al-Mart will also adjust itself to the economic environment in order to remain competitive. After 9/11 al-Mart recognized a change in consumer spending at their stores and adjusted prices to reflect this trend. al-mart understood "the consumer need of a breather at the start of s long-awaited consumer spending recession." hat did his business philosophy, model for business success over the long-range and subsequent adjustments due to consumer trends amount to for al-Mart? This last Christmas seasonal shopping remained promising when compared to 2003 but still did not meet analysts' forecasts. hen in this challenging economic state, al-Mart to be successful because of "a late surge in shopping and use of gift cards -- which estimated to make up 8% of holiday sales this year -- after Christmas resulted in solid, if unspectacular, sales." In comparison, Kmart "stores open at least a year fell 4.6% in the November-December period."v

Learning Curve

hat…...

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Works Cited

About Kmart, Corporate History. 2005 Jan 10. Kmartcorp.com. Available at   Accessed 2005 Jan 10.http://www.kmartcorp.com/corp/story/general/corporate_history.stm .

Bhatnagar P. 2004 Nov 17. The Kmart-Sears Deal. CNN Money. Available at to+merge+int%2411B+deal+-+Nov.+17%2C+2004&expire=&until. Accessed 2005 Jan 7.http://cnnmony.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt/action=cpt&title=Kmart%2C+Sears+

Chandler S. 2004 Nov 18. Will Bigger Be Better. Chicago Tribune Online Edition. Available at  http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ch1-0411180366nov18,1,607 

0450.printstory7ctrack-3&csct-true. Accessed 2005 Jan 7.

" I still do that, " and for the question of what happens when you get stuck on a word he replied, "Just mainly that or just ask somebody"
Subject 2: Was a much more confident reader and this is most likely because of the ability to use phonics' based reading and thinking process. The subject had advanced phonics' in a previous grade and those principles have carried forward into the self-esteem and confidence in regard to reading. He has a viable solution for answering his own questions regarding words or sounds he does not know.

According to the analysis of the spelling features, both boys are in similar spelling stages, however, the phonics background in subject 2 will help him develop faster as both a readier and a speller. The children were both using phonetic spelling techniques to pass the spelling portion of the assessment, however, subject one is using it…...

Community Colleges in America
In 1983 and 1984, a dozen major reports on the United States' schools were published. All stressed the need for "excellence" in education. These reports are the subject of: Excellence in Education: Perspectives on Policy and Practice. The reports pertaining to higher education were published by The BusinessHigher Education Forum, and saw higher education as "unable to train skilled managers and technicians that they believed industry needed." (Altbach 32) These reports essentially claim that student achievement has declined at technical schools because schools "do not demand enough of their students, do not apply stiff criteria for promotion, do not test students enough, and particularly in high school, provide students with too many choices about what subjects they study." (Altbach 32) These reports are somewhat dated in that they compare American students with Japanese students and focus on technical proficiency vs. The intuitive grasp of problems and methodologies…...

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Works Cited

Altbach, Philip G., Gail P. Kelly, and Lois Weis, eds. Excellence in Education: Perspectives on Policy and Practice. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1985.

Baker, George A., Judy Dudziak, and Peggy Tyler, eds. A Handbook on the Community College in America: Its History, Mission, and Management. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Diaz, David P., and Ryan B. Cartnal. "Students' Learning Styles in Two Classes Online Distance Learning and Equivalent On-Campus." College Teaching 47.4 (1999): 130-135.

Miller, Richard I., Charles Finley, and Candace Shedd Vancko. Evaluating, Improving, and Judging Faculty Performance in Two-Year Colleges. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2000.

Learning Organization
Prelude

The present enterprises are up against strict challenges, of which the most strenuous are fast technology adaptation, worldwide competition and clients demand for enhanced quality. This is just the tip of the iceberg. A company needs to adhere to changes fast accordingly so as to survive in the global environment. So, in short, knowledge and continual learning are crucially imperative. The competitive advantage for any company is knowledge. But according to Dr. Yogesh Malhotra (2003), initiating chairman as well as chief knowledge Architect of BINT Institute, LLC states that, 'Knowledge is a competitive tool only in cases where action oriented approach is taken. Competitive advantage is plausible when information is translated into substantial action'. A key method of creating wealth of knowledge and resources into formidable action is via instituting a learning organization (Gardiner et al., 2001).

In this paper, the focus is to examine the learning organization and…...

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References

Driver, M. (2002). The learning organization: Foucauldian gloom or Utopian sunshine. Human Relations 55 (1): 33- 53.

Elkjaer, B. (2001). "The Learning Organization: an Undelivered Promise" in Stafylarakis, Eldridge (2008). Understanding the Learning Organization. Unit 5, Human Resource Development. Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.

Ellinger, D., Alexander E., Baiyin Y. And Shelly W. (2003). Making the Business Case for the Learning Organization Concept. Advances in Developing Human Resources 5(2): 163- 172.

Gardiner, P., Mike L., Eugene S. (2001). "Learning in Organizations: HR Implications and Considerations" in Stafylarakis, Eldridge (2008). Understanding the Learning Organization: Unit 5, Human Resource Development. Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.

Self-Efficacy: A Definition
Social Cognitive Theory

Triangulation Data analysis

Teacher Self-Efficacy

Problems for the researcher

Data Analysis and Related Literature review.

aseline Group

Gender Deviation

Age Deviation

Comparison of data with other literature in the field.

Everyday Integration

Efficacy, Self-esteem, Confidence and Experience

arriers to use

Integration paradigm.

Co-oping and Project design.

Organizational Climate

Teacher Integration Education.

Meta-evaluation of data and related literature.

Data Analysis and Comparison

Recommendation for Further Research

Data Review Report

Teacher efficacy in the classroom is facilitated by a number of different factors for different professions. However, in the case of the teaching classroom, and adapting to new technology, andura's belief that the environment and the person's attitude toward / interactions with the environment are reciprocally affective.

andura (1993) identified 4 specific ways that self-efficacy is formed:

Through cognitive experiences

Through motivational experiences

Their affective interactions with environment

Through selectional experiences and choices.

Cognitive Experiences

andura believed that the effects of self-efficacy beliefs on cognitive processes take many directed by individually selected, and personal goal setting is influenced by self-appraisal of capabilities. The stronger…...

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Bibliography of the literature dealing with teacher training in the uses of the computer in education. (ERIC No. ED 260-696)

Bushman, B. And Baumeister, R. (1998, July) Threatened Egotism, Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and Direct and Misplaced Aggression: Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Lead to Violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Campus Computing Project. (1999). The continuing challenge of instructional integration and user support. Encino, CA: Retrieved November 21, 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://www.campuscomputing.net/

Christensen, R. (2002, 22 June) Effects of technology integration education on the attitudes of teachers and students.Journal of Research on Technology in Education.

Clifford, M., Kim, A. McDonald, B. (1988 Fall) "Responses to Failure as Influenced by Task Attribution, Outcome Attribution, and Failure Tolerance." The Journal of Experimental Education. Volume 57, Number 1. Pages 19-35.

" (Simon, 188) the fundamental perspective here is that leadership and the ability to apply actions based on culturally driven decisions are central to helping members of the organization learn in a concrete manner how best to accord with the reigning culture.
In order for this to occur though, there must be a certain initial scrutiny and selectiveness where leadership and personnel are concerned, endorsing an organization-wide emphasis on the quality of personnel. This implicitly brings us to consideration of the application phase in terms of learning organizational culture, which is inevitably associated to all actionable aspects of an organization's structure and operations. The correlation between recruitment, personnel makeup and leadership personalities is perhaps threaded by the common string of day-to-day responsibility within an organizational culture. And quite certainly, we see the stamp of organizational culture on so many of the most important applicable indicators. Schein, to this end, points out…...

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References

Arnold, J., Cooper, C. & Robertson, I.T. (1995). Work psychology: Understanding human behavior in the workplace, Pitman Publishing, London.

Beer, M. & Walton, E. (1990). Developing the competitive organization: interventions and strategies. American Psychologists, 45(22), 154-161.

Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. Harper and Row, New York.

Bowditch, J.L. & Buono, a.F. (1994). A primer on organizational behavior. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.

Elementary Special Education Teachers Place Value in the use of Technology Resources for Students?
Alix Desulme

Technology is an integral part of society. Students learn through use of technology like personal computers, tablets, and e-books (Garland & Tadeja, 2013). Computers can provide access to videos, documents, and other forms of data that students have the choice of absorbing via visual or auditory methods. Tablets provide the same access but with a light-weight, touch responsive interface. Technology investment within schools not only enables varied learning opportunities for students, but it also helps students discover or improve their own ability to research and analyze information, collaborate and communicate, and solve problems (Lim, Zhao, Tondeur, Chai, & Tsai, 2013). Comment by Steve Moskowitz: Yes, this is the reason

Technology helps provide other benefits. Integrating technology in schools, especially in other areas like special education enable staff to develop new ways of teaching and creating curriculum…...

Teacher-Parent Collaboration
The following analysis focuses on the article titled "Preparation for Teacher-Parent Partnerships: A Practical Experience with a Family" by Hedges H. & Gibbs. According to the authors, there is the need for both stakeholders to collaborate, maximize the children's learning, and enhance early childhood education. The paper shows that despite these efforts, there are few ways that train the teachers of how to develop professional relationships with the parents. It continues to report on the use of field experience in family homes that occurred in the first year of a teacher educational program. While seeking to achieve the objective, it explores a case study of two student-teachers. The step is necessary because it shows the potential of the technique to this teacher's preparation. After the assessment, the students and teachers were seen to suffer from the realities that families create on a daily basis.

Hedges and Gibbs have provided substantial…...

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References

Hedges H. & Gibbs C. A (2005). Practical Experience with a Family Preparation for Teacher-Parent Partnerships. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 26:115-126

Hiatt-Michael, D. B. (2010). Promising Practices to Support Family Involvement in Schools. New York: IAP

Hornby G. (2011). Parental Involvement in Childhood Education: Building Effective School-Family Partnerships. Springer Science & Business Media

Learning and Cognitive Psychology Related to Memory
Memory has control over everything that an individual does and is a part of cognitive psychology that deals with all the human behavior and mental processes. It is divided into different categories with each of them performing their particular functions. The paper investigates the different types of memories and their purpose as each one plays its part in keeping the memory part of the brain functioning. The nature, maintenance, retrieval and capacity of memory are also discussed along with the different factors that influence it. The paper also discusses the application of TRS model on the working memory, which leads to the prediction that maintenance activities should postpone concurrent processing.

Introduction

Memory is what drives our everyday life, makes us relate to or recollect things from the past and in many ways defines our behavior. We take it for granted as the effort required to put…...

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Bibliography

Baddeley, A.D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975).World length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575-589.

Blankenship, A.B. (1938). Memory span: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 35, 1-25.

Brener, R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 467-482

Bousfield, W.A. (1953). The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229 -- 240. doi:10.1080/00221309.1953.9710088

Production Possibilities
Production possibility curves are representation of the amount of two different goods that can be obtained by shifting resources from the production of one, to the production of the other. In addition, the graph represents maximum specified production level of one commodity that results given the production level of the other (Samuelson, 1962). The curve is used to describe consumers' choice between two different goods.

The curves represent a wide range of economic factors; scarcity, opportunity costs, and choice. According to the curve, scarcity is the fundamental economic problems all societies face; opportunity cost being the cost of anything used in the production in terms of what has to be given; these costs could be financial, but they could include individuals' time and other intangibles. Besides, the possibility curve shows two products and the consumer has the choice to choose the best one between them.

An individual earning $30,000 with the…...

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References

Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Russell Sage Foundation.

Government of Alberta. (2012, July 25). Oil and Gas. Retrieved October 19, 2012, from www.albertacanada.com: http://www.albertacanada.com/business/industries/oil-and-gas.aspx

Lemieux, P. (2001, March 19). The Diminishing Returns to Tobacco Legislation. The Laissez Faire City Times.

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (2003 ). Tutorial. Retrieved October 19, 2012, from www.highered.mcgraw-hill.com:  http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070901651/student_view0/chapter10/tutorial.html

This can be exploited to encourage the adult students to get into adult education and continue from one stage to another.
Secondly nowles poses that experimental or pragmatic education is the most effective form of adult education. This involves allowing the learners to make mistakes and continue learning from the same. This, as a practitioner, I can use as a very effective tool of assisting the adult learners. It is worth encouraging them to try what they can especially in class participation, assignments, co-curricular activities without reservations and pointing out the shortfalls as I tell them how they can use the same to learn.

Thirdly, Andragogy presumes that for adults to be truly ready to learn new ideas, they need to feel the assurance that whatever they are due to learn or are learning is straightforwardly pertinent to their daily lives. This helps practitioners develop a learning curriculum that is applicable…...

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Knowles also posed that adults learn things from the perspective of actively solving problems, rather than acquiring new content and ideas passively. Adults have a wide range of experiences that form the basis of their learning. When teaching adults, it is crucial to use their divergent experiences to help them learn the applied skills in particular. Their experiences can be used to be a pivot from which the teacher or instructor introduces new ideas o them. Ralph and Roger (1991), says that adult learner will, "Identify his learning need when he finds a problem to be solved, a skill to be acquired, or information to be obtained. He is able to articulate his need in the form of a general goal, differentiate that goal into several specific objectives, and define fairly explicitly his criteria for successful achievement. In implementing his need, he gathers the information he desires, collects ideas, practices skills, works to resolve his problems, and achieves his goals. In evaluating, the learner judges the appropriateness of newly acquired skills, the adequacy of his solutions, and the quality of his new ideas and knowledge." This is proof enough that adult learners are equally active in their quest for knowledge and its application.

Information review

There has been significant scientific research made in the field of adult learning, one of them being on the general fallacy that human beings lose the brain cells everyday. It is however s established that

Learning
The Role of the Hippocampus in Instrumental Conditioning

Laura H. Corbit and Bernard W. Balleine

The rational for the study is to shed light on a fundamental process occurring in instrumental learning that has not been well-researched. The authors hypothesize that instrumental learning consists of stimulus response (SR) processes and action-outcome (AO) processes. SR associations are encoded into procedural memory, whereas AO associations are encoded into declarative memory. The authors cite research that has stated that declarative memory is hippocampal dependent. Thus, the authors hypothesize that damage to the hippocampus should interfere with AO associations while not interfering with SR associations. In experiment 1A rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions and sham lesions (the IV) are tested for their sensitivity to outcome devaluation with a satiety treatment protocol (the DV) after being trained to press levers for two types of reinforces. The hypothesis was that lesioned rats would demonstrate a weakened devaluation effect.…...

Millions of dollars are spent on test-prep manuals, books, computer programs and worksheets (Gluckman, 2002). Static/captive learning can help teachers around the nation prepare their students for standardized testing.
Significance of the Study to Leadership

A principal is the leader of the campus. The challenge for the principal is to know his or her district's mandated curriculum and make sure teachers are able to deliver it (Shipman & Murphy, 2001). As the key decision-maker for the use of time and space, principals must be aware of how the use of time and space affects instruction. Principals need to know how best to use assessment data based on relevant content standards with teachers, school communities. Improved student learning is always the focus of assessment.

ecause of high stakes testing, teachers are always assessing to monitor student progress and plan the scope and sequence of instruction. Principals can work to structure school schedules to…...

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Bibliography

Anglin, Gary J., Vaez, Hossein, and Cunningham, Kathryn L. (nd) Visual Representations and Learning: The Role of Static and Animated Graphics. Visualization and Learning. Online available at:  http://www.aect.org/edtech/33.pdf 

Arnold, T.C., & Dwyer, F.M. (1975). Realism in visualized instruction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 40, 369 -- 370.

de Melo, H.T. (1981). Visual self-paced instruction and visual testing in biological science at the secondary level (Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 4954A.

Dwyer, F.M. (1969). The effect of varying the amount of realistic detail in visual illustrations designed to complement programmed instruction. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology, 6, 147 -- 153.

Autism Detection and Education
Exercise and movement can affect ones' learning environment and kinesthetic learners in a variety of positive ways. Firstly, these two things induce an element of dynamism in one's learning environment, which is beneficial to kinesthetic learners. Kinesthetic learners learn best via the sort of motion and feeling associated with touch, so movement is merely an extension of this sort of tendency for learning. Additionally, these learners can thrive in an environment in which they can actually move and experience learning through the process of such motion -- which can very well involve directly apprehending things, instead of merely reading or listening to them. In this respect, exercise is a part of the kinesthetic learning style.

Persevering and never giving upon on a student embodies the Christian walk of faith and how Christ loves and forgives us in a number of different ways. Firstly, it is indicative of the…...

Continuous Learning and Professional Development Differentiating Training from Development
Training
Development
What It Is
Specific program designed to give workers skills and knowledge they will need to complete work-related and role-related tasks
Broadly defined by long-term goals, such as employee growth and performance, development refers to the measure of an employee’s contributions to the workplace over a period of time
How It is Applied
Typically whenever a new hire is onboarded or whenever a new employee is brought in to perform in a new role, training is applied over the duration of a few days or weeks to acquaint the worker with the information and practices that will be required to perform in the role. Techniques can include:
· Seminars
· Video training
· Reading material
· Shadowing
· Mentoring
Development is applied by conducting employee reviews, setting goals for the department and aligning the individual worker’s performance and goals with those of the department and organization. Development is measured by performing:
· Annual employee…...

1. Lack of experience: Students transitioning to a teacher role may struggle with lack of experience in managing a classroom, developing lesson plans, and assessing student progress.

2. Building authority: Transitioning from being a peer to being an authority figure can be challenging for some students. Establishing boundaries and maintaining discipline in the classroom can be difficult.

3. Time management: Balancing teaching responsibilities with other commitments, such as lesson planning, grading, and professional development, can be overwhelming for new teachers.

4. Dealing with student behavior: Managing a classroom full of students with varying personalities and behaviors can be a significant challenge for new....

Challenges in Transitioning from Student to Teacher Role

The transition from student to teacher is a significant shift that presents numerous challenges for aspiring educators. Here are some key obstacles that students may encounter:

1. Role Change and Authority:

As students, individuals have been accustomed to receiving instruction and guidance. Becoming a teacher requires a fundamental role shift to assuming a position of authority and responsibility for student learning. Establishing discipline and managing the classroom effectively can be particularly daunting initially.

2. Knowledge and Pedagogy:

While students may possess a strong academic foundation in their subject areas, transitioning to teaching involves mastering specific pedagogical knowledge....

1. The skills and techniques in cheerleading focus more on teamwork and synchronization, while gymnastics emphasizes individual performance and precision.

2. Cheerleading requires performers to incorporate dance, jumps, stunts, and tumbling in their routines, whereas gymnastics primarily focuses on floor exercises, balance beam, vault, and uneven bars routine.

3. The level of physical strength required in cheerleading is higher compared to gymnastics, as cheerleaders often lift and support the weight of their teammates during stunts and pyramids.

4. Cheerleading involves constant movement and energy throughout the routine, while gymnastics routines require more pauses and focus on specific elements such as....