The company entered into new deals with both the CA and the UA in order to shed some of the legacy costs (Merx, 2009). The deal in the United States gave the union-run Retiree Health Care Trust a 17.5% stake in the post-bankruptcy version of GM and a warrant for another 2.5% stake in exchange for GM's $20 billion obligation to the trust. In other words, GM has swapped out what was essentially a debt owed to the retirement trust for equity, reducing their burden by $20 billion (Associated Press, 2009). The company asserts that the deal will bring its total hourly labor costs in line with those of Toyota.
Information with respect to GM's labor costs is highly transparent. The story is a major news item and the firm is up front with its cost structure, both in the media and on its website. The major decisions have already…...
mlaWorks Cited:
Perry, Mark J./Associated Press (2008). Total Hourly Labor Costs: GM vs. Toyota. Associated Press. Retrieved July 19, 2009 from http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2008/11/more-on-total-hourly-labor-costs-gm-vs.html
Merx, Katie. (2009). GM Canada Contract cuts Labor Costs, would Help Bankruptcy Exit. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 19, 2009 from http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601110&sid=anpKKbR8jamE
No author/Associated Press. (2009). UAW Approves Cost-Cutting Labor Deal with GM. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved July 19, 2009 from http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2009/05/29/uaw-gm-gettelfinger.html
(ILO Report, 2006)
In reality the global opportunities are now making employees seek independence. While on one hand the employers look out for more flexibility and accommodative modes of production from employees while on the other hand the collective representation and bargaining power of employees post globalization is wanting. Added to that, the casual labor, seasonal employment and specific purpose contract-based employment have come in vogue. The boundary between the traditional employer and the employee is slowly getting blurred. (Dundon; Rollinson, 2004) This may not be so in the food and beverages section, but youth look to better jobs and employment in other areas and systems. Those who are then available are costly.
In such a scenario, the following are the facts:
Firstly, the food section needs to be outsourced and the system can be created where the chefs, and the other employees form a small firm and source the food from…...
Within the United States, labor and its corresponding rates have become both a divisive and contentious issue. COVID-19 has only exacerbated an already combative labor environment. For example, COVID-19 resulted in massive layoff and furloughs for millions of Americans. The tourism, retail, entertainment, airline and energy sectors have all declined precipitously as consumer demand declined throughout the year. As consumer demand declined, corporations were forced to make the difficult chance to eliminate or cut their labor force. Adding more pressure to the prevailing labor rates, were consumer driven initiatives such as the “The Fight for $15”. The unforeseen and precipitous decline in consumer demand and the popularity of raising the minimum rage have created unique variables as it relates to the labor rate. As retail was one of the hardest hit industries, I believe a study of Wal-Mart is warranted due to the amount of people it employs and its…...
mlaReferences
Barry, J. and Jancome, M., 2007. Ethical Standards And Working Conditions. [online] Digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu. Available at: [Accessed 19 January 2021].Charles Fishman. The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World's Most Powerful Company Really Works: And how It's Transforming the American Economy. Penguin Group. 2006. 294p
Demand Management Plan for Wild Dog Coffee Company:Impact of Advertising on Product DemandTo analyze the impact of advertising on product demand, a simple linear regression model to forecast the pounds of espresso beans used each month based on advertising expenditures can be used. The model used can be found in the Appendix to this paper.The regression equation is: Y = 542.78 + 0.42X where Y is the pounds of espresso beans used and X is the advertising dollars spent.The R-squared value is 0.56, which means that 56% of the variation in espresso bean use is explained by advertising dollars spent.Forecasting the Pounds of Espresso Beans Needed for Month 7To forecast the pounds of espresso beans needed for month 7, it is helpful to use the regression equation and plug in X = 1,350 (the advertising budget for month 7). Y = 542.78 + 0.42(1,350) = 1,116.78Therefore, the forecasted pounds of…...
mlaReferences
Forbes. (2020). 13 techniques for implementing a flexible schedule. Retrieved from
Imarah, T. S., & Jaelani, R. (2020). ABC Analysis, Forecasting And Economic Order Quantity
Labor Relations in Public Sector
Collective bargaining in the public sector organizations will be quite different from that of the private sector organizations. The factors that drive the collective bargaining process in the private sector might not be present in the public sector. Private sector organizations are more concerned on the profit maximization philosophy whereas the public sector firms are more focused on serving general public therefore their priorities would be totally different and management approaches to collective bargaining would also be different. Moreover, private sector firms project for long-term budget forecasting, whereas in the public sector it is managed through third party legislature depending on the voters. These create challenges for the public sector to formulate a policy document that looks after the labor relations.
The Public Employees Fair Employment Act, commonly known as the Taylor Law, is a labor relations ruling policy document that covers public employees in New York…...
Labor Economics
Labor is a commodity that needs to be purchased for business activity. In the uncivilized world of the past labor could be exploited to the extreme, but in modern times trade union movement, increased public consciousness, health, safety and environmental regulations and labor regulations have meant that the near slavery condition of the past are totally unacceptable.
Nevertheless, labor remains a commodity requiring efficient, humane and cost effective management to increase profitability and balance human rights and investors' interests. This effort has resulted in labor economics developing as a branch of microeconomics. This paper reviews labor economics and its importance in the modern day economic and business activities.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Important Components of Labor Economics
Labor Supply and Demand
Quality of Labor (Investments in Human Capital)
Wages
Non-Wage Labor Costs
Wage Differentials
Workers Mobility
Pay & Productivity
8. Economics of Discrimination
9. Social Accountability
10. Trade Unions
Conclusions
ibliography
Introduction
Describing labor as a commodity [1] may seem as an obscene idea to some humanitarian idealist but…...
mlaBibliography
1. What is Labor Economics-Economics 150 Course Outline, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005, http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~dackerma/labsyllabus.pdf#search= 'What%20is%20Labor%20EconomicsEconomics%20150%20Course%20Outline'
2. Engels, F., Introduction to Karl Marx's Wage Labor and Capitol, Retrieved from Internet on 12 October 2005, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/Ch04.htm
3. Labor Economics, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005, http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/eco350/chap2.htm
4. From Encyclopedia Wikipedia, Retrieved from Internet on 12 Oct 2005, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_%28economics%29
While cases such as that of Kukdong graphically illustrate the importance of CS and codes of conduct, anti-sweatshop activists continue to display considerable hesitation and equivocation as they wrestle with implementing CS in China. In the words of the late activist Trim Bissell of the Campaign for Labor ights, China has become a "planetary black hole" attracting global production with its cheap labor, but "the anti-sweatshop movement has been without a China strategy."9For example, in January 2000, the University of California (UC) announced that it would not allow any university-licensed products to be produced in countries that do no tallow freedom of association and collective bargaining, in effect banning products made in China (China and the American Anti-Sweatshop Movement (http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:MfmUl9ll5pwJ:laborcenter.berkeley.edu/globaleconomy/china_american.pdf+china+sweatshops+unions&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=9&ie=UTF-8)."
Efforts are underway to accomplish several things when it comes to China's sweatshops. The first thing that the union and labor leaders are demanding is that the world pay closer attention…...
mlaReferences
Frequently Asked Questions About Sweatshops and Women Workers
(Accessed 5-25-06)http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html
US union to tour China factories (Accessed 5-25-06)
Nu Star Energy L.P. is a limited partnership that is publicly traded and headquartered in San Antonio. It has 9,063 miles of pipeline, eighty-six terminal facilities, four storage facilities for crude oil and two refineries for asphalt. It is the second in size among independent liquid terminal operators in the United States. It operates in the U.S., Netherlands, Canada, United Kingdom, Antilles and Mexico. The entire system of the partnership can hold up to 86 million barrels in its storage infrastructure. It has refineries for asphalt, crude oil and has pipelines for refined products. Also present are terminals for refined products, a storage facility for petroleum, a terminal operation as well as storage facilities for crude oil. NuStar strives to protect the environment and continually works to improve its programs and processes so as to meet even the most stringent of environmental practices. This has resulted in better environmental performance.…...
mlaReferences
Becker, R., & Henderson, V. (2000). Effects of air quality regulations on polluting industries. Journal of Political Economy, 108(2), 379-421.
Bradbury, J. (2010). EPA, The Clean Air Act, and U.S. Manufacturing. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.wri.org/blog/2010/11/epa-clean-air-act-and-us-manufacturing
Deschenes, O., Greenstone, M., & Shapiro, J.S. (2012). Defensive investments and the demand for air quality: Evidence from the nox budget program and ozone reductions (No. w18267). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://environ.andrew.cmu.edu/m3/s7/us_laws.shtml
Labor and Union Studies in ashington and Oregon States
The United States labor movement has its roots in the complex trappings of the industrial revolution. Laborers were just starting to come to the United States from foreign countries because they had learned that there were many jobs available for even the most unskilled worker. People were also moving from rural areas in America to the cities in an attempt ti have a better life also without the uncertainties that governed farm profits. The growth in many industries was a result of new technologies that allowed people to purchase items that had previously been made by hand far cheaper because the products could now be mass produced in the factories. The problem was that the owners of these factories did not care how the workers were treated because there were many more begging to have a low-paying job in a factory filled…...
mlaWorks Cited
Bloom, Nick, Toby Kretschmer, and John van Reenen. Work-Life Balance, Management Practices and Productivity. London: London School Of Economics -- Center for Economic Performance, 2006. Print.
Brundage, Michael. "Working at Microsoft." qbrundage. Web.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Union Membership in Oregon -- 2010." United States Department of Labor (2010). Web.
Grant, Michel, and Jean Harvey. "Unions and Productivity: Convergence or Divergence in Perspectives." International Studies of Management & Organization 22.4 (1992): 93-98. Print.
Labor
The Department of Labor is present today to promote, foster and develop the welfare of the employees or the labor force in the United States. The labor system focuses on the improvement of the working conditions and the fulfillment of opportunities for more profitable employment. As it would be known, rules and regulations are there to keep things in order. Similarly, the Labor system in the country is guided by laws that guarantee the rights and privileges of the labor force of the country.
The Department of Labor has made laws concerning working conditions, minimum hourly wage, and freedom from employment discrimination, worker's compensation and unemployment insurance. The labor system also aids in job training programs and it helps workers find jobs. Everyone needs a decent source of income and if a person has some sort of skill or talent, they should definitely make use of it.
The basic feature of the…...
mlaReferences
Baron, J.N., Jennings, P.D. & Dobbin, F.R. (1988). Mission control? The development of personnel systems in us industry. American Sociological Review, pp. 497 -- 514.
Bronfenbrenner, K. (1996). Role of union strategies in nlrb certification elections, the. Indus. & Lab. Rel. Rev., 50 p. 195.
Democratizing the Global Economy: Empowering Workers, Building Democracy, Achieving Shared Prosperity. (2005). [e-book] Available through: AFL-CIO [Accessed: 21 Feb 2014].http://www.aflcio.org/content/download/6904/74567/file/res_6.pdf
Lindsey, A. (1964). The pullman strike. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
Goodyear which effectively denied employees the right to sue for wage discrimination after the passing of 180 days that "Justice Ruth ader Ginsberg was so incensed she read her scathing dissent aloud from the bench. She defended Lilly Ledbetter's right to sue her employer, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. For pay discrimination on the basis of sex, giving a not-so-gentle reminder of the realities of the American workplace." (Steiger, 2007) Specifically written by Justice Ginsburg is that as follows:
worker knows immediately if she is denied a promotion or transfer, if she is fired or refused employment. And promotions, transfers, hirings, and firings are generally public events, known to co-workers. When an employer makes a decision of such open and definitive character, an employee can immediately seek out an explanation and evaluate it for pretext. Compensation disparities, in contrast, are often hidden from sight." (Steiger, 2007)
Steiger reports that the…...
mlaBibliography
Abrams, Jim (2009) House Approves Bill to Fight Wage Discrimination. Yahoo News. 9 Jan 2009. Online available at http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090109/ap_on_go_co/pay_equity
Barko, N. (2000. June 19). The Other Gender Gap. (Online) Available http://www.prospect.org/archives/V11-15/barko-n.html .
Bland, T.S. (1999, July). Equal Pay Enforcement Heats Up. HR Magazine, p. 138-145.
Bland, T.S., Nail, T.N., Knox, D.P. (2000, May). OFCCP, White House push comparable worth. HR News, p. 22-24.
The more effective such systems of transport, the easier it is for labor to either to commute to work a fair distance from their home. Cities provide concentrated sources of labor that may not need to commute far distances. Also, the willingness of laborers to leave their home communities and relocate is an important cultural factor to remember, as well as the cost of transportation. Finally, in some areas, gas for cats is quite expensive, while public transportation is fairly cheap, which will affect labor patterns of migration and may be different than one might expect from one's experience in America.
Minorities:
Local attitudes to international companies, towards a diverse workforce, and to employing refugees may vary from country to country.
Labor market:
The diversity of the labor force, whether it is primarily skilled or unskilled, diverse or homogeneous in its ethnic, age, or skill composition will affect what types of laborers are…...
mlaReference for Business. Business Encyclopedia. Published by Thomson, Inc. Available 21 Nov 2006 at http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Gr-Int/International-Management.html
Labor and Union Case Study
The objective of this work in writing is to conduct a case study on labor and unions and to answer the questions of: (1) Is the grievance process an effective method for resolving workplace disputes? And (2) How would you suggest that unions and employers improve their ability to correctly interpret the collective agreement?
In the case study at focus, several employees have a discussion, which results in an altercation, and two employees are fired as a result. The employees were then advised that they could file a grievance. One of the employees, named Green met in the cafeteria with a representative of the Grievance Committee and related her side of the story and believed that by meeting with the Grievance Committee member that she had filed an official grievance. One week later the other employee, Swallows, was reinstated. When Green inquired about the grievance, she was…...
mlaBibliography
Borrell, Charles A. (2006) How Unions Can Improve Their Success Rate in Labor Arbitration. All Business. Dispute Resolution Journal Feb-Apr 2006. Retrieved from: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/workforce-management-hiring-recruiting/4081239-1.html
Travis, Mark C. (nd) Improving the Grievance Process: Grievance Mediation As An Alternative to Arbitration. Retrieved from: http://www.adrspecialists.com/docs/IMPROVING%20THE%20GRIEVANCE%20PROCESS%20-%20Grievance%20Mediation%20(IIRHRC).pdf
ubstance Abuse Testing - the substance abuse testing policy for the construction industry that are union workers in British Columbia allows for: (1) pre-access testing prior to entering a job site; (2) voluntary testing; (3) post-accident testing; (4) reasonable suspicion testing; (5) return-to-work testing; and (6) testing following a probationary status. (eale, 2008) However, pre-employment and random testing for substances is considered unacceptable in British Columbia. (Harassment - the law in British Columbia makes it a violation of an employer to allow or contribute to sexual harassment of an employee in the workplace. Ministry of Attorney General, British Columbia, 2008)
Employment Contracts and Restrict Covenants - Restrictive covenants make the provision for several limitations: (1) Employee may be prohibited from working for business competition for a period of time after they leave their employment:; (2) territorial limits may restrict the employee from joining competition within defined a defined territory; (3) Other…...
mlaSubstance Abuse Testing - the substance abuse testing policy for the construction industry that are union workers in British Columbia allows for: (1) pre-access testing prior to entering a job site; (2) voluntary testing; (3) post-accident testing; (4) reasonable suspicion testing; (5) return-to-work testing; and (6) testing following a probationary status. (Seale, 2008) However, pre-employment and random testing for substances is considered unacceptable in British Columbia. (Harassment - the law in British Columbia makes it a violation of an employer to allow or contribute to sexual harassment of an employee in the workplace. Ministry of Attorney General, British Columbia, 2008)
Employment Contracts and Restrict Covenants - Restrictive covenants make the provision for several limitations: (1) Employee may be prohibited from working for business competition for a period of time after they leave their employment:; (2) territorial limits may restrict the employee from joining competition within defined a defined territory; (3) Other restrictive covenants have to do with intellectual property of the employer. Restrictive covenants may be contractual in nature and always are exceptional in nature. Ministry of Attorney General, British Columbia, 2008)
Workplace Health, Safety and Standards - Workplace safety standards are set out in B.C. Reg. 312/2003, effective October 29, 2003, and amended by B.C. Reg. 243/2006, effective January 1, 2007. These regulations call for safely constructed and maintained workplace environments. (B.C. Reg 258/2009, effective January 1, 2009)
Labor, GDP and Firm
Labor is an important factor of production for all firms. The most recent unemployment rate is estimated at 9% (January 2011). Economists have identified three types of unemployment. Which type would affect your firm? Explain.
The three types of unemployment include: structural, changes in technology and shifts in tastes. Structural is when there is a lack of demand for workers with particular skill sets. Changes in technology, takes place when innovations and scientific breakthroughs are leading to a shift in the way businesses are operating. This is the point when there is a decrease in the total number of employees working for a particular firm. Shifts in taste are occurring when consumers want to purchase a particular product or service based on the underlying amounts of popularity. During times when there is a change in tastes, is the point that sales will decrease and those employees who are…...
mlaBibliography
US Consumer Confidence Plunges to Recessionary Levels. Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/8848977/U.S.-consumer-confidence-plunges-to-recession-levels.html
US Unemployment Rate Forecast. (2011). Forecasts. org. Retrieved from: http://www.forecasts.org/unemploy.htm
Moffat, M. (2011). What are the Three Types of Unemployment. About. Retrieved from: http://economics.about.com/od/typesofunemployment/p/three_types_of_unemployment.htm
Defining Fast Food: A Culinary Category of Convenience and Speed
In today's fast-paced society, dining options that prioritize speed and convenience have gained immense popularity. Fast food, a culinary category characterized by its rapid preparation, standardized menu, and accessible locations, has become an integral part of the modern dining landscape. Distinct from other dining options, fast food possesses several defining characteristics that set it apart:
1. Rapid Preparation:
Fast food restaurants prioritize speed and efficiency in their operations. They utilize pre-cooked or quickly prepared ingredients, standardized cooking methods, and specialized equipment to minimize preparation time. Customers can typically expect their orders to be....
Essay Topic 1: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Heavy-Duty Anchor Stakes in Construction
Opposing Viewpoint 1: Advantages
Exceptional Strength and Durability: Heavy-duty anchor stakes are made from high-strength materials, such as steel or aluminum, making them highly resistant to bending and breaking under significant loads. This durability ensures secure hold-downs for various construction applications.
Corrosion Resistance: Unlike wooden or plastic stakes, heavy-duty anchor stakes are often galvanized or coated with rust-resistant materials, making them impervious to corrosion and ensuring long-term performance in demanding environments.
Versatility: These stakes are available in various lengths and diameters, making them suitable for a wide range....
Advancements in Technology: Shaping the Transition from the Industrial Age to the Information Age
The transition from the Industrial Age to the Information Age has been marked by profound advancements in technology that have fundamentally reshaped the way societies function and operate. These innovations have had far-reaching implications for industries, individuals, and the global economy as a whole.
1. Automation and Robotics:
Advancements in automation and robotics have transformed manufacturing processes, leading to significant increases in productivity. Industrial robots and automated systems have taken over repetitive and dangerous tasks, freeing up human workers for more complex and creative endeavors. The widespread adoption of....
Key Findings from Literature Review on Risk Analysis of Infosys Investments
1. Geopolitical and Economic Risks
Infosys faces geopolitical risks associated with its global operations, particularly in politically unstable regions.
Economic downturns and currency fluctuations can impact its revenue and profitability.
2. Competition and Market Risks
Intense competition from both domestic and international IT service providers poses a threat to Infosys's market share.
Emergence of new technologies and disruptive business models can disrupt its traditional offerings.
3. Operational Risks
System failures, data breaches, and project delays can lead to reputational damage and financial losses.
Dependence on a narrow range of clients and industries....
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