Labor Productivity
The lifeline of any project is labor and over the years, the labor provided by human beings has not been effectively substituted even in the face of heavy mechanization of labor and increase in other technological advancements. Karim A.N., (2013:Pp349) estimates that between 30% and 50% of the costs that are incurred in a project often go to the labor sector. Sadly, there has been little productivity issues address sufficiently especially in the developing nations, hence giving room for a lot of wastage and under productivity in many sectors.

There are several factors that influence the labor productivity depending on the field of application of the project. The general agreement is that productivity is the ratio of outputs to inputs and it is argued that it high productivity depends on how well and individual entity utilizes the resources at hand to produce the needed outputs from the inputs. The…...

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References

Karim A.N., (2013). Factors Influence Labor Productivity and the Impacts on Construction Industry. Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research. Retrieved April 10, 2015 from http://www.cjasr.com/images/manuscripts/2013/03/AICCE12GIZ12/48_Factors_Influence_Labour_Productivity_and_the_Impacts_on_Construction_Industry-1.pdf

Madan M.G., (2012). Study of factors Affecting Labor Productivity at a Building Construction Project in the U.S.A.: Web Survey. Retrieved April 10, 2015 from  http://library.ndsu.edu/repository/bitstream/handle/10365/22772/Gundecha_Mahesh.pdf?sequence=1

Labor and Union Studies in ashington and Oregon States
The United States labor movement has its roots in the complex trappings of the industrial revolution. Laborers were just starting to come to the United States from foreign countries because they had learned that there were many jobs available for even the most unskilled worker. People were also moving from rural areas in America to the cities in an attempt ti have a better life also without the uncertainties that governed farm profits. The growth in many industries was a result of new technologies that allowed people to purchase items that had previously been made by hand far cheaper because the products could now be mass produced in the factories. The problem was that the owners of these factories did not care how the workers were treated because there were many more begging to have a low-paying job in a factory filled…...

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Works Cited

Bloom, Nick, Toby Kretschmer, and John van Reenen. Work-Life Balance, Management Practices and Productivity. London: London School Of Economics -- Center for Economic Performance, 2006. Print.

Brundage, Michael. "Working at Microsoft." qbrundage. Web.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Union Membership in Oregon -- 2010." United States Department of Labor (2010). Web.

Grant, Michel, and Jean Harvey. "Unions and Productivity: Convergence or Divergence in Perspectives." International Studies of Management & Organization 22.4 (1992): 93-98. Print.

Labor Negotiating Practices
The issue of labor negotiating practices is one of the most important issues that companies must address. This is because the sensitiveness of labor problems is reflected in their legal implications. The battle between employers and employees becomes more and more difficult and requires advanced negotiation skills.

Company's Stance towards Labor Issues

The company that is analyzed in this case is represented by the companies that joined their forces in order to purchase Twinkies and other important brands from Hostess in their attempt to invest in their revival. These companies are represented by Metropoulos and Co. And Apollo Global Management. The potential of these brands has been acknowledged by the two companies that are interested in opening up new production plants. This means that they will hire a large number of employees. However, the issue in this case is that these companies are not interested in allowing employees to develop…...

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Reference list:

1. Feintzeig, R. (2013). New Twinkie Maker Shuns Union Labor. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 20, 2013 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324474004578443062380660262.html .

2. Farrell, J. (2013). Twinkies and Labor Unions: Explaining the Hostess Collapse. Retrieved May 21, 2013 from http://www.policymic.com/articles/19288/twinkies-and-labor-unions-explaining-the-hostess-collapse.

Labor and Union Case Study
The objective of this work in writing is to conduct a case study on labor and unions and to answer the questions of: (1) Is the grievance process an effective method for resolving workplace disputes? And (2) How would you suggest that unions and employers improve their ability to correctly interpret the collective agreement?

In the case study at focus, several employees have a discussion, which results in an altercation, and two employees are fired as a result. The employees were then advised that they could file a grievance. One of the employees, named Green met in the cafeteria with a representative of the Grievance Committee and related her side of the story and believed that by meeting with the Grievance Committee member that she had filed an official grievance. One week later the other employee, Swallows, was reinstated. When Green inquired about the grievance, she was…...

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Bibliography

Borrell, Charles A. (2006) How Unions Can Improve Their Success Rate in Labor Arbitration. All Business. Dispute Resolution Journal Feb-Apr 2006. Retrieved from:  http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/workforce-management-hiring-recruiting/4081239-1.html 

Travis, Mark C. (nd) Improving the Grievance Process: Grievance Mediation As An Alternative to Arbitration. Retrieved from: http://www.adrspecialists.com/docs/IMPROVING%20THE%20GRIEVANCE%20PROCESS%20-%20Grievance%20Mediation%20(IIRHRC).pdf

Labor, GDP and Firm
Labor is an important factor of production for all firms. The most recent unemployment rate is estimated at 9% (January 2011). Economists have identified three types of unemployment. Which type would affect your firm? Explain.

The three types of unemployment include: structural, changes in technology and shifts in tastes. Structural is when there is a lack of demand for workers with particular skill sets. Changes in technology, takes place when innovations and scientific breakthroughs are leading to a shift in the way businesses are operating. This is the point when there is a decrease in the total number of employees working for a particular firm. Shifts in taste are occurring when consumers want to purchase a particular product or service based on the underlying amounts of popularity. During times when there is a change in tastes, is the point that sales will decrease and those employees who are…...

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Bibliography

US Consumer Confidence Plunges to Recessionary Levels. Telegraph. Retrieved from:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/8848977/U.S.-consumer-confidence-plunges-to-recession-levels.html 

US Unemployment Rate Forecast. (2011). Forecasts. org. Retrieved from:  http://www.forecasts.org/unemploy.htm 

Moffat, M. (2011). What are the Three Types of Unemployment. About. Retrieved from:  http://economics.about.com/od/typesofunemployment/p/three_types_of_unemployment.htm

he intersection determines the amount of investment in education / productivity factors by all individuals and institutions.
he major criticisms to the Neoclassical model come from the assumption competition holds, namely that individuals act to maximize profit in all scenarios; factor mobility is unlimited; marginal returns to labor don't increase with wage rates, and other simplifications which rarely hold true in the workforce. Nor are all workers the same to the firm (discrimination), and workers' productivity and labor supply decisions change at different wage levels. hen we have to consider frictional unemployment; information asymmetry; product substitution; any number of real constraints that complicate the pure "Marginal Demand for Labor" theory (Kaufman & Hotchkiss, 2000, p. 31).

he main counter to the Neoclassicals arose in the early-mid-20th century Institutional school after Veblen, Commons and Mitchell, ironically at the University of Wisconsin 1920-30. Institutionalist focus on real evidence counters the Neoclassical theory where…...

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The main counter to the Neoclassicals arose in the early-mid-20th century Institutional school after Veblen, Commons and Mitchell, ironically at the University of Wisconsin 1920-30. Institutionalist focus on real evidence counters the Neoclassical theory where institution effects went ignored (New School n.d.). The more sociological approach recognizes 'market failures' of discrimination, collective bargaining and incorporation. Evidence surrounds us today in the form of monopolistic energy provision, embedded in every price on every shelf including wages, for example. One criticism on an Institutional line would be the persistence of poverty. If poverty is unwanted, either we allow poverty to persist, it is necessary for Neoclassical models to hold, or the model is flawed. The Institutional thread leads eventually via the London School to the modern "Post-Keynesian," "Behavioral," "Environmental," and other heterodox schools.

Comparing share of population to share of workforce for groups with a particular characteristic reveals discrimination if a group is underrepresented in a firm or industry. or, we identify where a category is overrepresented in the total labor market relative to other workers. If productivity is the same between groups, lower wages must be explained somehow. The heterodox perspective recognizes potential effects within the market, and before workers apply for a job. Some workers are less competitive than others before they apply, education being a common reason, which depends on access outside the workplace. Market discrimination enters the realm of individual aversion to classes of workers by the employer or other workers, usually over ethnicity, religion or gender, but any reason can provide empirical evidence if wage differentials persist.

Prejudice is real, and it results in lower wages for minorities (Kaufman & Hotchkiss 2000, p. 469). In the aggregate, equally

Many Chinese workers, including children, are forced to work in poor conditions (Ka Wai, 2004). Many workers are working in the town ship and village factories. According to a government report in 1984, the majority of township and village enterprises in China have at least one major problem that causes occupational disease. Many factory workers are working in dangerous conditions, in which poisonous chemicals, dust, and noise are predominant. As a result, many workers suffer from a variety of preventable health conditions.

Companies like Nike and eebok often subcontract factories in poor countries because they do not have to deal with production. By distancing themselves through subcontracting, benefiting from low production costs without having to take responsibility, they make huge profits.

In Indonesia, United States sportswear company Nike is often at the center of labor concerns (CNN, 2001). Workers at nine Indonesian factories under contract by Nike say they have suffered or…...

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References

2001). Hazardous forms of Child Labor in Nepal. GEFONT Paper presented in Preparatory Meeting on Developing Asian Network on Hazardous Child Labour

Manila 26-28, 2001. (Retrieved from the Internet at   13, 2003). Informal sector marred by poor working condition. Mercantile Communications. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2003/mar/mar13/local1.htm.http://www.gefont.org/views/2001/child_labour.htm .(March

CNN.com. (February 22, 2001). Abuse rife at Nike's Indonesia plants. Retrieved from the Internet at  http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/02/22/indonesia.slaveshop/ .

Ellis, Becky. (2000). Globalisation, Sweatshops and Indonesian Women Workers. Retrieved from the Internet at  http://www.angelfire.com/pr/red/feminism/globalisation_ss_indo_women.htm .

Labor Economics
Labor is a commodity that needs to be purchased for business activity. In the uncivilized world of the past labor could be exploited to the extreme, but in modern times trade union movement, increased public consciousness, health, safety and environmental regulations and labor regulations have meant that the near slavery condition of the past are totally unacceptable.

Nevertheless, labor remains a commodity requiring efficient, humane and cost effective management to increase profitability and balance human rights and investors' interests. This effort has resulted in labor economics developing as a branch of microeconomics. This paper reviews labor economics and its importance in the modern day economic and business activities.

Outline

Abstract

Introduction

Important Components of Labor Economics

Labor Supply and Demand

Quality of Labor (Investments in Human Capital)

Wages

Non-Wage Labor Costs

Wage Differentials

Workers Mobility

Pay & Productivity

8. Economics of Discrimination

9. Social Accountability

10. Trade Unions

Conclusions

ibliography

Introduction

Describing labor as a commodity [1] may seem as an obscene idea to some humanitarian idealist but…...

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Bibliography

1. What is Labor Economics-Economics 150 Course Outline, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005,  http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~dackerma/labsyllabus.pdf#search= 'What%20is%20Labor%20EconomicsEconomics%20150%20Course%20Outline'

2. Engels, F., Introduction to Karl Marx's Wage Labor and Capitol, Retrieved from Internet on 12 October 2005,  http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/Ch04.htm 

3. Labor Economics, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005,  http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/eco350/chap2.htm 

4. From Encyclopedia Wikipedia, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_%28economics%29

One of the first pioneer's in this activity was the Australian company Mcllwrath McEacharn of Melbourne. They began by offering to ship cargo in containers on a door to door basis from the Eastern States to ports in Western Australia using three ton Seatainers. (Taming the Australian Stevedoring Industry: who really runs the show?)
In 1969 two more container ships were added to their fleet. This move of using containers to move cargo on ships and on a door to door basis threw open the flood gates to increase the through put of ports and was very soon embraced by almost all other shippers in the movement of cargo around the world. This increased movement of goods by sea and in containers saw a sea of change in the way goods were handled at the ports by the use of bigger and better cranes and efforts at increasing their efficiency…...

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References

De, Prabir; Park, Ro-Kyung. "An Alternative Approach to Efficiency Measurement of Seaports" Maritime Economics & Logistics, 2004, 6, (53-69). Retrieved at Accessed on 19 January 2005http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/mel/journal/v6/n1/full/9100094a.html&filetype=pdf.

Fletcher, Tony. "Taming the Australian Stevedoring Industry: who really runs the show?" Retrieved at Accessed on 19 January 2005http://mh2001.murdoch.edu.au/links/submissions/fletcher.html.

Leschine, T. M; Dowd, T.J. "Container terminal productivity: A perspective"

Retrieved at   Accessed on 19 January 2005http://texas-sea-grant.tamu.edu/pubs/Ports/Washington/ContainerTerminalProduct.pdf .

Emotional Labor
Implications on a Call Centre

During the last two decades Contact or call centers have emerged as the answer to cost effectiveness for all sort of businesses that require back end customer services (Boreham et al., 2007). These call centers hailing from different countries are very similar with respect to markets, offered services, structure of the organization and type of workforce. This industry has flourished very quickly but usually these call centers are about ten to twelve years old hence still in infancy. Despite the similarities that exist across the globe in standards, processes and customers; are these call centers actually catering to the emotional side of this work.

Being a repetitive task with only a set of responses most of the time with no creativity and innovation in the services process added with long hours and no formal education on the subject, do these call centers affect labor in a…...

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References:

Ashforth, B.E., & Humphery, R.H. (1993). Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The influence of Identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.

Blau, P. (1989) Exchange and Power in Social Life, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Chu, K.H. -L. (2002) The Effects on Emotional Labor on Employee Work Outcomes. Unpublished Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Hochschild, A.R. (1983) The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Los Angeles, California, United States of America; University of California Press.

labor policies of the former Soviet Union and how they contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union. The writer explores the labor policies that were in force at the time and explains their contribution to the eventual downfall. There were ten sources used to complete this paper.
It was one of the more historic moments in recent world history. As the world watched in awe, the Soviet Union began to dismantle itself so that it could rebuild from the ground up. After many decades of communist regime, the government was taken apart from the inside out, the entire nation brought itself to the ground and the process to rebuild began. For years it had been accepted as a superpower and those who lived there felt that the United States was its only rival.

American residents had been raised to fear the Soviet Union and believe that they were the one…...

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References

On the Development of the Productive Forces   and the Class Relations in the Soviet Union by Elisabeth Wagnerhttp://www.mltranslations.org/Germany/susr04.htm 

Understanding political change in post-Soviet societies: A further commentary on Finifter and Mickiewicz. (response to Ada W. Finifter, American Political Science Review, vol. 90, p. 138, March 1996)

Arthur H. Reisinger, William M. Hesli, Vicki L.

Furtado, Charles F. 1994. "Nationalism and Foreign Policy in Ukraine." Political Science Quarterly 109:81-104.

decision will need to be made about the future of each one. Each decision will be supported with an analysis of the situation using the relevant legal framework. In general, companies are allowed to terminate employees if the termination is part of a downsizing, which in this case it is. Naturally, however, the issue of severance will be raised, and must be taken into consideration for each of the employees in question. The format will be a discussion of each individual employee, his or her situation, but then the final decision about who to terminate and how will be conducted at the end of the report. The microbrewery is probably a qualified company, with at least 15 employees, or this discussion would not be taking place.
Employee #1 -- Mike illiams. illiams is a member of a protected group, being Asian. His performance has been above the median, which gives…...

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Works Cited:

Department of Labor. (2012). Employee rights under the National Labor Relations Act. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved April 21, 2013 from  http://www.dol.gov/olms/regs/compliance/EmployeeRightsPoster11x17_Final.pdf

National Labor elations Act of 1935, and discuss how it protects employees.
The National Labor elations Act

The conventional union law, which constitutes much of labor law, concentrates on workers and worker rights collectively. One may distinguish this from employment legislation which deals largely with matters pertaining to individual workers' rights. Of the many rules and legislations that constitute labor law, the most important would be the 1935 NLA (National Labor elations Act), codified at 29 U.S.C. § 151-169. This piece of legislation aims at serving U.S. national interests with respect to labor relations in the nation. As one may observe in times of extensive labor strikes, tense employer-workforce relations can swiftly have serious, nationwide negative impacts. Well-defined policies with regard to management and labor foster the nation's best interests of maintaining maximum economic production. Peace in the manufacturing sector is critical to a successfully operating economy. Thus, the Act aims…...

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References

(n.d.). HR and Employment Law Hot Topics Index. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) - HR Topics for human resources. Retrieved September 19, 2016, from  http://topics.hrhero.com/national-labor-relations-act-nlra/# 

(n.d.). LII / Legal Information Institute. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) - Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia - LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved September 19, 2016, from  http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/national_labor_relations_act_nlra

Business Management
Suggestions for Business Conflict Resolution:

Carter:

It is apparent from your letter that the Winters Company is facing significant trouble brought about by the inexperience of the new and ambitious junior Winters. While he may be next in line to operate the company, and trusted by Winters Sr., his lack of experience in managing and motivating the floor of his fathers company could result in prolonged disruption of the company's productivity. As a result, in the best case scenario, the company could slowly recover by replacing the warring workers. However, this seems unlikely, as Winters Sr. will be hesitant to let go workers who have formed the backbone of the company for many years. In the worst case scenario, however, the company's loss in efficiency, combined with increasing competition it he marketplace could force the company onto a track that would stall the company's profitability, and ultimately cause the loss of…...

This is reflected in the fact that over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have only increased by 1.8%. Additionally, union membership has declined. The BLS reports that the union membership rate -- the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a union -- was 11.9%, down from 12.3% a year earlier. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1%, and there were 17.7 million union workers. Union jobs typically are higher paying jobs. According to the BLS, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $917, while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $717. One reason for the decline in union membership is the decline in public sector employment, especially in education.
eferences:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Employment situation summary. etrieved from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm.

U.S. Department of…...

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References:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Employment situation summary. Retrieved from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm .

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Union membership annual news release. Retrieved from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.htm .

Introduction Government spending plays a crucial role in shaping a country's economic trajectory. It can stimulate economic growth, redistribute income, and provide essential public services. South Africa, like many other countries, faces the challenge of balancing its spending needs with the imperative of fiscal sustainability. This literature review examines the future projections of South African government spending relative to GDP and explores the potential impact on the country's economic outlook. Historical Trends and Current Situation Over the past two decades, South Africa's government spending has grown steadily, albeit with some fluctuations. As a percentage of GDP, government spending increased from 25.7% in....