Latin American Politics
United States-Latin American relations have under went many changes during the 20th century, a time of intense U.S. involvement in the region. Describe the shifts as evidence by Gunboat Diplomacy, Good Neighbor Policy, Alliance for Progress, and The Reagan Doctrine. Explain the reasons behind each shift and also the underlying consistencies of U.S. Policy.

Because of its geographic proximity to the United States, Latin America has been a key concern for the United States. In the twentieth century, the U.S. intervened in Latin America to keep peace in its countries, build a transcontinental canal, attend to economic interests, and keep communism from invading the world. The United States used its political and economic superiority and its strong military force to work toward these goals.

During the late 19th century, the United States declared victory over the Spanish empire, establishing the nation's status as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.…...

The developmentalism of the Somoza era (over 40 years of repressive government) was "part of a comprehensive strategy" by the U.S. to: a) keep the Somoza family in power; b) to ward off influences by Cuba and the U.S.S.R.; and c) create "internationally backed institutions" like the "Nicaraguan Investment Corporation" (Cervantes-Rodriguez, 200).
Meanwhile, another updated view reflects that today a few Latin America nations are emerging from "traditional agrarian to an urban industrial economy" (Riesco, 2009, p. S22) -- but other Latin American countries are just "taking early steps," Riesco explains. There have been two distinct development strategies employed in Latin America, including "state developmentalism" in the period between the 1920s roughly to the 1980s, which Riesco explains has been successful in terms of meeting economic and social progress (S22).

And in the last few decades several Latin American countries adopted what Riesco refers to as "the Washington consensus" which places…...

mla

Bibliography

Cervantes-Rodriguez, Margarita, 2009, 'Nothing (Entirely) New under the Sun: Developmentalism and Neoliberalism in Nicaragua', in Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America?: Societies and Politics at the Crossroads, J. Burdick, P. Oxhorn, and K. Roberts, Editors. Macmillan: New York.

Draibe, Sona, and Riesco, Manuel, 2009, 'Social Policy and Development in Latin America: The Long View', Social Policy & Administration, vol. 43, 328-346.

Riesco, Manuel, 2009, 'Latin America: a new developmental welfare state model in the making? International Journal of Social Welfare, vol. 18, S22-S36.

Wynia, Gary W., 1990, The Politics of Latin American Development, Cambridge University Press: New York.

While this may not sound controversial now, at the time it was, as Brazilian scientists and doctors would typically attempt to conform to whatever had recently been discovered in Western Europe without trying to generate any of their own original contributions to their fields. The Escola Tropicalista Bahiana, on the other hand, would attempt to merge tropical medicine with the latest European advances, in an effort to producing medical advances that catered particularly to the denizens of northeastern Brazil. In doing so, they effectively challenged the dominance of Rio de Janeiro in the medical field. Since they had no official medical base, they utilized the charity hospital in Salvador, where they began teaching and publishing an influential medical journal. They were thus able to make a powerful and effective contribution to medicine from a uniquely Latin American - and specifically Brazilian - perspective.
Part II, Question B

After the coup d'etat…...

Latin American Movement
Just recently, ocas del Toro, a city of Panama, has been wrought with civil unrest, riots, protests and police violence. The cause of these disturbances is the new law that the Panamanian Assembly approved, called Law 30, or more aptly nicknamed "The Chorizo (Sausage) Law." To pass this law without public scrutiny, the National Assembly held three days of extraordinary meetings -- behind closed doors -- with no public hearing and closely guarded by the National Police (Joubert-Ceci). The driving force behind passing the law is President Ricardo Martinelli, who came into power in 2009 as a conservative candidate, full of ideas for change and betterment for his people by "cutting crime and corruption." (rockwehl)

Since that time it has become increasingly clear to Panama, the United States and the United Nations that President Martinelli had no such plans for change or betterment. Instead of upholding his pledges, Martinelli…...

mla

Bibliography

Arosemana, Yasser Williams. "Interpreting Law 30: The "sausage Law" a Challenge to Democracy." HOME | Newsroom Panama - Panama News and Events in English. 15 July 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2011. .

Brockwehl, Alexander. "Panama's Unraveling Democracy: The Social Cost of Martinelli's Chorizo Law." Centre Tricontinental - CETRI. 30 July 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2011. .

Joubert-Ceci, Berta. "State Repression Awakens Worker Resistance in Panama." Workers World. 14 July 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2011. .

Singer, Olivia. "Labor Unrest in Central America: The Growing Divide between Economic and Labor Policy." Center for Strategic and International Studies. 20 July 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2011. .

Latin American History
What were the main external and internal threats facing the Spanish Empire in the Americas from the 16th -19th centuries? The Spanish Empire, by virtue of the timing of the discovery and placement of colonies in the New World, was the first global empire. Spain, however, was very dependent upon the resources it could export in order to battle England and France for hegemony on the seas and in the New World. Essentially, the Empire was too large to manage effectively and Spain was engaged almost continually in multi-front wars for control over territory without the resources to adequately hold those territories. During the Habsburg Golden Age, roughly 1516-1643, Spain controlled the Holy Roman Empire and, from the political capital of Seville, ruled the world. Rather than a more modern approach to investment, the wealthy of Spain invested in public debt rather than in production, manufacturing and agriculture.…...

Latin America: Political or Apolitical
Forrest Colburn argues in his book, Latin America at the End of Politics that ideological conflicts between the conservative and liberal ideologies have lost their pull in Latin America and a new more apolitical consensus about government has emerged regionally. This work will analyze and evaluate Colburn's claims regarding the new ideology of Latin America. Specifically, the work will compare Colburn's theories with the case material about Guatemala, Mexico, Cuba, Nicaragua, Chili and Brazil that can be found with Harry E. Vanden and Gary Prevost's book, Politics of Latin America: The Power Game. Colburn's core ideas are bolstered and contradicted within the case work mentioned but the overall impression of the work has much merit in the foundation of the political climate within Latin America.

Colburn's theories revolve around the idea that through the dramatic changes both within Latin America and around the world that have proven…...

mla

Works Cited

Colburn, Forrest D. Latin America at the End of Politics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Vanden, Harry E., Gary Prevost. Politics of Latin America: The Power Game. New York:

Oxford University Press, 2002.

Latin American History
For the first two generations of Latin America's radicals, liberals and democrats, the legacy of the colonial past was a terrible burden that their countries had to overcome in order to achieve progress and social and economic development. That legacy included absolutism, arbitrary rule, aristocracy, feudalism, slavery, oppression of the indigenous peoples, lack of public education and the overwhelming power of the Catholic Church, backed by the state. Almost all of them, including Francisco Bilbao, Jose Mora, Andres Bello and Jose Lastarria hoped for a break with the past, either through gradual reform or revolutionary upheaval, and they often placed great emphasis on the need for a secular system of public education. Their basic assumption was that feudalism should be replaced with free market/free trade capitalism, although as early as the 1840s the most advanced thinkers were already becoming familiar with the new socialist ideas in Europe. On…...

mla

WORKS CITED

Bello, Andres. "Speech Delivered at the Installation of the University of Chile, September 17, 1843" in Humphrey, Ted and Janet Burke (Eds). Nineteenth-Century Nation Building and the Latin American Intellectual Tradition. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2007: 53-62.

Bello, Andres. "Response to Lastarria on the Influence of the Conquest" (1844) in Humphrey and Burke, 62-73.

Bilbao, Francisco. "Chilean Sociability" (1844) in Humphrey and Burke, 104-23.

Bolivar, Simon. "Address to the Angostura Congress, February 15, 1819" In Humphrey and Burke, 3-22.

Latin American economies suffered military dictatorship nationalist government delivered promises developing economies. Compare contrast countries: Brazil Mexico. In comparison, detail destabilizing role "inflationary finance" How countries attempt squeeze structural inflation gripped economies decades? current prospect?.
Latin American economies -- Brazil and Mexico

Brazil and Mexico are part of the same global region, traditionally challenged by autocratic leadership and dictatorship. The states are however found at different stages of economic development, sign of different contexts and responses. Mexico has for instance benefited from its proximity to the United States, which has materialized in numerous outsourcing contracts. Brazil on the other hand has created a strategy of attracting tourists and improving its infrastructure.

Brazil is the most economically developed country in South America and this is pegged to its sustained investments in agriculture, mining, services and manufacturing. In the most recent years, the country has even been characterized by an increased emphasis on international operations…...

mla

References:

Gould, J.E., Mexico inflation slows to lowest level in four months, Bloomberg, 2011,   last accessed on May 3, 2011http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-09/mexico-inflation-slows-to-lowest-level-in-four-months-update2-.html 

Lyons, J., In Brazil, inflation haunts officials, The Wall Street Journal, 2011,   last accessed on May 3, 2011http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704364004576132273933954678.html 

The world factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2011,   / last accessed on May 3, 2011https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook 

Latin Music Industry Problems
The global music industry has suffered a three fold attack on its profitiabiithy in the recent years. From three separate sectors new technology has affected the abilty of the music industry to make a profit, and continue to support the artist which make the industry possible. If these three areas are not addressed in the political, and legal arena in the near futre, the health and well being of the entire industry, expecialy in developing regions such as Latin America could be doewn graded from satisfactory to critical. Without intervention, the industry could be force onto life support in the near futre, with its overall existence threatened.

These three factors have affected all areas of the Latin American and global music distribution businesss. The problem has become one of increasing importance in Latin America because the market was previously one of the fasted growing music markets in the…...

mla

Bibliography

Buckley, Cara. One-third of CDS around the world are copies. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service; 10/2/2000

Chmielewski, Dawn C. Music industry to try new copy-protection measures. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service; 1/20/2003.

Cobo, Leila. Latin music: Even pirates can't stall the sales spiral Billboard; 12/30/2000;

Cobo, Leila. Latin markets struggle as illicit product thrives Billboard; 2/1/2003;

Latin American
Critical Book Review

Civantos, Christina. Between Argentines and Arabs: Argentine Orientalism, Arab

Immigrants, and the Writing of Identity. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2006.

Orientalism was a term coined by the postcolonial theorist Edward Said to describe the reduction of Middle Eastern or East Asian culture to a kind of exotic literary trope. Said discusses this development mainly in relation to European powers and their colonial possessions, but Christina Civantos in her 2006 text Between Argentines and Arabs: Argentine Orientalism, Arab Immigrants, and the Writing of Identity examines the phenomenon of Orientalism specifically in a Latin American context. Argentina was one of the most ethnically diverse societies of Latin America. The debate over colonialism, Nationalism, Orientalism took on a unique character in the country because of its cross-section of identities. European, Indian, and Arabs were all determined to create their unique subjectivity in relation to the nation.

The history of…...

These indicate that they will not assimilate into the American way of life like European predecessors or Asian immigrants. Huntington estimates that, at worst, America will divide into an English-speaking "Anglo-American" and a Spanish-speaking MexAmerica. In addition to immigration woes, the second threat consists of identity politics and cultural relativism, which will undermine the current "Anglo-American" culture. The Mexican wave will reject individualism and uphold group rights. The last threat to American identity is the declining patriotism among leading bureaucratic, business and intellectual elites. Their new values oppose the traditional patriotism of the majority of the American public. This opposition is detrimental to political trust and solidarity.
Most recent U.S. Census data substantially confirm massive immigration from Mexico.

The growth of the Hispanic population is almost half of the growth of the total U.S. population. This translates to one in 7 who has Hispanic roots. Recent statistics say that 40% of…...

mla

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Citrin, Jack et al. Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity? Journal Perspective in Politics: American Political Science

Association, 2007. Retrieved on October 24, 2010 from http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/PerspectivesMar07Citrin_etal.pdf

Hanson, Gordon H. And McIntosh, Craig M. The Great Mexican Emigration.

School of International Relations and Pacific Studies: University of California

Future of the Latin American Music Recording Industry
A recent television commercial for the Honda motor cars complete the dialogue of features and benefits of new products with three words from the product spokesperson. "This changed everything" is uttered in astounded disbelief as the person discovers that the new products and services are a breakthrough in the particular product line. The same astonished statement must be applied to the music industry, in the wake of Napster's success, home digital recording equipment, the Internet's ability to distribute music globally with the click of a mouse button, and the technological toys which empower this new digital music distribution platform.

The music industry can no longer operation in a 'business as usual' frame of mind. The music industry must not only adapt, but significantly create a new distribution system which includes the ability to regulate and profit from internet music distribution. Otherwise the financial conditions…...

mla

Bibliography

Anderman, J. (2/23/2003) CD Stores May Fall Victim to Rapid Music Industry Changes. Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News.

Cepeda, M. (2000). Mucho Loco for Ricky Martin; or the Politics of Chronology, Crossover and Language within the Latin

Popular Music and Society, Vol. 24.

Cobo, L. (2003, Nov 29) RIAA ups ante and piracy haul. Billboard New York

Top Ten Latin American Cities for usiness
The objective of this study is to examine the top ten Latin American cities to do business in and then to answer as to what variables or factors are key for appearing in the list of the best Latin American cities for doing business. What other variables might be considered? As well, this work will answer as to whether all the cities identified are located in Latin America and why or why not. Secondly, this study will analyze the effects of the influx of Mexican business people into cities such as Miami and how this has affected Mexico's economy. Part three of this study will state a conclusion.

Variables on Ease of Doing usiness

It is reported that variables for ease of doing business in Latin American countries are divided into categories including: (1) ease of starting a business; (2) ease of dealing with construction permits;…...

mla

Bibliography

Mexico's Well-To-Do Move North (2012) Global Perspectives. April 2012. Retrieved from:  http://www.realtor.org/sites/default/files/publications/2012/global-perspectives/global-perspectives-2012-04-mexicos-move-north.pdf 

Regional Profile: Latin America (2012) Doing Business. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Retrieved from:  http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/~/media/FPDKM/Doing%20Business/Documents/Profiles/Regional/DB2012/DB12-Latin-America.pdf

On the other hand, the liberalization in Latin American countries was still relatively limited during the 1980s, which meant that most of the industries were either controlled by central authorities or private initiative was generally not encouraged that much. This translated to the commercial segment as well, with private initiatives for import and exports being still relatively rare.

At the same time, foreign companies were not encouraged to penetrate the Latin American market and this was still a trend at the beginning of the 1990s. Only during the 1990s the U.S. companies and some of the European ones (notably from Spain or Italy) began to invest in Latin American countries and to benefit from the large internal market that Latin America was offering.

The reasons that the trade between Latin American countries and the U.S. And the EU experiences such a boom during the 1990s can be found in the gradual opening…...

mla

Bibliography

1. Georgiu, George (September 1989). Changing Pattern of U.S.-Latin American Trade. Atlantic Economic Journal. Volume 17, No. 3.

2. Hornbeck, J.F. (May 2007). U.S.-Latin America Trade: Recent Trends. CRS Report for Congress. On the Internet at retrieved on September 5, 2008http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/07Jun/98-840.pdf.Last

3. EU-Latin America relations on the eve of the Lima Summit. May 2008. On the Internet at   retrieved on September 5, 2008http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/286&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.Last 

4. Latin America and the Caribbean. On the Internet at   retrieved on September 5, 2008http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/regions/lac/index_en.htm.Last 

The French evolution was widely propagated by the inequality that the French Feudal system had propagated, the bankruptcy of the government brought about by the spend thrift habits of Louis XIV and the heavy influence that American evolution had on the French themselves after the writings of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and ousseau and others became too famous hence influencing the French to go against their own king.

The Latin American evolution

This refers to various revolutionary wars that took place in the Latin America in the period between the 18th and the 19th century whose results were creation of various countries in the Latin America which account for more than 20 states that are in existence in the current Latin America (Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski, 2005). The Latin America revolutions followed closely the American and the French evolutions which had impacted in a profound manner the French, Portuguese and Spanish colonies throughout the world.

The…...

mla

References

American Revolutionary War, (2011). American Revolutionary War. Retrieved May 24, 2011 from  http://www.americanrevolutionarywar.net/ 

David Cody, (2010). French Revolution. Retrieved May 24, 2011 from  http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html 

Haitian Treasures, (2011). The Republic of Haiti: The French colonization. Retrieved May 24, 2011 from http://www.haitiantreasures.com/HT_republic.of.haiti2.htm

Martin Kelly, (2011). Causes of the American Revolution: The Colonial Mindset and Events That Led to Revolt. Retrieved May 24, 2011 from  http://americanhistory.about.com/od/revolutionarywar/a/amer_revolution.htm

Puerto Rico's unique identity has been shaped by a combination of Spanish, African, and indigenous Taíno influences, as well as more recent American influences. The blending of these cultural influences has created a vibrant and diverse society with its own distinct traditions, cuisines, music, and language.

1. Spanish colonial influence: Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony for over 400 years, and as a result, Spanish culture has had a significant impact on the island's identity. This influence can be seen in the language, religion, architecture, and cuisine of Puerto Rico.

2. African influence: The African influence in Puerto Rico can be traced....

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and the sixth-largest in the world by GDP. It is considered one of the most developed countries in the region, with a diversified economy that includes strong industries such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services.

Compared to other Latin American countries, Brazil's wealth is significantly higher. Countries like Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile also have relatively strong economies, but Brazil's GDP and overall wealth surpass those of its neighbors. However, Brazil also faces significant challenges such as inequality, corruption, and high levels of poverty.

Overall, Brazil's wealth is one of the strongest in Latin....

Brazil's Economic Standing in Latin America

Brazil, the largest country in Latin America by both landmass and population, boasts a significant economic presence in the region. Its gross domestic product (GDP) dwarfs that of its neighbors, making it an economic powerhouse in the continent. However, the country's wealth distribution and economic development vary widely compared to other Latin American nations.

GDP and Economic Size

In terms of GDP, Brazil ranks first in Latin America, with a GDP of approximately $1.6 trillion in 2023. This accounts for over 50% of the region's total GDP, showcasing the country's economic dominance. The country's GDP per capita,....