labor force has always been a prime concern amongst classical political economists, starting with Petty and continuing to theorists such as Adam Smith, icardo, Malthus, and Marx. Labor implies the activity of production that goes into producing the good of value but whilst some theorists, such as Smith, have focused on the outcome of the labor activity, others, such as famously Marx, have considered the conditions of the laborer himself. Some theories too, such as those of icardo have been primarily descriptive. Others, such as those of Marx and Malthus, have included prescriptive components. Ultimately, all classical political economic theories have included prescription of better understanding and dealing with the human race on an economic scheme.
William Petty, observing Dutch laborers at their shipyards, noticed how they performed their work better than anyone else and how employing the method that they used, owners could utilize cheap and unskilled labor thereby…...

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Ricardo.R. "On Value." In The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: Everyman's Library, 1911 [1817], 5-32.

Rubin. II. A History of Economic Thought. (Translated and edited by Donald Filtzer). London: Ink Links, 1979 [1929], 58-150

Screpanti, E. And S. Zamagni. An Outline of the History of Economic Thought. Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 200

labor force and explain how the unemployment rate is calculated. Shortcomings of the current methods of measuring labor force participation rate and unemployment
Labor force is people between 16 and 65 years of age either employed or seeking employment. Labor force includes students, retirees, and prisoners, those engaged in gainful employment as well as persons without reported income.

In the United States of America, unemployment rate is calculated from the monthly surveys done by the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is estimated by dividing the number of persons without employment by the size of the available workforce that includes the employed and those unemployed.

omer (1986) states that this method used in calculating the unemployment rate also includes; Social Insurance Statistics such as unemployment benefits. He claims that this method is not detailed since some benefits expire before one can find a job. In addition, the other method, employment office statistics,…...

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References

Langman, L., & Fishman, D.K. (2006). The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium. Lanham.

Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

Romer, C. (1986). Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data. The Journal of Political Economy, 1 -- 37.

technology, labor force engagement, labor productivity and poverty, there was quite a change in the mining industry in Central Appalachia which greatly affected the people living there. It is significant that from 1945 to 1965, labor force engagement and labor productivity steadily declined in this region. Subsequently, poverty definitely increased during this period as there were fewer men employed in what had traditionally been the most established industry in this region. It is very possible that the decline in men available in this industry coincided with increased technology. However, what was once a fairly stable industry slowly whittled down to one in which the residents of this region could no longer depend. It is also important to realize that this negative trend was also characterized by an increasing number of mines, which peaked in 1957 with 49 mines. As the number of mines was reduced again until the 1972,…...

leadership position mandated reduce department's labor force 8%. What steps identify lay ? What staff roles regulatory requirements staffing patterns, roles assistive personnel, cross training, arriving a viable solution.
Staffing

In a context in which the managerial team at the organization has decided to downsize its staff members by 8 per cent in a respective department, the manager of the respective department plays an essential role in helping to identify the staffs to be downsized.

The process of identifying people to downsize is highly complex and it could take several forms. For instance, a principle could be implemented of firing the newest members to the team. These have the least experience within the firm and within the project and, from the standpoint of the project, they would be easier to lose than, say, an employee who had been within the project for five years and is highly familiar with it.

Assuming however that…...

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References:

Javitch, D.G. (2009). The layoff and downsizing dilemma. Entrepreneur.   accessed on October 17, 2012http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/201280 

Downsizing with dignity. About.com.   accessed on October 17, 2012http://humanresources.about.com/od/layoffsdownsizing/a/downsizing.htm 

Panels of data from each of the odd-numbered years between 2000 and 2010 -- 2001. 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 -- were used in this research, and though these datasets included many of the same individuals from year to year each individual was counted separately in each separate year. This was considered appropriate for two reasons: first, as this research was not longitudinal in nature, and is attempting to determine specific influences on female labor force participation currently rather than how these forces might change over time, an analysis that controls for individual factors over an extended time period was not deemed necessary; second, because individual circumstances can change, the decision of each individual in each year can be seen as the result of the changing factors, which are for all intents and purposes unique (as is the decision-making process itself) each year. This created a pooled dataset that allowed…...

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References

Aslanbeigui, N. & Pressman, S. (1994). Women in the age of economic transformation. New York: Routledge.

Kim, H. & Voos, P. (2007). The Korean economic crisis and working women. Journal of Contemporary Asia 37(2).

Kim, S. (1997). Class struggle or family struggle? New York: Cambridge University Press.

Nam, S. (1991). Determinants of female labor force participation: A study of Seoul, South Korea, 1970 -- 1980. Sociological Forum 6(4): 641-59.

7% Asian-Americans, and 17.3% Hispanic-Americans. The two most prominent changes in these numbers from the other two fields were the lower incidence of Asian-American painters (about 1/3 the rate of accountants or waiters/waitresses) and the higher incidence of Hispanic-American painters (more than three times found in the other two occupations).
Analysis:

Kirschenman and Neckerman explore the issue of race an ethnicity in the eyes of employers. Interviewing Chicago-area businesses, the authors found that employers perceived Black men as being "unstable, uncooperative, dishonest, and uneducated" (311). However, looking across the three fields investigated for this paper, this is not necessarily reflected. If this perception held true, it would follow that there would be far more African-Americans in the lower-skilled, lower-education fields of waiter/waitressing and especially painting, given the high percentage of males in that field. Instead, the percentage of African-Americans in all three fields were fairly even. Although there was a slightly higher…...

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Works Cited

Kandel, W. And Parrado, E. "Hispanics in the American South and the Transformation of the Poultry Industry" in Rethinking the Color Line: Readings in Race and Ethnicity. Boston: Mcgraw-Hill, 2008.

Kirschenman, J. And Neckerman, K. "We'd Love to Hire Them, but..." In Rethinking the Color Line: Readings in Race and Ethnicity. Boston: Mcgraw-Hill, 2008.

Newman, K. And Ellis, C. "There's No Shame in My Game." In Rethinking the Color Line: Readings in Race and Ethnicity. Boston: Mcgraw-Hill, 2008.

Mexican-American Employee: A growing Labor Force
This article suggests that the employment figures for the Mexican-American community is not a pleasant one. The United States has seen its wages for common workers stagnated from 1980's and onwards, this translates into an even more grim picture for those workers who have been living in the country for many decades.

Chicanos also have a very minimal amount of representation at the white-collar or managerial posts and they also get limited opportunities to prove themselves that they are worthy for such a post. It is often termed that newer generation of Chicanos are making steady progress as compared to their parents who immigrated to the U.S. But still they are termed to be falling behind rapidly when judging from the context of the overall opportunity structure that exists in the complete population.

When focusing on the demographics of the U.S., it is seen that the…...

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References

Blea, I. (1988). Toward a Chicano Social Science. New York: Praeger.

Gomez, J. (1990). Chicano Politics. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Immigration and Its Effects on the United States Labor Force
During the time period of 1881 and 1924, the First Great Migration shifted about 25.8 million people from across the globe to the United States, boosting the country's population by approximately 50%. Huge numbers migrated from Western Europe. The following Great Migration, proceeding from the 1960s, has given a figure of about 26 million new residents all over the country. It has in an increasing number shifted immigrants into the state from other than European countries. In stark difference to the preceding duration of time, more sians, fricans, and Central and South mericans have made settlement in this particular vicinity. s an initiated happening, immigration is instigated due to financial difficulties, tussle in the political field, lack of stability, or natural catastrophes, existent amidst other factors, in the source country. ny initiative is inclined to be far from economic and arising…...

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A fear that has shown up again at frequent time gaps time and again in the history of the U.S. immigration policy is the inherently opposite influence of immigration on the employment and wage possibilities of U.S. laborers. The downfall that was witnessed in the late 1980s and the jobless redemption of the early 1990s have taken this fear into new importance. A large chunk of research, has as a matter of fact, been carried out on the influence of immigration on the U.S. labor market, which updates to a rather time worn image. What succeeds is a survey of the chief donations to this literature -- both total figurative studies of the work market and case studies of local labor markets and particular industrial sector. There exists no strong proof that immigration mitigates general procurement of jobs or wages. Immigrants may mitigate the job openings of low skill workers, however, especially in vicinities where the local economy is shaky and where immigrants are high in presence. (Fix, Michael; Passel, Jeffrey S; Enchautegui, Maria E; Zimmermann. Immigration and Immigrants)

Immigration in no way creates hurdle to job possibilities of African-Americans as a whole, but it mitigates their economic openings vicinities of high immigration in the time of recession. New immigrants give an image of hurting the general work market possibilities of one population group -- the immigrants who were the immediate predecessors. Immigrants may also cause the change of the movement of native workers into and out of high immigration vicinities. Immigrants will steadily update to the difference of the U.S. workforce. The alien natives have a share of the labor force will shoot up from almost 10% in 1990 to 12% in 2000 and 14% in 2010. An updated sum of 6 million new immigrants would take over the labor force in every one of the next two decades, thus giving account for about one third of the workforce evolution in each decade, up from one quarter in the 1980s. (Fix, Michael; Passel, Jeffrey S; Enchautegui, Maria E; Zimmermann. Immigration and Immigrants)

The structure of the labor force will also make continued evolution, with white, non-Hispanic male laborers waning from 42% to 36% in

This is reflected in the fact that over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have only increased by 1.8%. Additionally, union membership has declined. The BLS reports that the union membership rate -- the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a union -- was 11.9%, down from 12.3% a year earlier. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1%, and there were 17.7 million union workers. Union jobs typically are higher paying jobs. According to the BLS, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $917, while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $717. One reason for the decline in union membership is the decline in public sector employment, especially in education.
eferences:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Employment situation summary. etrieved from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm.

U.S. Department of…...

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References:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Employment situation summary. Retrieved from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm .

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Union membership annual news release. Retrieved from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.htm .

The more effective such systems of transport, the easier it is for labor to either to commute to work a fair distance from their home. Cities provide concentrated sources of labor that may not need to commute far distances. Also, the willingness of laborers to leave their home communities and relocate is an important cultural factor to remember, as well as the cost of transportation. Finally, in some areas, gas for cats is quite expensive, while public transportation is fairly cheap, which will affect labor patterns of migration and may be different than one might expect from one's experience in America.
Minorities:

Local attitudes to international companies, towards a diverse workforce, and to employing refugees may vary from country to country.

Labor market:

The diversity of the labor force, whether it is primarily skilled or unskilled, diverse or homogeneous in its ethnic, age, or skill composition will affect what types of laborers are…...

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Reference for Business. Business Encyclopedia. Published by Thomson, Inc. Available 21 Nov 2006 at  http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Gr-Int/International-Management.html

Labor
The Department of Labor is present today to promote, foster and develop the welfare of the employees or the labor force in the United States. The labor system focuses on the improvement of the working conditions and the fulfillment of opportunities for more profitable employment. As it would be known, rules and regulations are there to keep things in order. Similarly, the Labor system in the country is guided by laws that guarantee the rights and privileges of the labor force of the country.

The Department of Labor has made laws concerning working conditions, minimum hourly wage, and freedom from employment discrimination, worker's compensation and unemployment insurance. The labor system also aids in job training programs and it helps workers find jobs. Everyone needs a decent source of income and if a person has some sort of skill or talent, they should definitely make use of it.

The basic feature of the…...

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References

Baron, J.N., Jennings, P.D. & Dobbin, F.R. (1988). Mission control? The development of personnel systems in us industry. American Sociological Review, pp. 497 -- 514.

Bronfenbrenner, K. (1996). Role of union strategies in nlrb certification elections, the. Indus. & Lab. Rel. Rev., 50 p. 195.

Democratizing the Global Economy: Empowering Workers, Building Democracy, Achieving Shared Prosperity. (2005). [e-book] Available through: AFL-CIO   [Accessed: 21 Feb 2014].http://www.aflcio.org/content/download/6904/74567/file/res_6.pdf 

Lindsey, A. (1964). The pullman strike. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.

Labor Relations in Public Sector
Collective bargaining in the public sector organizations will be quite different from that of the private sector organizations. The factors that drive the collective bargaining process in the private sector might not be present in the public sector. Private sector organizations are more concerned on the profit maximization philosophy whereas the public sector firms are more focused on serving general public therefore their priorities would be totally different and management approaches to collective bargaining would also be different. Moreover, private sector firms project for long-term budget forecasting, whereas in the public sector it is managed through third party legislature depending on the voters. These create challenges for the public sector to formulate a policy document that looks after the labor relations.

The Public Employees Fair Employment Act, commonly known as the Taylor Law, is a labor relations ruling policy document that covers public employees in New York…...

Surveys have found that the public find business leaders to be more trustworthy than union leaders and many members of non-union families disapprove of unions. Other factors include the increased trend towards smaller sizes of new factories. Moreover, the American workforce has changed significantly in terms of composition, i.e. age, sex, education and race. Some cyclical phenomenon in the political, social and economic environment in the U.S. has also lead to the decline in union membership. These cyclical explanations for the decline include economic factors like the rising unemployment rates in the U.S., the mounting influence of the epublicans since 1952 in national politics, and the drop in class conflicts in the country. The unions also must take a major portion of blame for failure to deploy significant portions of their budgets for organizing new union activities. (Caplow; Bahr; Chadwick; Modell, 1994); (Goldfield, 1989)
As of 2006, only 12.5% of…...

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References

Bennett, James T; Kaufman, Bruce E. (2002) "The future of private sector unionism in the United States" M.E. Sharpe.

Caplow, Theodore; Bahr, Howard M; Chadwick, Bruce A; Modell, John. (1994) "Recent Social

Trends in the United States, 1960-1990" McGill-Queen's University Press.

Farber, Henry. S; Krueger, Alan. B. (1992) "Union Membership in the United States: The

he intersection determines the amount of investment in education / productivity factors by all individuals and institutions.
he major criticisms to the Neoclassical model come from the assumption competition holds, namely that individuals act to maximize profit in all scenarios; factor mobility is unlimited; marginal returns to labor don't increase with wage rates, and other simplifications which rarely hold true in the workforce. Nor are all workers the same to the firm (discrimination), and workers' productivity and labor supply decisions change at different wage levels. hen we have to consider frictional unemployment; information asymmetry; product substitution; any number of real constraints that complicate the pure "Marginal Demand for Labor" theory (Kaufman & Hotchkiss, 2000, p. 31).

he main counter to the Neoclassicals arose in the early-mid-20th century Institutional school after Veblen, Commons and Mitchell, ironically at the University of Wisconsin 1920-30. Institutionalist focus on real evidence counters the Neoclassical theory where…...

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The main counter to the Neoclassicals arose in the early-mid-20th century Institutional school after Veblen, Commons and Mitchell, ironically at the University of Wisconsin 1920-30. Institutionalist focus on real evidence counters the Neoclassical theory where institution effects went ignored (New School n.d.). The more sociological approach recognizes 'market failures' of discrimination, collective bargaining and incorporation. Evidence surrounds us today in the form of monopolistic energy provision, embedded in every price on every shelf including wages, for example. One criticism on an Institutional line would be the persistence of poverty. If poverty is unwanted, either we allow poverty to persist, it is necessary for Neoclassical models to hold, or the model is flawed. The Institutional thread leads eventually via the London School to the modern "Post-Keynesian," "Behavioral," "Environmental," and other heterodox schools.

Comparing share of population to share of workforce for groups with a particular characteristic reveals discrimination if a group is underrepresented in a firm or industry. or, we identify where a category is overrepresented in the total labor market relative to other workers. If productivity is the same between groups, lower wages must be explained somehow. The heterodox perspective recognizes potential effects within the market, and before workers apply for a job. Some workers are less competitive than others before they apply, education being a common reason, which depends on access outside the workplace. Market discrimination enters the realm of individual aversion to classes of workers by the employer or other workers, usually over ethnicity, religion or gender, but any reason can provide empirical evidence if wage differentials persist.

Prejudice is real, and it results in lower wages for minorities (Kaufman & Hotchkiss 2000, p. 469). In the aggregate, equally

Forced Retirement
Monetary Considerations for the Retirees

Psychological Implications

Discrimination

Costs to Society

Forcing individuals to arbitrarily retire once they reach a certain age, no matter what that age might be, is not only counterproductive in its contribution to society, but it also serves as a form of discrimination against a particular segment of the population. This argumentative essay will provide clear and unfettered evidence that this policy is both ineffective and unjust. It adversely affects the individuals being forced into retirement both monetarily as well as psychologically. It indirectly affects society as a whole by limiting great segments of the population from employment; many who are often extremely well qualified and experienced. Therefore under no circumstance is this policy a plausible solution.

Monetary Considerations for the Retirees

Retirees are detrimentally afflicted by mandatory retirement financially primarily for two reasons. First, they lose their income potential. This may occur even if the individual is fully fit to…...

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Works Cited

Charles, K. (1999). Is Retirement Depressing? Labor Force Inactivity and Psychological Well-Being in Later Life. University of Michigan Dept. Of Economics and School of Public Policy, 1-23.

Clover, I. (2011, August). When I'm 65. Retrieved August 20, 2011, from HR Management:  http://www.hrmreport.com/article/When-Im-65/ 

Maranjian, S. (2007, January 25). Will you retire by choice -- or force? Retrieved August 20, 2011, from The Motley Fool:  http://www.fool.com/personal-finance/retirement/2007/01/25/will-you-retire-by-choice-or-force.aspx 

Rodin, J. (1986). Aging and health: effects of the sense of control. Science, 1271-1276.

Job opportunities and working conditions for Canadian women during the period between 1880 and 1920 were fairly limited.  Women were expected to be part of the labor force, but only until they married.  At that time, men were expected to be the primary breadwinners and married women were discouraged from participating in the workforce.  In fact, over all the progress towards women’s rights in Canada has been relatively slow. 

Technically, the end of the 19^th century and the beginning of the 20^th century offered many opportunities for advancement for women’s rights.  Women began to attend universities and....

Topic 1: The Evolution of Welfare Policy in the United States

Trace the historical development of welfare programs in the US, from their origins to modern iterations.
Analyze the shifting ideologies and social attitudes that have influenced welfare policy over time.
Examine the impact of political and economic factors on welfare reform efforts.

Topic 2: The Efficacy of Welfare Programs

Evaluate the effectiveness of welfare programs in reducing poverty and improving the well-being of recipients.
Analyze the trade-offs between providing assistance and promoting self-sufficiency.
Examine the role of welfare programs in promoting economic growth and social mobility.

Topic 3: The Social Stigma....

Certainly! Here are some potential essay topics related to American Colonies:

1. Compare and contrast the motivations for colonization between the Spanish, French, and English settlers in the Americas.
2. Analyze the impact of European diseases on Native American populations during the colonial period.
3. Discuss the role of religion in shaping the development of the American colonies.
4. Explore the economic systems of the American colonies and their impact on the growth of the colonies.
5. Evaluate the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on the development and economy of the American colonies.
6. Examine the relationship between Native American tribes and European colonizers in....

I. Introduction
A. Definition of migration
B. Importance of studying migration in Trinidad and Australia
C. Thesis statement: The causes and consequences of migration in Trinidad and Australia

II. Causes of Migration
A. Economic reasons
1. Job opportunities
2. Better living standards
B. Social reasons
1. Education
2. Family reunification
C. Environmental reasons
1. Natural disasters
2. Climate change

III. Consequences of Migration
A. Economic consequences
1. Remittances
2. Labor force dynamics
B. Social consequences
1. Cultural diversity
2. Integration challenges
C. Political consequences
1. Immigration policies
2. Impact on national identity

IV. Migration in Trinidad
A. Historical background
1. Colonial era
2.....