No matter what efforts were attempted, the aggression of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Pacific Ocean and the then-American territory of Hawaii exploded into the official beginning of World War II in 1941. Strangely enough, it is fair to make the argument that one of the events which drove Hitler to push Germany deeper and deeper into war, despite being advised to the contrary, was the humiliation of having to cater to the peace movement that culminated after World War I and led to the birth of the League; this is not to say that the League actually caused additional war, however.
Upon the conclusion of World War II, after the death of Hitler and defeat of Germany and Japan respectively, the world once again in 1945 found itself repeating where it had been immediately after World War I. Whether the popular opinion that the League of Nations was…...
mlaBibliography
Grigorescu, Alexandru. "Mapping the UN-League of Nations Analogy: Are There Still Lessons to Be Learned from the League?." Global Governance 11.1 (2005): 25+.
Margulies, Herbert F. "The Moderates in the League of Nations Battle: An Overlooked Faction." The Historian 60.2 (1998): 273+.
Mazower, Mark. "Minorities and the League of Nations in Interwar Europe." Daedalus 126.2 (1997): 47+.
Northedge, F.S. The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920-1946. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1986.
America, United ations and the League of ations
All through its continuation, The ational Interest of the United States of America has endeavored to recognize and assess the rational structures that motivate American Foreign-policy production. All efforts to devise a proper tactical political policy have constantly escorted, back to the invariable foundation: the recognition of national objectives, goals, and intents. Successive American administrations have believed that foreign policy is devoid of implication unless it points in the direction of the achievement of America's national objectives.
Therefore, the inevitable prerequisite to a balanced assessment of the usage of the United ations and the League of ations is to study the aims and intents of American foreign policy during that time. The paper has made an attempt to recognize the connection between the American ational Interest and the utility of these two organizations.
America's Rejection to support the League of ations
The Historical Background
The League of…...
mlaNicholas H.G. The United Nations as a Political Institution. London: Oxford University Press, 1959. Taken from: Thomas G. Weiss. United Nations and Changing World Politics. Westview Press. 2004. Pg: 221
Wilcox Francis. Proposals for Changes in the United Nations. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1956. Taken from: Thomas G. Weiss. United Nations and Changing World Politics. Westview Press. 2004. Pg: 222.
Wilcox Francis. Proposals for Changes in the United Nations. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1956. Taken from: Thomas G. Weiss. United Nations and Changing World Politics. Westview Press. 2004. Pg: 223
Nation States
Descriptions
Are states still relevant?
ealist, cooperative, liberal and critical theories of international relations
The realist theory of international politics views states as 'black box' actors. The possibly competing interests of citizens and bureaucrats within the state are ignored. ealism holds that "at its most fundamental level, the national interest is generic and easy to define: all states seek to preserve their political autonomy and their territorial integrity. Once these two interests have been secured, however, national interests may take different forms. Some states may have an interest in securing more resources or land; other states may wish to expand their own political or economic systems into other areas; some states may merely wish to be left alone" (Ferraro 2011). Another synonym for realism is 'rationalism.' States are assumed to be able to rationally pursue their own interests in the international community.
Of course, realists understand that the world does not always behave…...
mlaReferences
Ferraro, Vincent. (2011). Political realism. Mt. Holyoke College.
Retrieved December 13, 2011 at http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pol116/realism.htm
Morgenthau, Hans J. (1978). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace,
5th Ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978, pp. 4-15. Retrieved December 13, 2011 at http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/morg6.htm
Responsible for the Failure of the League Nations
Absence of extraordinary powers
Great powers refer to nations that have influential abilities and capabilities to exert force in any national or international happening. The League of Nations lacked enormous formidable powers who could participate in influencing decision-making processes. The covenant of the League of Nations was incorporated to be part of the peace settlement. Nonetheless, the league failed to be separated from the powers that could have had influential powers to its policies. Many nations were for the nation that the Treaty of Versailles in order to foster revenge activities.
The same idea had no plans to be rectified in the case that the plans never went as planned. ecause these nations had failed to be part of the rectification processes, these nations failed to be members of the League of Nations. ecause of this aspect, many nations failed to be part of…...
mlaBibliography
Ellis, C.H. (2003). The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations. Clark, N.J.,
Lawbook Exchange.
Ginneken, A.H.M.V. (2006). Historical dictionary of the League of Nations. Lanham, MD,
Scarecrow Press. Retrieved on 17th February 2013 from .
United Nations, the Unwanted Nobodies and this tells you much about its status in the world.
The UN has been implicated in a good deal of corruption and scandal. It has been said to be political, to be bigoted, to evidence cowardice and fail its responsibilities, to misappropriate its resources, and to misuse judgment. These have been only a few -- and the weakest -- of the accusations leveled against this not particularly effective institution.
The UN has failed, time and again, to intervene in major world crisis when it was most needed. ather than stand their ground with Egypt for instance during the six-day war, it deserted the region, and it demonstrated this same behavior time and again during the African genocides. Similarly, too, the UN showed its ineffectiveness during the crisis with Iraq, becoming a puppet in the hands of France and ussia who tried to use it against…...
mlaReferences
americans-world.org . Americans and the World: a source of comprehensive information on U.S. public opinion http://www.americans-world.org/digest/global_issues/un/un1.cfm
Charter of the UN
http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml
Kim R. Holmes, Assistant Secretary of State, "The Challenges Facing the United Nations Today: An American View," address to the Council on Foreign Relations, October 21, 2003, at www.cfr.org/publication.php?id=6451#.
Once all countries, big, small, rich and poor, realize that their greater good lies in maintaining global peace without any "ifs and buts" they can join forces to reform the UN and make it a more effective body.
orks Cited
Charter of the United Nations." United Nations' Official ebsite. 2007. March 10, 2007. http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html
Holmes, Kim R. "New orld Disorder: A Critique of the United Nations." Journal of International Affairs. 46: 2, 1993. pp: 323-340
Kant, Immanuel. "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch." 1795. Mount Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm
Mallaby, Sebastian. "Bound to Fail." Newsweek International, March 5, 2007 issue. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17311792/site/newsweek/
Slavin, Barbara and Bill Nichols. "Bolton a 'guided missile.'" USA TODAY. 11/30/2003. March 10, 2007 http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-11-30-bolton-usat_x.htm
The Charter of the United Nations was signed by the representatives of 50 countries on June 26, 1945; the start of its preamble states: "e the peoples of the United Nations [are] determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of…...
mlaWorks Cited
Charter of the United Nations." United Nations' Official Website. 2007. March 10, 2007. http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html
Holmes, Kim R. "New World Disorder: A Critique of the United Nations." Journal of International Affairs. 46: 2, 1993. pp: 323-340
Kant, Immanuel. "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch." 1795. Mount Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm
Mallaby, Sebastian. "Bound to Fail." Newsweek International, March 5, 2007 issue. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17311792/site/newsweek/
United Nations: Failures
The United Nations is the result of an international policy experiment that aimed at bringing together the countries of the world in an attempt to avoid conflagrations such as the First and Second World wars from taking place again in the modern history of human kind. The loss of lives in the wars that marked the 20th century determined world leaders and in particular the five great powers that emerged victorious after the Second World War to consider a new political structure that would determine a path of communication, of public diplomacy and ensure a system of constant contact based on international law. lmost seven decades later, no world conflagrations have taken place; yet, the UN is considered to have failed in its attempt to manage regional and local conflicts and avoiding the loss of human life. The late 20th century saw a series of significant failures from…...
mlaAs innocent lives were torn apart, there were individual efforts to take action for the protection. Monique Mujawamariya, a Rwandan human rights activist, personally visited Washington to contact Anthony Lake, a UN National Security Advisor, in order to request extra arms and military assistance to prevent the Hutu extremists from killing her people. However, Anthony Lake responded, "the U.S. has no friends, only interests, and the U.S. has no interest in Rwanda. We have no motivation." He also reminded her about the previous incident in Somalia, where UN troops were killed brutally. He said that he did not want the UN to "return with coffins again." However, the situation in Rwanda was incomparable to the situation in Somalia because there was a public genocide. Despite this urgency, the UN did not even recognize the situation as "genocide."
According to the analysis framework of the UN, the UN defined genocide in 1948 as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part1; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group." Nonetheless, there was an increased indifference to the situation in Rwanda, and ambassadors of the UN refused to accept the situation as genocide. However, the massacre of Tutsis in particular by the Hutus is a sign of "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction." The mere fact that the UN eschewed the gravity of this genocide was a failure of the UN to exercise its intended practices as an international peacekeeping force.
The majority of the UN officials especially in the Security Council simply did not recognize this event as a significant factor or issue during their discussions. Even President Clinton of the United States himself stated in a speech regarding the country's intentions stated that issues ranging from "Rwanda to Georgia" will
The coelation between coopeative initiation and eceptive tendencies, howeve, is much weake" (p. 32).
The oveiding theme that emeges fom all of the foegoing analytical models is the fact that although intenational conflicts and be effectively modeled and deconstucted in ode to gain a bette undestanding of the pecipitating factos and how they play out in eal-wold settings, they do not necessaily povide the insights needed to develop esolutions to these conflicts no do they povide peemptive altenatives that could stop the conflict fom stating in the fist place. Indeed, epidemiologists use compaable techniques to undestanding how disease pocesses evolve and spead thoughout a human population, but diffeent techniques ae equied to develop coesponding cues and teatments fo thei diseases. Similaly, the analysis of intenational conflicts that is needed to help decision-makes identify viable solutions will equie an additional and supplemental type of analytical methodology.
Given the potential fo death and…...
mlareferences. New York: United Nations University Press.
Bercovitch, J. (1999). Resolving international conflicts: The theory and practice of mediation.
Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Kenneth B. (1962). Conflict and defense. New York: Harper and Row.
Goertz, G. & Diehl, P.F. (1992). Territorial changes and international conflict. New York:
nations real? What makes them more or less real? Consider two concrete examples of the embodiment of national ideology.
Are nations real?
ecause of their establishment in the political firmament of contemporary society, nations seem or 'feel' so real that we forget most of the nations we take for granted are relatively young constructs. Italy and Germany were fractious, yoked-together provinces well into the 19th century. Even the United States only became united by a civil war, and today many Americans still proclaim the virtues of states' rights. During the end of both global conflicts in the 20th century, there was an international debate amongst the victorious map-drawing nations as to what constituted a 'nation' and what types of ethnic, religious, and cultural claims justified a right to sovereignty. "Nationalist claims are focused upon the non-voluntary community of common origin, language, tradition and culture, so that in the classical view an…...
mlaBibliography
Israel. 2011. U.S. Department of State. [10 Dec 2011].
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3581.htm
Miscevic, Nenad. 2010. Nationalism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Accessed: / [10 Dec 2011]http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism
history of the League of Women Voters rightly begins with the very inception of the Women's Movement and the fight for liberation in the United States. During the early history of the United States there was little, if any respect for the principles of women's rights. In an intensely patriarchal society a man " ... virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions. If a poor man chose to send his children to the poorhouse, the mother was legally defenseless to object." (Women's History in America) The history of women's movements in the United States is largely a reaction to this system of exclusion and male-dominance.
The start of the history of the fight for women's rights begins with a tea party hosted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in New York. Mrs. Stanton expressed her feelings of discontent at the situation of women in society. This meeting…...
mlaBibliography
A biography of America: The sixties. learner. February 13, 2005.. http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog24/feature/
Eisenberg B. And Ruthsdotter M. Living the Legacy:
The Women's Rights Movement 1848 -- 1998. February 12, 2005. http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS. Houghton Mifflin. February 13, 2005.
ut help is on the way. A elgian theologian is cited as saying: 'It is important and healthy for women, for families, for societies, that we are dealing with the return of the human male, almost from the dead'." (2007) It is interesting to note that there appears to be great fear among the Polish majority mindset that the strong role of men in their society will somehow be diminished by women also entering into a role that is modified from the present role attributed to Polish womanhood and strengthened. The media in Poland has actively and imaginatively played with the Polish nationalist party and served to drive the country back into pre-E.U. accession mindset.
The cover of Wprost in May 2004 is stated to feature a man "placed well above the woman" who is looking "proudly and sternly ahead, into the future; the woman teeth bared in a submissive…...
mlaBibliography
Abizadeh, Arash (2004) Liberal nationalist vs. postnational social integration: on the nation's ethno-cultural particularity and 'concreteness. Nations and Nationalism 10 (3), 2004, 231 -- 250. r ASEN 2004
Agnieszka Graff (2005) The Return of the Real Man: Gender and E.U. Accession in Three Polish Weeklies. Online available at: http://www.iub.edu/~reeiweb/events/2005/graffpaper.pdf
Alsop, Rachel and Hockey, Jenny (2004) in: In Women in society: achievements, risk, and challenges. Nova Publishers, 2004
Dizard, R., Korte, H. And Zamejc, A (2007) Right-Wing Nationalism in Poland: A threat to human rights? 2007 by Rachael Dizard, Henrike Korte and Anna "amej." Online available at: oland/Dizard_Korte_Zhttp://humanityinaction.org/docs/Reports/2007_Reports_P
movie, A League of Their Own centers on the All-American Girls Professional aseball League's (AAGPL) first season; the league was initiated to bridge the chasm that was formed by disbanding of the Major League aseball on account of the Second World War. For the very first time in baseball history, young females from urban softball and farm leagues across America were sought for playing professional baseball. The league was fairly short-lived, partly due to a return of the men following the war's culmination and subsequent re-establishment of ML; as a result, the AAGPL's popularity dropped. The dozen years for which the league operated left its mark on sports history, since it offered female athletes a chance to professionally pursue baseball and make much more money than factory workers.
How does the film relate to what you read about the early history of sport (Module 3: The Early History of Sport…...
mlaBibliography
AAGPBL. (n.d.). League History. Retrieved from www.aagpbl.org: http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history
Bonzel, K. (n.d.). A League of Their Own: The Impossibility of the Female Sports Hero. Retrieved from www.screeningthepast.com: http://www.screeningthepast.com/2013/10/a-league-of-their-own-the-impossibility-of-the-female-sports-hero/
Crosset, T. (n.d.). Masculinity, Sexuality, and the Development of Early Modern Sport.
Early history of sport. in North America. (n.d.)
Natisve Americans
Native Americans and European nations during the seventeenth century lived peacefully in such a manner that it was impossible to believe that this peace coexistence would be disrupted after the end of French and Indian ar in 1763. The ar of League of Augsburg and the ar of Spanish Succession were fought in late seventeenth and early eighteenth century respectively in order to gain power, wealth and lands in the eastern part of North America.
Native Americans in North America after 1763
Native Americans and European nations during the seventeenth century lived peacefully in such a manner that it was impossible to believe that this peace coexistence would be disrupted after the end of French and Indian ar in 1763. The ar of League of Augsburg and the ar of Spanish Succession were fought in late seventeenth and early eighteenth century respectively in order to gain power, wealth and lands in…...
mlaWork Cited
James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. America: A Concise History (textbook) 2012. pgs. 100-104 and 116-125, 138-142
The U.S. Debate over Membership in the League of Nations
After the end of orld ar I, the world was weary of war and the ravages that it had taken on the European continent and it would seem reasonable to suggest that policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic would be eager to form some type of league to resolve future conflicts. According to Margulies (1998), "Following the signing of the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference in June 1919, where he played a major role in negotiating that treaty, which established the League of Nations, President oodrow ilson turned his attention to persuading the U.S. Senate to ratify the new treaty" (273). The Senate of the 66th Congress was almost equally divided between the Republican Party with 49 and the Democrats who fielded 47 senators (Marguilies). Although the president could rely on the majority of the Democrats in…...
mlaWorks Cited
Egerton, George W. Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics,
and International Organization, 1914-1919. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 1978.
Janas, Michael. 2006. "Woodrow Wilson's Western Tour: Rhetoric, Public Opinion and the League of Nations." Argumentation and Advocacy 42(4): 229.
Scholarship notes that these five groups are critical in managing the electoral politics of the U.N., and in the manner resolutions are adopted by group. Complications arise, for instance, because the Arab world is split between Africa and Asia, and the former Soviet Republics are split between Asia and Eastern Europe, which also includes Russia. [12: Ibid.]
The importance of understanding these groupings is that they play a strategic role in controlling issues surrounding leadership, membership, responsibilities, and structure. The success or failure of a number of campaigns and issues follows the ability to find consensus with the groups, and the individual group's ability to exercise negotiation techniques to sway other blocs. Ironically, analysis of voting records over the past few decades show that despite the importance of electoral groups, 10% of written commitments between groups and 20% of oral commitments are discounted based on misleading information or intention. [13:…...
I. Introduction
A. Brief background information on World War 1 and World War 2
B. Thesis statement comparing and contrasting the two wars
II. Causes of World War 1
A. Imperialism
B. Nationalism
C. Militarism
D. Alliances
III. Causes of World War 2
A. Treaty of Versailles
B. Rise of Fascism
C. Appeasement
D. Economic Depression
IV. Major Players in World War 1
A. Allied Powers
B. Central Powers
V. Major Players in World War 2
A. Allied Powers
B. Axis Powers
VI. Military Strategies in World War 1
A. Trench Warfare
B. Use of tanks and airplanes
VII. Military Strategies in World War 2
A.....
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