Methods of Teaching a Foreign LanguageInterlanguage refers to a language that emerges after a second language learner, which often has grammatical features that are not found in either their native language or the acquired language. According to Mahmood and Murad, the observable outputs that emerge as a leaner attempt to produce the targeted language, second language (101). Linguistic variation refers to the use of different linguistic forms on different circumstances and the expression of the same meaning in different forms for different speakers of the same language. Such variation emerges mainly due to the systematic pronunciation, word choice, grammar, and morphology-based on the non-linguistic factors. Such factors include the relationship of the speaker and the hearer, the intentions of the communication, a demographic association that the speakers have, and the production circumstances (Akbari and Razavi 105). Interference refers to the instances of deviation of the norm of the native or…...

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Work Cited

Akbari, Omid, and Azam Razavi. “Using Authentic Materials in The Foreign Language Classrooms: Teachers’ Perspectives in EFL Classes.” International Journal of Research Studies In Education, vol 4, no. 5, 2015. Consortia Academia Publishing,   Accessed 9 Dec 2021.https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2015.1189 .

Chen, Dianbing, and Xinxiao Yang. “Culture As the Core: Challenges and Possible Solutions In Integrating Culture Into Foreign Language Teaching.” Journal Of Language Teaching And Research, vol 7, no. 1, 2015, p. 168. Academy Publication,   Accessed 9 Dec 2021.https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0701.19 .

Mahmood, Ayad Hameed, and Ibrahim Mohammed Ali Murad. “Approaching The Language Of The Second Language Learner: Interlanguage And The Models Before.” English Language Teaching, vol 11, no. 10, 2018, p. 95. Canadian Centre of Science and Education,   Accessed 8 Dec 2021.https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n10p95 .

Further, it is in this stage that instructors have the ability to widen the instruction significantly to incorporate many activities that allow students to practice their new knowledge in a variety of different ways and with focus on a variety of different subject matters.
In viewing the basic theoretical and practical-use background of the Natural Approach of Language Teaching and Learning, one can understand that basic functions that allow students the ability to hone new skills in a non-threatening environment. However, despite significant praise in the teaching community regarding the success of the Natural Approach, the method's critics still exist. Due to this, it is crucial to understand the advantages as well as the disadvantages that exist when the Natural Approach is employed in a language learning environment, especially in dealing with English as a second language.

Advantages and Disadvantages

In beginning to understand the overall value of the Natural Approach, one…...

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Works Cited

Canale, Michael and Swain, Merrill. 2002. "Theoretical Basis of Communicative

Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing," Applied Linguistics: 1(1): pp. 1-47. Retrieved from: / CanaleSwain.80.pdf [Accessed on 17 February 2012].https://segue.atlas.uiuc.edu/uploads/nppm

Clandfield, Lindsay and Meldrum, Nicola. 2012. "One-to-one methodology: advantages and disadvantages for students." Retrieved from: .com/business/teaching-approaches/teaching-one-to-one/methodology/one-to-one-methodology-advantages-and-disadvantages-for-students/144655.article [Accessed on 19 February 2012].http://www.onestopenglish

Gebhard, J., Gaitan, S. And Oprandy, R. 1990. "Beyond Prescription: The Student

As an analytic method it varies from the syntactic syllabus in simliar way as the practical and procedure syllabi, particularly in the supposition that the learner learns best when using language to converse about something. TBLT also is different from the two other logical curricula in a lot of ways. It differs from the procedural syllabus in that it stresses the importance of carrying out a needs analysis prior to instruction.

Identifying likely bases of task complexity certainly is an essential precondition for making ethical choices regarding the grading and sequencing of functions, upon which many of the worth of the TBLT will rest. Grading and sequencing of pedagogic errands is certainly a chief test for the task-based syllabus creators.

Principles and features of task-based language teaching.

Prabhu's observations, stated at the beginning of the project, guide to the first belief of task-based interaction that "language is a basically just a meaning system"…...

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Works Cited

Alex, J., 2001. Recognizing Task Designs. Journal of Education, 2(5), pp. 23-34.

Breen, M., 2004. Process syllabus for the language classroom.. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Breen, M., 2005. Learner contributions to task design.. Chicago: Penguin.

Candlin, C.N., 1984. Syllabus design as a critical process, ELT Documents. Cambridge: Pergamon & the British Council.

Traditional Methods of Language Teaching
The paper discuses the various traditional methods of language teaching, namely:

Grammar Translation Method

The Audio-lingual Method

The Direct Method

The Silent Way

The Communicative Approach

Cognitive code learning

The Natural Approach

Behaviorist approach

Functional-Notional Approach and The task-based approach

The paper discusses each approach in details and describes its various chief principles and how it helps both teachers and students to teach, understand, learn, and practice all the skills they learn through these approaches.

Grammar Translation Method

This method involves the learner to spend a lot of time in understanding the language structure. Though both listening as well as speaking suffer because of it. However, grammar and vocabulary are being stressed throughout the teaching method.

The grammar translation method has been derived from traditional approaches to the teaching of Latin and Greek in the nineteenth century (Selected Lesson Plans). It was originally used to teach 'dead' languages as well as literatures for instance Latin and Greek, and was…...

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References

Benstein, Patricia. Explaining concepts behind the Silent Way. Wanadoo Communiquer. www.wanadoo.fr

Communicative language teaching. Sil International.

A www.sil.org

Capes - History of Language Teaching 2. Club Internet.

ardhaugh indicates that there is a problematic need in the field to reverse expectations about the capacity of this approach to instruct in practicable and usable linguistic ability. The author takes exception with traditionalist ideas the argue "the single paramount fact about language learning is that it concerns, not problem solving, but the formation and performance of habits." (ardhaugh, p. 21) The linguistic theorist rejects this principle as failing to acknowledge many of the more abstract contextual factors relating to the applicable usage of language. Particularly, the impact levied by culture, by regional dialect, by accent, by generational difference, by distinctions between formal, informal or slang usage and by a host of other even less tangible effectors cannot be introduced simply through the use of habit-forming drills or other techniques which rely singularly on rote practice.
Kanno & Varghese (2010) contribute research that does endorse this more integrative approach, which…...

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Works Cited:

Booth, N.B. (2009). English as a Second Language (ESL) learning communities: An approach to retaining ESL students in a community college. Rutgers the State University of New Jersey.

Burdett, B.E., & National Association of Independent Schools, B.A. (1967). Foreign language teaching- A Review of current problems. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Celce-Murcia, M. (2001). Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.

Flood, J. (2003). Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts. Psychology Press.

Language Diversity
Crawford begins the article by highlighting problems associated with second language instruction in American classrooms. According to the statistics cited most approaches used in these classrooms are inadequate to provide students with the necessary skills to communicate in the target language outside of the classroom. The reason for this is a lack of focus on communication skills, combined with an inflated focus on form rather than function. Despite efforts to improve upon this by methods such as the total immersion approach and the audiolingual method, results are still shown to be poor. Chomsky, Krashen and Cummins's theories are shown to have revolutionized language acquisition theories, and thus also language teaching methods. Furthermore Crawford shows that a child's inherent feelings about his or her own culture, and consequently about the culture represented by the target language, have a significant impact upon second language learning. It is then suggested that children…...

eading Comprehension
Effective Teaching of eading Comprehension

Just like writing and speaking, reading comprehension is a language skill that needs to be developed in order to enhance understanding of various types of texts. For a long time, teachers have employed different strategies in an attempt to assist their students catch a glimpse of their focus. However, some of these strategies have been applied haphazardly, most often out of ignorance. As a result, most students ended up having trouble in comprehending even basic text. Nevertheless, recent years have seen language experts coming up with techniques that have proven to be effective in solving some of these reading comprehension challenges. The following presentation explores some techniques a teacher can employ to make a reading exercise a successful adventure.

Instructional Strategies

Duke and Pearson (2004) recommend a number of tested instructional strategies for assisting students acquire effective comprehension skills. Despite the existence of a variety of workable…...

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References

Block, C.C. & Israel, S.E. (2004). The ABCs of Performing Highly Effective Think-aloud. The Reading Teacher vol. 58(2): 1-14

Duke, N. K, & Pearson, P.D. (2002). Effective Practices for Developing Reading Comprehension. International Reading Association, pp1-27

Hassan, S and Fatemeh, N, (2012). The Effect of Learner Constructed, Fill in the Map Concept Map Technique, and Summarizing Strategy on Iranian Pre-university Students' Reading Comprehension. English Language Teaching, vol. 5(9):78-87

Stevenson, G. (2000). Concepts in Reading Comprehension. Advanced Learner Journal, vol. 3(4): 12-13

Learning about bullying has revealed the darker side of cultural integration. When students are bullied, their self-esteem suffers. They are prevented from being welcomed into the dominant culture and may also become hostile to the learning process itself. To avoid bullying, students need to build on a reserve of self-confidence. Associating with other English language learners is a good way to build a reserve of self-confidence. However, my job is to teach students how to best get across points in English. This means advocating for the students and helping them to feel like their culture is equal to that of the dominant culture. Like Obert Lake does in "An Indian Father's Plea," I will ask that my students value their native language(s) as well as English.
eferences

"English Language Teaching Methodology." English aven. etrieved online: http://www.englishraven.com/methodology.html

Lake, . (n.d.). An Indian father's plea. etrieved online: http://geibtechforlearning.org/lvu/resources/WindwolfPlea.pdf

mietana, . & Czabanowska, K. Teaching Methodology.…...

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References

"English Language Teaching Methodology." English Raven. Retrieved online: http://www.englishraven.com/methodology.html

Lake, R. (n.d.). An Indian father's plea. Retrieved online: http://geibtechforlearning.org/lvu/resources/WindwolfPlea.pdf

mietana, R. & Czabanowska, K. Teaching Methodology. Leonardo da Vinci Program. Retrieved online:  http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:g13odCh08wwJ:www.seeph.pro.mcg.pl/pliki/IH_Broszura.pdf+teaching+methodology&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgENoPC0f8Iz_MumRE_BrcZ12crqQSaksjlbP0NLcEDuE_mhfWwbfyKCHHpeQy8dncPklIAVxnACDfQfptTBKHPWaRl-lWwku-JYudPPSOkTon0O-eiBKTxws_0EGcyjQtVRjrD&sig=AHIEtbQYRM7o39olRVSjT0YFmt1gwE64Jg 

TEJO (n.d.). Retrieved online:  http://www.tejo.org/info/pri_tejo.php?lingvo=en

Teaching and Learning Through Using Stories in the Young Learner Classroom - Annotated Bibliography
In my research paper, I intend to analyse the methodologies and implications of using stories as a vital tool for young learners in a class room. To support my study, I have studied five papers that are either from a book or from a journal. The first and the fourth paper summarized here talks about how stories can help in increasing the vocabulary of children. Stories are described as a means to sustain brain activity in young people. The second paper by Husbands and Pearce talks about the need to have a multi-pronged teaching strategy to have an inclusive learning environment. Their article supports the need of story-telling as part of the strategy. The third paper ideates the need of creating a syllabus parallel to the contemporary one with main focus on story-telling. The final article analysed…...

Interview ith Teacher of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
The United States educational environment consists of students from different cultural and linguistic background, and a classroom may consist of students who are native English speakers and students whose origins are from Latin America, Asia, Africa, Middle East and Europe. Thus, many teachers often face challenges in adopting an effective and appropriate methodology to teach students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

This study carries out an open-interview with a teacher of culturally and linguistically diverse students to enhance a greater understanding of his teaching methodology.

The researcher uses the open-interview method to allow the teacher to express all views about the strategy used in managing culturally and linguistically diverse students. The questions used to collect the information are presented in Appendix 1.

Outcome of the Interview with a Teacher of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students

The teacher reveals that his philosophy to teaching is to…...

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Works Cited

Echevarria, J.J. Vogt, M. and Short, D.J. Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP Model. (4th Edition). Pearson. 2012.

Moore, K.D. & Hansen, J. Effective Strategies for Teaching in K-8 Classrooms. USA. SAGE Publications, Inc.2012.

SIOP . Frequently Asked Questions. Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol. USA. 2015.

Richard-Amato, P.A. Make it Happen: Interactive to Participatory Language Teaching - Evolving Theory and Practice (4th Edition). Pearson Education ESL. 2010.

Essay Topic Examples

The Evolution of Language: Tracing the Roots and Development

Explore the historical progression of human language from its origins. Examine various hypotheses about how language might have first emerged and outline the major milestones in its evolution, including the transition from oral to written forms and the development of different linguistic families.



Comparative Linguistics: Unravelling Language Structures and Family Trees

Delve into the study of similarities and differences in the structure, history, and culture of languages across the world. Analyze how comparative linguistics contributes to our understanding of language relationships, language families, and the reconstruction of proto-languages.



Sociolinguistics: The Intersection of Language, Culture, and Society

Investigate how language usage varies among different social groups and settings. Discuss the role…...

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Primary Sources

Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structures. 2nd ed., De Gruyter Mouton, 2002.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics. Translated by Wade Baskin, Columbia University Press, 2011.

Labov, William. \"The Social Stratification of English in New York City.\" Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., 1966.

Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words. 2nd ed., Harvard University Press, 1975.

Sapir, Edward. \"The Status of Linguistics as a Science.\" Language, vol. 5, no. 4, 1929, pp. 207-214. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/409588.

Language & Community
How Language Circumscribes the World and Defines Community

The famous philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein wrote, "The limits of my language mean the limits of my world." Wittgenstein used his language to make this profound statement packed with a depth of meaning. Language, whether it is written language, spoken language, body language or sign language, is a fundamental aspect to the human condition. Language permits us to communicate with others, which is also a vital part of being human. Language also makes possible thought, speech, and writing. Without language, it would be exceedingly difficult for people to have relationships. Language comes in various forms and in huge varieties. Language additionally is a critical and prominent aspect to the definition of a culture. Every culture and subculture has characteristics that distinguish it as such; language is a characteristic at the forefront of defining or circumscribing cultures and communities. This paper will reflect…...

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References:

Bucholtz, M. (1999) "Why be normal?": Language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls. Language in Society, 28(2), 203 -- 223.

Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (19992) Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community-Based Practice. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 461 -- 490.

Garrod, S., & Doherty, G. (1994) Conversation, co-ordination and convention: an empirical investigation of how groups establish linguistic conventions. Cognition, 181 -- 215.

Ochs, E. (1993) Constructing Social Identity: A Language Socialization Perspective. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 26(3), 287 -- 306.

Language Policy and Planning
Language planning refers to the efforts that are deliberately undertaken to influence how languages functions, are structured or acquired or the variety of languages in a given country. It is often a government responsibility by non-governmental organizations have also come to be involved in this. Grass-roots organizations and also individuals have been involved in this. The goal of language planning differs depending on the country. However, it generally includes planning, decision making and possible changes which benefit the communications system of the country. Language planning or efforts to improve the communication in a country can also bring about certain social changes such as shift of language, assimilation and therefore provide a motivation which plans the function, structure and acquisition of languages Woolard & Gahng, 1990()

Decision making in language planning

There are four dominant language ideologies which motivate the decisions that are made regarding language planning. The first is…...

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References

Little, M.E.R., & McCarty, T.L. (2006). Language Planning Challenges and Prospects in Native American Communities and Schools. Tempe, AZ: Language Policy Research Unit.

Martin, J.J. (1988). An American Adventure in Bookburning in the Style of 1918. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher.

Woolard, K.A., & Gahng, T.-J. (1990). Changing Language Policies and Attitudes in Autonomous Catalonia. Language in Society, 19(3), 311-330.

Wyburn, J., & Hayward, J. (2009). OR and Language Planning: Modelling the Interaction between Unilingual and Bilingual Populations. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 60(5), 626-636.

Consider the fact that the Iroquois are said not to have had a strong word for the singular "I," and that they subsequently developed what was arguably the longest lasting communal representative democracy the world has ever known. The Inuit, whose culture revolves around the arctic world, have dozens of words for snow - this sort of technical knowledge allows quick and accurate transmission of conditions and training in survival.
In Western terms, one remembers that Jesus Christ was said to be "The Word," yet in the original Greek this indicates not only a spoken word but also the Logos - the root term for intellectual reason, for Meaning within context (be that the context of a sentence, a life, a history, or a universe); logos was rational order. The difference between saying that a religious figure is the Word (which at its most profound seem to indicate a kind…...

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Bibliography

Atkins, J.D.C. (1887). Report of the commissioner of Indian affairs. House Exec. Doc. No. 1, Pt. 5, 50th Cong., 1st Sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Boston Language Institute. "TEFL FAQ  http://teflcertificate.com/faq.html 

Ethnologue. "English  http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng 

Macha, Freddy. "Tanzanian Independence Day Abroad. http://www.unclesamofafrica.com/TanzaniaGuardian.htm

Teaching
What are three rewards and three challenges that you will face as a teacher?

As a rabid student of popular culture, I have been interested in the so-called "achievement gap" in education, popularized in the media, the political spectrum, and even within contemporary business culture. There is clearly a demonstrable gap in educational relevancy; second, there are basic skills that are absolutely vital in order to participate in the modern global village that are not universal with the U.. educational environment. cholarship also points out that the earlier the attention to this "gap," the earlier the attention to potential reading disabilities, and the earlier the intervention towards socialization issues, the higher rate of success and inclusion. This, too, engenders challenges within the profession. For instance, today's classrooms are more diverse than ever, they are multi-dimensional as well. To help fill the gap, teachers need to be able to jump into different…...

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Source:

Kauchak, D. And Eggen, P. (2011). Introduction to Teaching, Becoming a Professional,

4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Language Development Essay Topics

1. The Role of Caregivers in Language Acquisition

How do caregivers' language input, interaction, and scaffolding contribute to infants' and young children's language development?
What are the effects of different types of caregiver-child interactions on language acquisition?
How can interventions targeting caregivers improve the language development of children with language delays?

2. The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Language Development

How does children's socioeconomic status impact their language development?
What are the underlying factors that mediate this relationship?
What can be done to mitigate the negative effects of socioeconomic disparities on language development?

3. The Development of Bilingualism

What....

Essay Topic 1: The Role of Immersion in Second Language Acquisition: Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Studying English in the United States

Introduction:
Begin with a hook that highlights the importance of immersion in learning a second language.
State the thesis statement: The United States provides an immersive environment that facilitates English language acquisition, but also presents unique challenges.

Body Paragraph 1: Benefits of Immersion
Discuss the advantages of interacting with native speakers in everyday situations.
Explain how exposure to authentic language promotes fluency, pronunciation, and cultural understanding.
Cite research or anecdotal evidence to support the benefits of immersion.

Body Paragraph 2:....

1. The use of traditional methods vs. technology in teaching Arabic as a foreign language
2. The importance of mastering grammar rules vs. focusing on communication skills in Arabic language learning
3. The role of immersion programs vs. classroom-based instruction in acquiring fluency in Arabic
4. The effectiveness of standardized tests in assessing Arabic language proficiency vs. alternative assessment methods
5. The impact of cultural relevance in Arabic language learning vs. a strictly linguistic approach
6. The benefits of learning Arabic for non-Arabic speakers vs. the challenges and barriers to learning the language.
7. The debate over the role of dialects in Arabic language learning -....

Essay Topic 1: The Immersion Method vs. Traditional Language Teaching in Arabic Instruction

Opposing Viewpoints:

Pro-Immersion Method:
Argues that immersing learners in the target language promotes natural language acquisition, enhancing fluency and comprehension.
Contends that creating a real-world environment simulates native language exposure, fostering authentic communication.
Pro-Traditional Method:
Emphasizes structured grammar lessons, vocabulary drills, and translations to build a solid foundation.
Suggests that explicit grammar instruction provides learners with a framework for understanding and producing correct Arabic.

Essay Topic 2: The Role of Technology in Arabic Language Learning

Opposing Viewpoints:

Pro-Technology:
Advocates for the use of digital tools, such as language learning apps,....