This idea of guidance is important; children need the framework and support to expand their ZPD. Since the ZPD defines the skills and abilities that children are in the process of developing, there is also a range of development that we might call a "stretch goal"(Mooney).
For Vygotsky, supplying the child with a combination of theoretical and empirical learning methods is a more robust way to ensure cognition. This leads to something he called "leading activity," which, especially in middle childhood (e.g. elementary school), becomes an important formative step in the development of self-consciousness and a way to define the student's role within the world. Sell- reflection is one major accomplishment during this period, the transition from using social and cultural norms as values for evaluating the external world (peers, etc.) and then also mastering these concepts for inward, or self-reflection. As this process evolves, the child in the middle…...

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Bibliography

Boakes, R. (1984). From Darwin to Behaviorism. Cambridge: Cabridge University Press.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Cremin, L. (1961). The Transformation of the School. New York: Vantage.

Durlach, P. (1989). Learning and Performance in Pavlovian Conditioning. In e. Klein, Contemporary Learning Theories (pp. 19-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

It documented the preceding era's educational beliefs and styles in the field of mathematics and the results from implementing those beliefs on a wide scale.
The study sought to organize three themes including; "broad sociopolitical forces, particularly highly publicized educational policy statements; trends in mathematics research and theories of learning and instruction" (Mathematics, 2004, pg. 16). These themes, in particular, were focused on the effect (or lack thereof) they had on the field of mathematics. What the review seemed to find was that there were a number of areas of improvement that could take place in the field. One such area was that "too much instruction, particularly under the influence of behaviorism, had come to mean that students simply memorized what the teacher directed them to learn" (Mathematics, pg. 17).

Since the course allowed us to discover the differences in learning styles and theories it is interesting that one of those…...

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References

Becker, K.; (2007) Digital game-based learning once removed: Teaching teachers, British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 478-488

Espin, C.A.; Cevasco, J.; van den Broek, P.; Baker, S.; Gersten, R.; (2007) History as narrative: The nature and quality of historical understanding for students with LD, Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 174-82

Mathematics education in the United States: Past to present (2004) Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 16-31

Spada, N.; (2005) Conditions and challenges in developing school-based SLA research programs, the Modern Language Journal, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 328-338

(Wheeler; ichey; Tokkman; Sablynski, 2006)
In order to accomplish an outstanding job of supervising external relationship, companies must be ready for undertaking an outstanding job of carrying out internal relationships. This endeavor initiates with the recruitment, selection and retaining the appropriate staff. Whereas companies try hard to stand up to the knowledge, skills and aptitude -- KSAs of the prospective workforce to the urgencies of the job, majority of them does not have the time or the wherewithal to execute detailed recruitment and selection systems. This is particularly the case in which comparatively increased turnover levels authorize that hiring and selection processes be speedy and feasible. In order to live up to this challenge, managers sometimes concentrate on a collection of simply expressive personal attributes such as experience, length of service, age or education that can be evaluated during interview or going through the details of a job application. (Hartline;…...

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References

Benavides, Lily. (2006, Oct) "Retention Metrics: The Next Step in Employee Retention & Engagement." Retrieved 23 October, 2007 at  http://www.nchra.org/staticcontent/download/CH_1012_SolanoYolo.pdf 

Gass, David. (2007) "The Importance of Employee Retention."

Retrieved 23 October, 2007 at http://www.articlenorth.com/Article/the-Importance-of-Employee-Orientation/19328

Harrelson, Gary L. (2002, Oct-Dec) "Commentary" Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 37, no.

The role of language was less visible in Skinner, other than as one, among many reinforcement tools. Vygotsky stressed language acquisition as a vital, constant, but again, not always predictable and sequential part of different individual's learning, and that the word could be a microcosm of a human consciousness, if the right words could render a concept uniquely comprehensible to individuals in a particular learning environment. Thus in Skinner's rubric of learning, the learner was the passive instrument of the teacher, while in Vygotsky the learner was more individually empowered, but more socially located and dependant creature. However, unlike Skinner, who saw the ability of an individual to learn as limitless provided there was proper environmental shaping on the part of the conditioning teacher, Vygotsky believed saw learning as limited unless a student had proper social contacts. He believed in the need for learning to take place in developmental…...

It focuses on internal thoughts, expectations, and feeback loops. We develop our own unique "style" of learning through practice, but also a predisposition toward, reading it aloud; playing wih toys and manipultors. This combines with styles like aural, visual, and kinesthetic to form a basis for individual learning theory.
Summary 4 -- Observational Theory -- Learning through imitation - It is very easy to see how observational learning is important in early childhood education -- we learn to immitate adults and therefore become somewhat acculturated as well. However, observational learning cannot replace cognitive thinking about certain skills and actions (surgery, translating, piloting a complex machine, etc.). Instead, it becomes somewhat like behavior modification in that it becomes habitual -- almost reflexive and inate to the learner.

Summary 5- Does culture shape learning? -- One of the seminal activities that separates humans from other species is our ability to use cognition to…...

learning theories you selected.
I chose social constructivism and critical pedagogy.

I have always been fascinated by social constructivism for it enables me to see that much of what I take for granted has, in reality, been shaped by a constantly evolving and developing process of cultural interpretation. As Berger and Luckmann (1996) have explained in their 'Social construction of reality', we are shaped by our cultural perspectives and internalizations but then, in turn, certain individuals act in certain ways that may be different to the cultural norms of the time, and, by doing so, they slightly change cultural perspective. In a dialectic twist, the evolved culture continues on its way shaping interpretations, perspective, and behavior of all those born into that specific culture, ethnicity, and race.

As compared to nursing, I have noticed that many fads that were once common, no longer exist. This not only refers to different psychotherapeutic methods…...

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References

Bjorklund (2006). No man's land: gender bias and social constructivism in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27, 3-23

Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (1966), The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Street, F. (1992) Nursing: a critical ethnography of clinical nursing practice SUNY Press: NY

Learning Theories: Implications for the Nurse Educator
There are two specific learning theories that have to be addressed here. These are social cognitive and constructivist. By discussing both of these through the lens of the nurse educator, one is better able to understand how these theories work within that context and how they can affect not only what the nurse educator chooses to teach but what and how those who need nursing education actually learn. Social cognitive theory is focused on the observation of others (Bandura, 1985; Berg & Miller, 1992). In other words, it is believed that human beings cannot learn everything from their own experiences, and that part of helping the human race to continue is learning how to adapt from seeing what others are doing (Pajares, et al., 2009). While that might seem to be common sense, it is a very important theory of learning that has…...

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References

Bandura, A. (1985). Social foundations of thought and action. NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Berg, I.K. & Miller, S.D. (1992). Working with the problem drinker: A Solution-focused approach. NY: Norton.

Pajares, F., Prestin, A., Chen, J., Nabi, LR. (2009). Social cognitive theory and media effects. In Nabi, Robin L.; Oliver, Mary Beth, The SAGE Handbook of Media Processes and Effects. LA: Sage.

Atkinson R.K., Derry S.J., Renkl A., & Wortham D.W. (2000). Learning from examples: Instructional principles from the worked examples research. Review of Educational Research, 70: 181 -- 214.

Learning Theories and Models
One of the earliest types of learning theory is that of behaviorist theory, made famous by theorists such as B.F. Skinner. Although Skinner formalized the principles of behaviorism down to a science, at its core behaviorism is based upon simple 'carrot and stick' theory learning, namely that students are punished when they are incorrect and rewarded when they produce the desired response -- or in the workplace where workers are docked pay when they are late and rewarded with a bonus if they sell more widgets.

Cognitive theories of learning, as the name suggests, are based in the belief that "knowledge is actively constructed by learners and that any account of knowledge makes essential references to cognitive structures" (Behaviorism, 2011, Teaching guide for graduate instructors). Skinner used schedules of reinforcement in the form of operant conditioning to train animals to run mazes and push buttons by rewarding…...

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References

Behaviorism. (2011). Teaching guide for graduate instructors. UC Berkeley. Retrieved from:

 http://gsi.berkeley.edu/teachingguide/theories/behaviorism.html 

Constructivism as a paradigm for teaching and learning. (2013). Concept to Classroom.

Retrieved from:  http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/

There are advantages and disadvantages to the theory of constructivism. On the positive side, it means that children are ferocious learners because they have the innate neural tools in place to properly absorb and classify information. Piaget would argue that children need only be given the stimuli -- environment, information or other factors -- at the appropriate time when a child's brain is ready to absorb information.

Piaget suggested that learning takes place in stages. During one period, for example, a child might be fascinated by volumes, numbers and the relationship between them. The child may then want to focus on understanding everything that there is to do with size, volume, counting and other mathematical and geometric concepts. Once that child's framework has been 'filled,' his curiosity is sated and he/she moves to another framework waiting to be filled.

The disadvantage of using Piaget's theory is that it makes it difficult to…...

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Bibliography

Bandura, a. (1988). Organizational Application of Social Cognitive Theory. Australian Journal of Management, 275-302.

Hetherington, E. & . (1999). Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Pirsig, R. (1974). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. New York: William Morrow.

Skinner, B. (1938). The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. New York: D. Appleton-Century.

Learning Theories of ELLs and School Culture
Situated cognition theory;

Situated cognition theory states that the knowledge that people possess is embedded in their activities, culture and context within which it is learned. This type of learning is also commonly referred to as "situated learning." A lot of learning practice methods assume the acquisition of knowledge from the situation of learning an applied theory. Critics point out that such an assumption inhibits the effectiveness of the teaching practice. Inferences from recent research indicate that knowledge is situated as is partly a product of the activity, context and culture in which it is hatched and applied. Researchers have cast light on how this perspective of knowledge influences an understanding of the learning process. They point out that conventional schooling often ignores the critical role of the school of culture in the overall learning that goes on at school. These researchers have proposed cognitive…...

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Works Cited

A., C. (1988). Cognitive Apprenticeship and Instructional Technology. Technica Report.

Brown, J. S. (1989). Situated Cognition and The Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher.

J.G., G. (1998). Cognitive Apprenticeship and Instructional Technology. Technical Report.

Krashen. (1994). Krashen and the Natural Approach. Retrieved from ESL Proffessional Development: http://esl-proffessional-development-wikispaces.com/krashen+and+the+Natural+Approach

The Importance of Diet and Exercise among African Immigrant Ages 25 to 50 Years Old Living in Grande Prairie Alberta Canada. Obesity is a serious health concern in world today. The health effect of obesity is that it predisposes one to health complications such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Such health complications that are often associated with a state of overweight makes it a concern to health care providers and the public. The state of obesity has been prevalent among immigrant communities who come from developing countries and Africa in particular. The prevalence of obesity in this population has been attributed to factors such as exposure to foods with high calories and presence of technology that lessens the amount of manual labor required (Gele & Mbalilaki, 2013). One study found out that obesity has the effect of increased mortality rate in any population due to its ability to cause diseases.…...

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References

Anis A., Zhang W., Bansback N., Guh D., Amarsi Z & Birmingham C. 2010. Obesity and overweight in Canada: an updated cost-of-illness study. Obes Rev. 11(1):31-

McDonough C, Dunkley AJ, Aujla N, Morris D, Davies MJ & Khunti K. 2013. The association between body mass index and health-related quality of life: influence of ethnicity on this relationship. Diabetes Obes Metab. 15(4):342-8.

Gele A. & Mbeleke A. (2013). Overweight and Obesity among African Immigrants. Biomed Central, 6(1): 419-523

Twells LK, Gregory DM, Reddigan J, Midodzi WK. 2014. Current and predicted prevalence of obesity in Canada: a trend analysis. CMAJ Open.3; 2(1):E18-26.

The key assumptions underlying strain, control, and learning theories of criminal behavior are similar, which is why they are sometimes integrated or at least interrelated in criminological discourse. Strain theories evolved from Durkheim’s theory of anomie: the individual’s disregard for social norms arising from the breakdown of social cohesion (Crossman, 2019). A breakdown of social cohesion can result from the ineffectiveness or the perceived illegitimacy of social institutions. Thomas Merton proposed that anomie can be exacerbated when individuals experience strain—or psychological distress—resulting from unmet needs, especially when those needs are unmet due to sociological problems such as inequality, injustice, or disparity. Control theories posit a set of internal and external controls on individual or even collective behavior. Social institutions are assumed to serve as mechanisms of social control, also influencing individual behaviors via a series of real or perceived constraints. Like strain theories, control theories assume that social cohesion is important…...

Maslow's Hierarchy
The below triangle and framework has been in place since the 1940's. It was first put forth in 1943 and was later updated, also by Maslow, a little over a decade later in 1954. The triangle or pyramid is constructed in such a way that the more "basic" and major needs are lower down the chain and the lesser but yet still worthy of mention needs are higher up. Indeed, basic needs, like the first two levels mentioned, are going to go get the most attention from any given person. However, the needs that are higher up the pyramid will get attention as well. The idea is that, to one degree or another, all of the needs on the pyramid influence our motivation or actions to one degree or another.

Physiological

There are five different needs when it comes to the Maslow hierarchy. They are depicted in picture form via a…...

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References

BBC. (2017). Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business - BBC News. BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918 

CM. (2017). Maslow's Hierarchy. Changingminds.org. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  http://changingminds.org/explanations/needs/maslow.htm 

EPI. (2017). Educational Psychology Interactive: Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Edpsycinteractive.org. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.html 

LT. (2017). MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. Learning-theories.com. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from  https://www.learning-theories.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html

Thus instrumental condition would rely on the notion that a person generates a response rather than an environmental stimulus. I have found that both people and stimulus may elicit certain behaviors both in and outside of the classroom.
Instrumental conditioning is modeled after animal experiments which showed that the individual's environment can reinforce response controls, thus the best responses occur when reinforcement of a particular behavior is given. This I have learned to be the case in the classroom most assuredly, where students are more likely to exhibit positive behaviors more frequently when they are reinforced immediately for demonstrating positive behaviors. Generally the patterns that emerge from such conditioning are self-directed, meaning that I have found that most students engage in behaviors and continue to engage in behaviors which they find result in a positive response regardless of the environment they are placed in.

With regard to controlling adverse behavior, instrumental…...

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References

Chang, Min-Yu S. (1998). "Learning Theory and Advertising." CIA Advertising. 23,

October 2004, Available:  http://www.ciadvertising.org/studies/student/98_spring/theory/learning.html 

Klein, S.B. (2002). "Principles and Applications of Appetitive Conditioning." Mississippi

State University. McGraw Hill. Education. 22, October, 2004, Available:

Dominant Learning Theories
Excellence in the field of pedagogy depends on an understanding of the major learning theories and models along with an ability to use them when appropriate. Even if one doesn't agree with these major learning theories, it's still important to be aware of them as a professional. A strong comprehension of the major learning theories can also help to guide one's actions and choices as an educator, scholar or general pedagogue.

Behaviorism, for example, is a major learning theory which asserts that the bulk of learning that occurs in human beings is done through conditioning. This is important as it puts a lot of focus on the power of the environment and how the environment can shape a person's behaviors through the stimuli acquired. Behaviorism is a school of learning which pays very little attention to mental states, finding things like moods and emotions to be too subjective. This…...

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References

Cherry, K. (2014). What Is Behaviorism? Retrieved from about.com:  http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm 

Euromedinfo.eu. (2013). Behavioral, cognitive, humanist approaches. Retrieved from euromedinfo.eu:  http://www.euromedinfo.eu/behavioral-cognitive-humanist-approaches.html/ 

Fritscher, L. (2014). Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from about.com:  http://phobias.about.com/od/glossary/g/cognitivethedef.htm

1. Elementary teaching is a complex and challenging profession that requires a unique blend of skills and knowledge. Elementary teachers are responsible for nurturing the intellectual, social, and emotional growth of their young students during a critical stage of their development. They play a pivotal role in shaping the future of these young learners, instilling in them a love of learning, critical thinking skills, and a foundation for lifelong success. This essay delves into the intricacies of elementary teaching, exploring the essential elements that contribute to effective instruction, the challenges faced by educators in this field, and the profound impact....

1. In the field of education, the application of psychological principles has the potential to greatly enhance teaching practices and promote student well-being. By understanding how students learn and develop cognitively, emotionally, and socially, educators can tailor their instructional methods to meet the diverse needs of learners and create a supportive learning environment. This essay will explore the ways in which psychological principles can be leveraged to improve teaching effectiveness and contribute to the overall well-being of students in educational settings.

2. A fundamental aspect of incorporating psychological principles into education is the understanding of various learning theories that explain....

Student Academic Motivation

Student academic motivation is a complex and multifaceted construct that has been the subject of extensive research in the field of education. It is generally defined as the desire and drive to succeed in academic pursuits, and it is influenced by a variety of factors, including individual student characteristics, classroom environment, and societal expectations.

Key Factors Influencing Student Academic Motivation

Research has identified several key factors that play a significant role in student academic motivation. These factors can be broadly categorized into three main groups:

1. Individual Student Characteristics

Intrinsic Motivation: This refers to the internal desire to learn and....