of the global changes transforming every aspect of life there is a need to transform traditional instruction into learner-centered instruction. This requires a re-thinking of the roles played by the teacher and the students in the learning process which involves a major change in one's basic assumption on how people learn.

According to Chickering and Gamson (1987 p. 3) "learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much by just sitting in a class listening to teachers memorizing prepackaged assignments and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, related it to past experiences, apply it to their lives."

Research on cognition reveals that students who reflect on their learning are better learners than those who do not (Cross, 1996, p.6).…...

mla

Bibliography

Reigeluth, Charles M. 1999. Instructional-Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory. Vol. II. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

ERIC Digest. A Paradigm Shift from Instruction to Learning. What Is the New Paradigm of Instructional Theory by Reigeluth, Charles M. Indiana University www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802pages/mergel/brenda.html.  http://www.indiana.edu/~idtheory/green2.html . Instructional Design Theories and Models. Vol II by Charles M. Reigeluth, Editor. 1999. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  http://www.indiana.edu/~idtheory/home.htmlhttp://itech1.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper17/paper17.html.

The Applicability of Learning Theory Learning is a complex process by which an individual acquires and modifies their knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, and skills through study, instruction or experience. Theories provide a framework for understanding how learning occurs and the factors that influence its effectiveness. Learning theories are complex and comprehensive principles that explain how individual learn, develop, and progress (Rosser-Majors, 2017). They acknowledge that human beings learn differently and attempt to contextualize the learning process. Four of the most common learning theories are behaviorism, constructivism, cognitivism, and humanism. This text analyzes the learning process as portrayed by these four theories, the ideologies within each theory, and evidence-based application of learning theory to enhance learning.
Behaviorism Theory
Behaviorism theory emphasizes the role of external factors/stimuli in shaping an individual’s behavior (Rosser-Majors, 2017). Behaviorists argue that all behavior is an association between an environmental stimulus and the individual’s response to the same. As such, learning…...

Operant Conditioning and Grief
Because grief is an emotional process, many people are reluctant to believe that grief can, in many ways, be explained through operant or classical conditioning principles. However, the biochemical underpinnings of many type of love relationships serve as reward systems that can actually condition a person to feel love, which can result in grief when the object of affection is no longer available. In both sexual relationships and parent-child relationships, the body releases chemicals at certain times during the relationship- sexual intercourse, nursing, holding an infant, and hugging are all related to the body's release of hormones. Classical or operant conditioning principles suggest, then, that the presence of the loved one will, eventually be sufficient to stimulate the release of those hormones. If the loved one resides with the person who has done the learning or spends sufficient time with them, then it seems clear that the…...

Learning theories play a large role in the cultivation of curriculum within the realm of education. The purpose of this discussion is to describe how a selected learning theory influences curriculum. For the purposes of this discussion, we will focus on Social learning theory. Our research will contain a discussion of the learning theory, a description of how it affects curriculum design, and thoughts on the use of the theory in the 21st century schools.
Discussion of Social Learning Theory

There are many different learning theories that exist and are used to shape what students learn in the classroom. According to an article in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, social learning theory asserts, "behaviors modeled by others may be imitated in other relationships. Specifically, behaviors of higher status individuals are more likely to be imitated by individuals of lower status (eese-Weber, 2000)." In other words, this theory asserts that human behavior…...

mla

References

Ewen, R.B. (1998). An Introduction to Theories of Personality (5th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Horner, S.L. (2001). The Effects of Observational Learning on Preschoolers' Book-Related Behaviors and Alphabet Knowledge. Child Study Journal, 31(1), 1. Retrieved October 25, 2004, from Questia database,  http://www.questia.com .

Blackhurst, A.E. Keel, M.C., & Slaton, D.B.(2001). Acquisition of Content Area Vocabulary for Students with Learning Disabilities. Education & Treatment of Children, 24(1), 46.

Observational (Social) Learning: An Overview. Retrieved October 23,2004 from;  http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/soccog/soclrn.html

wilderdom.com/experiential/ExperientialWhatIs.html)."
Experiential education comes in many shapes and sizes

Experiential education is widely implemented across a range of topics and mediums - for example, outdoor education, service learning, internships, and group-based learning projects. Many educational projects are experiential, but don't refer to themselves as such (e.g., excursions, physical education, manual arts, drama, art, and so on)."

The value of experiential education is instrumental to my learning theory. I remember the first time I assisted in a classroom and saw how valuable it is when utilized correctly.

I was helping with a math lesson in a first grade classroom. The teacher had drawn an equation the board of 2 plus 3 equals 5. She had the students first discuss the equation and talk about things that could be added. The list was endless and fun and included pet dogs, cats, little sisters and brothers. It had the students laughing and paying close attention. The next…...

mla

REFERENCES

Albert Bandura

 http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html 

Passages by Albert Bandura ( http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/effquotes.html )

Bandura: Beliefs, Bobo, and Behavior  http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/0701/keynote.html

Dispositional and Learning Theory
The objective of this study is to describe the role of personality in affecting situational behavior and examine the personality characteristics attributed to each of the theories. This work will additionally explain the interpersonal relational aspects associated with the theories selected.

Personality is defined by Gordon Allport as the "dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person' behavior and thought." (Psychological Musings, 2011, p.1) Dispositional theory is reported to be such that "holds an optimistic view of human nature and believes healthy people are consciously motivated, maintain healthy relationships, and relate realistically to their environment." This theory is reported to be such that provides a description of personality traits referred to as 'dispositions'. It was theorized by Allport that "central traits from the fundamental structure of individual personalities and secondary traits contribute to less important characteristics." (Psychological Musings, 2011, p.1) Allport is noted…...

mla

Bibliography

Critique of Learning Perspectives on Personality (2003) Wilderdom. 29 Sept 2003. Retrieved from: http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/L9-4CritiqueLearningTheory.html

Introduction to Learning Perspectives on Personality (2003) Wilderdom 29 Sept 2003. Retrieved from: http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/L9-0LearningPerspectivesPersonality.html

Introduction to Personality (2011) Psychological Musings. 8 May 2011. Retrieved from:  http://psychological-musings.blogspot.com/2011/05/introduction-to-personality.html 

Personality Analysis: Humanist/Existential and Learning Theories (2011) Psychological Musings. 27 May 2011. Retrieved from:  http://psychological-musings.blogspot.com/2011/05/personality-analysis.html

" How much the design of cuiculum may affect the student in tems of leaning outcomes is anothe vey impotant consideation in this humanistic theoy of Combs and Snygg.
Diffeentiation in the Peceptions of Leaning Style

Just as diffeent individuals have diffeent tastes, views and pesonalities the theoies of leaning ae diffeentiated as well. Some of the leaning styles that exist ae Leaning pefeences that exist ae based in (1) Concete leaning (2) Abstact leaning (3) Teache-stuctued leaning (4) Student stuctued leaning (5) Intepesonal leaning; and (5) Individual leaning. The diffeentiation that exists in elation to styles of leaning is that upon which the many diffeent theoies of leaning ae based in thei beliefs. Fo example concete leaning is based on a belief o a theoy that tangible, specific and pactical tasks focused on skills is the most desiable method while in the methods that suppot abstact leaning the pefeence is fo…...

mla

references reflect curricular change. Medical Teacher 24(1), pp. 32-40

Richards, Ann C. Ed.D (2003) the Relationship Between Behavior and Experience: Fundamental Premise 2001 November 21. Presented at the Second National Symposium on Educator Dispositions. 21 November, 2003.

Kell, C & van Deursen, R. (2000) the fight against professional obsolescence should begin in the undergraduate curriculum, Medical Teacher, 22(2), pp. 160-163

Boeree, George C. (1998) Personality Theories: Donald Snygg & Arthur Combs. Online available at;  http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/snygg&combs.html 

Selected Learning Theory: Impact on Curriculum Design

Transformational Learning
More than twenty-five years ago, Jack Mezirow initiated a profound movement in the field of adult education, that of transformative learning theory. Since this time, the concept of transformative learning has been a topic of much research and theory building in the field of adult education as described in more detail in this research paper. Although Mezirow is considered to be the major developer of transformative learning theory, other perspectives about transformative learning have emerged and are still emering, indicating that Mezirow's work was just a beginning.

Today there are four major models of transformative learning: the cognitive-rational approach of Mezirow, Freire's social transformation, the concept of development by Daloz and spirituality dimensions advocated by Dirkx and Healey. And, critics such as oyd, and Clark and Wilson have criticized Mezirow's theory as too rationally driven. Even so, Merizow's theory still serves as a widely-used foundation to explain or compare the…...

mla

Bibliography

Boyd, R.D., and Myers, J.G..(1988, October-December). Transformative education. International Journal Of Lifelong Education 7, no. 4, 261-284.

Clark, M.C., & Wilson, A.L. (1991). Context and rationality in Mezirow's theory of transformational learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(2), 75-91.

Cranton, P.(1994). Understanding and promoting transformative learning: a guide for educators of adults. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Daloz, L. (1986). Effective teaching and mentoring. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

rain-ased Learning Theory
Learning does not only bring enlightenment to the weary souls but it also helps us learn, grow and be what we are potentially able to become. Therefore education plays a vital role in inculcating a sense of responsibility in children and to assist them in learning other highly important social skills. Thus through adequate instructional framework and effective and logical application of the learning theories, both educators and learners can considerably reap benefits of teaching and learning respectively. The purpose of this analytical research paper is to apply brain base learning theory in the most effective manner to the instructional design. The passages below will aim at the accomplishment of six distinct goals. We begin with the comprehension of the theory and principles of instructional design thereby defining it in detail.

GOAL I: Understand the Theoretical Foundations and Principles of Instructional Design

The term instructional design is not easy to…...

mla

Bibliography

Berger C. & Kam R (1996). Definitions of Instructional designs. Adopted from "training and instructional design," applied research lab, Penn State University. Retrieved February 15, 2003 at  http://www.umich.edu/~ed626/define.html 

Smith, P. & Ragan, T.(1993). Instructional design. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Leigh D. A Brief History of Instructional Design. Retrieved February 16, 2003 from:  http://www.pignc-ispi.com/articles/education/brief%20history.html 

Dorin, H., Demmin, P.E., Gabel, D. (1990). Chemistry: The study of matter. (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Maslow's Hierarchy
The below triangle and framework has been in place since the 1940's. It was first put forth in 1943 and was later updated, also by Maslow, a little over a decade later in 1954. The triangle or pyramid is constructed in such a way that the more "basic" and major needs are lower down the chain and the lesser but yet still worthy of mention needs are higher up. Indeed, basic needs, like the first two levels mentioned, are going to go get the most attention from any given person. However, the needs that are higher up the pyramid will get attention as well. The idea is that, to one degree or another, all of the needs on the pyramid influence our motivation or actions to one degree or another.

Physiological

There are five different needs when it comes to the Maslow hierarchy. They are depicted in picture form via a…...

mla

References

BBC. (2017). Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business - BBC News. BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918 

CM. (2017). Maslow's Hierarchy. Changingminds.org. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  http://changingminds.org/explanations/needs/maslow.htm 

EPI. (2017). Educational Psychology Interactive: Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Edpsycinteractive.org. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.html 

LT. (2017). MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. Learning-theories.com. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  https://www.learning-theories.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html

Thus instrumental condition would rely on the notion that a person generates a response rather than an environmental stimulus. I have found that both people and stimulus may elicit certain behaviors both in and outside of the classroom.
Instrumental conditioning is modeled after animal experiments which showed that the individual's environment can reinforce response controls, thus the best responses occur when reinforcement of a particular behavior is given. This I have learned to be the case in the classroom most assuredly, where students are more likely to exhibit positive behaviors more frequently when they are reinforced immediately for demonstrating positive behaviors. Generally the patterns that emerge from such conditioning are self-directed, meaning that I have found that most students engage in behaviors and continue to engage in behaviors which they find result in a positive response regardless of the environment they are placed in.

With regard to controlling adverse behavior, instrumental…...

mla

References

Chang, Min-Yu S. (1998). "Learning Theory and Advertising." CIA Advertising. 23,

October 2004, Available:  http://www.ciadvertising.org/studies/student/98_spring/theory/learning.html 

Klein, S.B. (2002). "Principles and Applications of Appetitive Conditioning." Mississippi

State University. McGraw Hill. Education. 22, October, 2004, Available:

Dominant Learning Theories
Excellence in the field of pedagogy depends on an understanding of the major learning theories and models along with an ability to use them when appropriate. Even if one doesn't agree with these major learning theories, it's still important to be aware of them as a professional. A strong comprehension of the major learning theories can also help to guide one's actions and choices as an educator, scholar or general pedagogue.

Behaviorism, for example, is a major learning theory which asserts that the bulk of learning that occurs in human beings is done through conditioning. This is important as it puts a lot of focus on the power of the environment and how the environment can shape a person's behaviors through the stimuli acquired. Behaviorism is a school of learning which pays very little attention to mental states, finding things like moods and emotions to be too subjective. This…...

mla

References

Cherry, K. (2014). What Is Behaviorism? Retrieved from about.com:  http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm 

Euromedinfo.eu. (2013). Behavioral, cognitive, humanist approaches. Retrieved from euromedinfo.eu:  http://www.euromedinfo.eu/behavioral-cognitive-humanist-approaches.html/ 

Fritscher, L. (2014). Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from about.com:  http://phobias.about.com/od/glossary/g/cognitivethedef.htm

learning theories, and apply them to the adult learning environment. Specifically behavioral, constructivist, and cognitive learning theories are examined.
Behavioral Learning Theories

This approach to learning suggests that learning is the result of external stimulus and response to stimulus, thus the learner's environment is the primary factor influencing learning (Hergenhahn & Olson, 1997). The focus of the behavioral learning model is changes in behavior facilitated by stimuli provided by the learner's environment; not stimuli produced by the learner. einforcement of stimuli in the environment are thought to effect change and therefore become critical to the learning process in this learning theory model. The learner's responses to stimuli can be strengthened depending on how one is conditioned to respond; meaning, in the behavioral model, positive reinforcement can serve to enforce positive learning.

Also important to the behavioral model is repetition and generalization of important learning concepts (Hartley, 1998). These serve to give the…...

mla

References:

Bruner, J.S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.

Bruner, J.S. (1996). The culture of education. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.

Hartley, J. (1998). Learning and studying. A research perspective. London: Routledge.

Huang, Hisu-Mei. (2002). Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology. Vol 33, No. 1, 27-37.

The first step in writing about non-nursing theory as applied to nursing practice is deciding what theories you are going to use.  Non-nursing theory refers to any theory that is not nursing-specific, which means that there are countless options you could choose to write your paper.  These different theories can be applied, with varying degrees of success, to nursing. The theories we would choose include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory.  We picked these three because they are the three psychosocial theories....

Here are some options for an essay on emotional development:

1. Research-based essay on emotional development: This essay can explore the latest scientific research on emotional development, including the impact of genetics, early experiences, and environment on the development of emotions. It can also discuss various theories of emotional development, such as attachment theory and social learning theory.

2. Persuasive essay on the importance of emotional development: This essay can make a case for why emotional development is crucial for overall well-being and success in life. It can discuss the benefits of emotional intelligence, empathy, and self-regulation, and argue for the importance....

Essay Topic Ideas Related to Bullying

Social Impact

The effects of bullying on the mental health and well-being of victims and perpetrators
The role of social media and technology in facilitating and exacerbating bullying
Bullying as a social norm: Exploring the causes and consequences of peer pressure
The impact of bullying on school climate and academic performance
The effectiveness of anti-bullying campaigns and policies in reducing bullying prevalence

Psychological and Physical Consequences

The long-term psychological effects of being bullied, including depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem
The physical health problems associated with bullying, such as headaches, stomach aches, and sleep disturbances
The link....

1. Piaget and Vygotsky: A Comparative Analysis of Child Development Theories

2. The Impact of Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory on Understanding Children's Behavior

3. Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development: How Children Form Their Identity

4. Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Exploring the Role of Observational Learning in Child Development

5. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory: Understanding Children's Development within their Environmental Context

6. The Contribution of Gesell's Maturation Theory to Understanding Physical Development in Children

7. Attachment Theory: Bowlby's Perspective on Emotional Bonding and its Effect on Child Development

8. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Analyzing Children's Ethical Reasoning and Decision-making

9. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory: Examining the Role....