Labour Market Flexibility
Causes and Consequences of Labour Market Flexibility

The world has been going through dramatic changes for the past few decades. Uncountable inventions are made which influence not only the life of an individual but also the face of economy and nature of political affairs. Particularly speaking in the context of 21st century, the world has become so dynamic that everyday brings some news of invention and innovation. This change is reflected both positively and negatively in the matters of world.

Globalisation, IT advancements, convergence of products and integration of operations are only a few major names in the list of changes brought about by the time. There is not a single field which is left intact of the changes and advancements brought in. The industry of education has been enriched with many new fields which were unknown to the man of previous ages. The concepts which were taught in a…...

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References

Chick, E.D. (2004). Fundamentals of Work-Life Balance. USA: ASTD Press.

Crane, A. And Matten, D. (2004). Questioning the Domain of the Business Ethics Curriculm. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 357-369.

Durkin, D.M. (2005). The loyalty advantage: essential steps to energize your company, your customers, your brand. USA: Amacom.

Hall R.E. And Lieberman, M. (2007). Microeconomics: Principles And Applications. USA: Cengage Learning.

This situation once again proves that the people are not considered valuable additions, but commodities. And the management of these commodities changes based on business needs.
In terms of the younger employees, their careers -- or their end thereof -- are extremely intensely subjected to the evolution of technology. As a parenthesis, the advent of technology has imposed new standards for the employees in the meaning that they must progress alongside with the technological developments. And this state of events has also led to the commodification of the staff members. In a context in which technologies evolve, employees are more and more required to themselves evolve in order to be able to operate the new machines and the new technologies. From this standpoint then, alongside with the intensified usage of the technological resource, the human resource is perceived more and more as a commodity.

A specific issue related to technology is…...

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References:

Adya, M.P., 2008, Women at work: differences in IT career experiences and perceptions between South Asian and American women, Human Resources Management, Vol. 47, No. 3

Asher, M.G., Mukhopadhaya, P., 2004, Severance pay in selected Asian countries: a survey

Beder, S., 2000, Work, consumption and status, from Selling the work ethic: from puritan pulpit to corporate PR, Zed

Brezniak, M., Collins, J., 1977, The Australian crisis from boom to bust, The Journal of Australian Political Economy, Vol. 1, No1

UK Labour Market
The labour market is defined by the Office for National Statistics (2011) as those between the ages of 16 and 64 inclusive. They are typically categorized as either employed, unemployed or inactive. Income inequality refers to the spread of income throughout the labour market. The most common measure of income inequality is the Gini coefficient. The indicator reflects the distribution of income among economic classes and is expressed as a percentage, the higher the number the greater the degree of income inequality. The Gini coefficient for the United Kingdom has increased from 28 to its current level of 34. The level of inequality is a long-term increasing trend in Britain (JRF, 2007). The behavior of the Gini coefficient tends to be that the coefficient increases during times of economic growth as the incomes of the wealthiest increase at a faster rate than other incomes during these periods (Joyce…...

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Works Cited:

Joyce, R.; Muriel, A.; Phillips, D. & Sibieta, L. (2010). Poverty and inequality in the UK: 2010. Institute for Fiscal Studies. Retrieved March 18, 2011 from JRF. (2007). New poverty and wealth maps of Britain reveal inequality to be at 40-year high. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Retrieved March 18, 2011 from  http://www.jrf.org.uk/media-centre/new-poverty-and-wealth-maps-britain-reveal-inequality-be-40-year-high 

Office for National Statistics. (2011). Labour market statistics. ONS. Retrieved March 18, 2011 from http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/lmsuk0311.pdf

ONS. (2010). Income inequality. ONS. Retrieved March 18, 2011 from  http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=332

Similar to product markets, labour markets tend to be characterised by imperfections. The imperfections stem from factors such as monopsony, trade unions, wage discrimination, labour immobility, government interventions, as well as incomplete information on the part of workers (Manning, 2010; Abbritti, Boitami and Damiani, 2012). Indeed, labour markets are persistently imperfectly competitive (Dwivedi, 2010). Imperfections in the labour market often play a significant role in generating unemployment (Baker et al., 2004; Jha and Golder, 2008). They do so by hindering employment creation, determining wages, and creating wage inequalities (Boeri and Ours, 2013). With reference to Europe, this paper analyses the link between labour market imperfections and unemployment. First, a description of labour market imperfections is provided. Then, with empirical evidence from Europe, the role of labour market imperfections in generating unemployment is discussed. 
Imperfections generally refer to failures. Labour market imperfections, therefore, denote failures in the labour market (Abbritti, Boitami and…...

administered to 50 respondents. The data obtained from these participants was credible for analysis since there were no substantive missing values. The questions were based on a Likert Scale that made it easier for participants to provide their responses and enhance reliability. Data obtained from this instrument was analyzed using descriptive statistics and measures. In this case, the researcher utilized Cross Tabulation analysis and Chi-Square analysis.
Participants' Demographics

This study had 50 respondents working in German and Swiss labor markets though the research was not restricted to participants from German or Swiss origins. Actually, the respondents were from different nationalities though they were working in German or Swiss labor markets as shown in the table below.

Table 1: Nationality of espondents

Nationality

Number of espondents

Percentage

German

14

28%

Swiss

6

12%

Italian

7

14%

Lebanese

2

4%

Indian

7

14%

English

2

4%

Spanish

3

6%

Polish

3

6%

Danish

2

4%

Georgian

2

4%

Salvadorean

1

2%

Lithuanian

1

2%

Source: Own Elaboration

The study respondents included C-level executives (CEOs, COOs, H Managers, H Advisors, Directors, Co-directors, Consultants, and Assistant Directors) who have worked in their respective companies for a period…...

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References

Aas, T.H. & Jorgensen, G., 2016. Open vs. Closed Innovation: Advancing the Debate. Proceedings of ISPIM Conferences, pp. 1-12.

Aranha, E. A., Garcia, N. P. & Correa, G., 2015. Open Innovation and Business Model: A Brazilian Company Case Study. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, pp. 91-98.

Brunswicker, S. & Ehrenmann, F., 2013. Managing Open Innovation in SMEs: A Good Practice Example of a German Software Firm. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, pp. 33-41.

Creswell, J.W 2014, "The selection of a research approach," in Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 4th ed., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, pp.3-24.

Labor Negotiating Practices
The issue of labor negotiating practices is one of the most important issues that companies must address. This is because the sensitiveness of labor problems is reflected in their legal implications. The battle between employers and employees becomes more and more difficult and requires advanced negotiation skills.

Company's Stance towards Labor Issues

The company that is analyzed in this case is represented by the companies that joined their forces in order to purchase Twinkies and other important brands from Hostess in their attempt to invest in their revival. These companies are represented by Metropoulos and Co. And Apollo Global Management. The potential of these brands has been acknowledged by the two companies that are interested in opening up new production plants. This means that they will hire a large number of employees. However, the issue in this case is that these companies are not interested in allowing employees to develop…...

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Reference list:

1. Feintzeig, R. (2013). New Twinkie Maker Shuns Union Labor. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 20, 2013 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324474004578443062380660262.html .

2. Farrell, J. (2013). Twinkies and Labor Unions: Explaining the Hostess Collapse. Retrieved May 21, 2013 from http://www.policymic.com/articles/19288/twinkies-and-labor-unions-explaining-the-hostess-collapse.

The more effective such systems of transport, the easier it is for labor to either to commute to work a fair distance from their home. Cities provide concentrated sources of labor that may not need to commute far distances. Also, the willingness of laborers to leave their home communities and relocate is an important cultural factor to remember, as well as the cost of transportation. Finally, in some areas, gas for cats is quite expensive, while public transportation is fairly cheap, which will affect labor patterns of migration and may be different than one might expect from one's experience in America.
Minorities:

Local attitudes to international companies, towards a diverse workforce, and to employing refugees may vary from country to country.

Labor market:

The diversity of the labor force, whether it is primarily skilled or unskilled, diverse or homogeneous in its ethnic, age, or skill composition will affect what types of laborers are…...

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Reference for Business. Business Encyclopedia. Published by Thomson, Inc. Available 21 Nov 2006 at  http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Gr-Int/International-Management.html

Goodyear which effectively denied employees the right to sue for wage discrimination after the passing of 180 days that "Justice Ruth ader Ginsberg was so incensed she read her scathing dissent aloud from the bench. She defended Lilly Ledbetter's right to sue her employer, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. For pay discrimination on the basis of sex, giving a not-so-gentle reminder of the realities of the American workplace." (Steiger, 2007) Specifically written by Justice Ginsburg is that as follows:
worker knows immediately if she is denied a promotion or transfer, if she is fired or refused employment. And promotions, transfers, hirings, and firings are generally public events, known to co-workers. When an employer makes a decision of such open and definitive character, an employee can immediately seek out an explanation and evaluate it for pretext. Compensation disparities, in contrast, are often hidden from sight." (Steiger, 2007)

Steiger reports that the…...

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Bibliography

Abrams, Jim (2009) House Approves Bill to Fight Wage Discrimination. Yahoo News. 9 Jan 2009. Online available at  http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090109/ap_on_go_co/pay_equity 

Barko, N. (2000. June 19). The Other Gender Gap. (Online) Available  http://www.prospect.org/archives/V11-15/barko-n.html .

Bland, T.S. (1999, July). Equal Pay Enforcement Heats Up. HR Magazine, p. 138-145.

Bland, T.S., Nail, T.N., Knox, D.P. (2000, May). OFCCP, White House push comparable worth. HR News, p. 22-24.

Labor
The Department of Labor is present today to promote, foster and develop the welfare of the employees or the labor force in the United States. The labor system focuses on the improvement of the working conditions and the fulfillment of opportunities for more profitable employment. As it would be known, rules and regulations are there to keep things in order. Similarly, the Labor system in the country is guided by laws that guarantee the rights and privileges of the labor force of the country.

The Department of Labor has made laws concerning working conditions, minimum hourly wage, and freedom from employment discrimination, worker's compensation and unemployment insurance. The labor system also aids in job training programs and it helps workers find jobs. Everyone needs a decent source of income and if a person has some sort of skill or talent, they should definitely make use of it.

The basic feature of the…...

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References

Baron, J.N., Jennings, P.D. & Dobbin, F.R. (1988). Mission control? The development of personnel systems in us industry. American Sociological Review, pp. 497 -- 514.

Bronfenbrenner, K. (1996). Role of union strategies in nlrb certification elections, the. Indus. & Lab. Rel. Rev., 50 p. 195.

Democratizing the Global Economy: Empowering Workers, Building Democracy, Achieving Shared Prosperity. (2005). [e-book] Available through: AFL-CIO   [Accessed: 21 Feb 2014].http://www.aflcio.org/content/download/6904/74567/file/res_6.pdf 

Lindsey, A. (1964). The pullman strike. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.

he intersection determines the amount of investment in education / productivity factors by all individuals and institutions.
he major criticisms to the Neoclassical model come from the assumption competition holds, namely that individuals act to maximize profit in all scenarios; factor mobility is unlimited; marginal returns to labor don't increase with wage rates, and other simplifications which rarely hold true in the workforce. Nor are all workers the same to the firm (discrimination), and workers' productivity and labor supply decisions change at different wage levels. hen we have to consider frictional unemployment; information asymmetry; product substitution; any number of real constraints that complicate the pure "Marginal Demand for Labor" theory (Kaufman & Hotchkiss, 2000, p. 31).

he main counter to the Neoclassicals arose in the early-mid-20th century Institutional school after Veblen, Commons and Mitchell, ironically at the University of Wisconsin 1920-30. Institutionalist focus on real evidence counters the Neoclassical theory where…...

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The main counter to the Neoclassicals arose in the early-mid-20th century Institutional school after Veblen, Commons and Mitchell, ironically at the University of Wisconsin 1920-30. Institutionalist focus on real evidence counters the Neoclassical theory where institution effects went ignored (New School n.d.). The more sociological approach recognizes 'market failures' of discrimination, collective bargaining and incorporation. Evidence surrounds us today in the form of monopolistic energy provision, embedded in every price on every shelf including wages, for example. One criticism on an Institutional line would be the persistence of poverty. If poverty is unwanted, either we allow poverty to persist, it is necessary for Neoclassical models to hold, or the model is flawed. The Institutional thread leads eventually via the London School to the modern "Post-Keynesian," "Behavioral," "Environmental," and other heterodox schools.

Comparing share of population to share of workforce for groups with a particular characteristic reveals discrimination if a group is underrepresented in a firm or industry. or, we identify where a category is overrepresented in the total labor market relative to other workers. If productivity is the same between groups, lower wages must be explained somehow. The heterodox perspective recognizes potential effects within the market, and before workers apply for a job. Some workers are less competitive than others before they apply, education being a common reason, which depends on access outside the workplace. Market discrimination enters the realm of individual aversion to classes of workers by the employer or other workers, usually over ethnicity, religion or gender, but any reason can provide empirical evidence if wage differentials persist.

Prejudice is real, and it results in lower wages for minorities (Kaufman & Hotchkiss 2000, p. 469). In the aggregate, equally

Labor and Monopoly Capital
HAY BAVEMAN's book Labor and Monopoly Capital carries the tradition of Marxist schools. The author focuses on the labor process under the Fordism, arguing that how the work, under the discipline of scientific management, becomes disjointed, dull, and repetitive. According to him, the work is degraded. Like Marx, Braverman is a deterministic and looks into the question of how technological change in Fordism affected the attributes of work and the discrimination of working class.

The labor process under capitalism is one of the central themes of Braverman. Its main emphasis lies in providing a voice to the working-class movement. Taking his insights from Marx, Braverman is considered the latest follower that has accurately appreciated the profundity of Marx's work. Supporting his work from Marx himself, and drawing on his own experience as a trained craftsman, a socialist militant and journalist, and a manager of two publishing concerns in…...

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References

Harry Braverman, "Automation: Promise and Menace," The American Socialist, October, 1955, pp. 7-12.

Harry Braverman, "The World of Work," The American Socialist, June 1959, pp. 12-18.

Market Needs
Marketing

It is likely that there would be no direct effect on marketing caused by a change from batch to line processing. However, depending on what was happening outside the company, there could be an effect. If, as is arguably the case, line processing is more costly than batch processing, it might be necessary to market the product without discounts and so on. This could be problematical if there was a demand for lower costs from major clients (Cohen, 1994, p. 24+). On the other hand, it is probable that a perceptive marketing function could use the new 'flexibility' and customize-ability as a marketing tool. The concern for marketing might involve the potential delay in shipping and/or smaller lots of product available.

Finance

A change from batch to line processing is likely to have several effects on finance, arguably most of them adding costs and potentially diminishing the cash position of the…...

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References

A batch processing approach to packaging. (2005, Sept.) Packaging World, p. 82

Albright, T.L. (1998) The effect of deviations from optimal production schedules on batch-level cost drivers, Journal of Management Issues, 10(3), p. 267+. Retrieved October 11, 2005 from www.questia.com.

Cohen, H.B. (1994) The Forgotten element of quality programs. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 599(3), p. 24+. Retrieved October 11, 2005 from www.questia.com.

Hirst, P. And Zeitlin, J. (1992) Flexible specialization vs. post Fordism, in A. Scott and M. Storper (eds.) Pathways to Industrialization, London: Routledge.

emaining workers will get jobs at higher than equilibrium wage, the Supply curve shifts to the left, and wage and output stabilize until something else changes like input cost or legislation.
Were firms able to hire workers at less than minimum wage, say like in Figure 4, where the cost of paying illegals including the enforcement cost results in lower demand for legal minimum wage workers, the result would be a total average cost between the two supply lines, increased outcome for the firm, at less than average minimum wage cost. The new Alabama law seems to attempt to drive off the black line "illegals" by mandating stiffer enforcement for services and privileges like business or auto licenses, awls (2011) explains. This creates an interesting distribution of costs if firms derive profit, but the cost of enforcement is being pushed onto others not employing illegals. If the black line in…...

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References

Rawls, P. (2011). Ala. GOP leaders have 2nd thoughts on immigration. The Associated Press, 8

Dec. 2011. Financial News, Bloomberg Businessweek Retrieved from  http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9RGJL8G1.htm

Other employment prospects in fields such as petty trading, retailing, transportation and domestic service also developed simultaneously in urban areas. In the nineteenth century, when the industrial working class became much larger and more important in the social structure they begin to assert themselves socially, politically and economically, evolving into the social order we see today.
Growth of Cities

According to Jeffery G. Williamson (1990) Britain grew at an unusually rapid growth rate during the first part of the nineteenth century. Census data of the period indicates that some nineteenth-century cities grew at rates "that would bring cold sweat to the brow of twentieth-century housing committees" (p.2). Glasgow grew at 3.2% annum in 1830's, Manchester and Salford at 3.9% in the 1820's; Bradford at 5.9% in the 1830s, and Dukinfield nearly tripled in size the 1820's. These were the fast-growing cities and towns in the industrializing north.

The British population increased about…...

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References

Comanor, W.S. (2005). Life during the Industrial Revolution. World book. irthebest.com. Retrieved November 19, 2011, from  http://www.irthebest.com/industry_Industrial_life.html 

Emsley, C., Hitchcock, T., & Shoemaker, R. (2011, March). Communities -- Irish London. Old Bailey proceediongs online. Retrieved November 19, 2011, from  http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Irish.jsp 

"Industrial revolution: The industrial revolution in Great Britain." (2006) The Columbia electronic encyclopedia. Pearson Education Publishing as Infoplease. Retrieved November 16, 2011, from  http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0858818.html 

Kreis, S. (2001). The origins of the industrial revolution in England. The history guide. Retrieved November 19, 2011, from  http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html

Labor Economics
Labor is a commodity that needs to be purchased for business activity. In the uncivilized world of the past labor could be exploited to the extreme, but in modern times trade union movement, increased public consciousness, health, safety and environmental regulations and labor regulations have meant that the near slavery condition of the past are totally unacceptable.

Nevertheless, labor remains a commodity requiring efficient, humane and cost effective management to increase profitability and balance human rights and investors' interests. This effort has resulted in labor economics developing as a branch of microeconomics. This paper reviews labor economics and its importance in the modern day economic and business activities.

Outline

Abstract

Introduction

Important Components of Labor Economics

Labor Supply and Demand

Quality of Labor (Investments in Human Capital)

Wages

Non-Wage Labor Costs

Wage Differentials

Workers Mobility

Pay & Productivity

8. Economics of Discrimination

9. Social Accountability

10. Trade Unions

Conclusions

ibliography

Introduction

Describing labor as a commodity [1] may seem as an obscene idea to some humanitarian idealist but…...

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Bibliography

1. What is Labor Economics-Economics 150 Course Outline, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005,  http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~dackerma/labsyllabus.pdf#search= 'What%20is%20Labor%20EconomicsEconomics%20150%20Course%20Outline'

2. Engels, F., Introduction to Karl Marx's Wage Labor and Capitol, Retrieved from Internet on 12 October 2005,  http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/Ch04.htm 

3. Labor Economics, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005,  http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/eco350/chap2.htm 

4. From Encyclopedia Wikipedia, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_%28economics%29

Most of our example essays dealing on immigration and the economy focus on the United States, so we cannot point you towards a handy on-point example essay that will outline the format and give you a good idea of the type of content you should have.  However, we can still give you a great starting point for an essay about the interaction of immigration and the economy in the UK.  In your essay, you could look at several different factors that impact the economy.  These factors include the number of available workers,....