Korean Culture
EXAMINATION OF CULTUAL DIFFEENCES AND THEI AFFECT ON WOMEN'S OLES FO KOEAN AND JAPANESE FEMALE STUDENTS

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which females roles are influenced by their cultural background. Particularly this study will focus on close examination of how Korean and Japanese cultural influences affect a women's career aspirations and expectation for success in society. The study will be broken down into two sections; the first portion will consist of primarily an observational review of the Literature available regarding female roles in Japan and Korea. An analysis of the two cultures will be executed. The second half of the study will entail a field study of American students with Korean and Japanese cultural backgrounds, in an attempt to ascertain to what extent female student roles are influenced by the models of their parents, the majority of whom were raised in Japan or Korea.…...

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References

Acker, S. (1984). "Sociology, gender, and education." In S. Acker, J. megarry, E.Hoyle, & S. Nisbet (Eds.), World Yearbook of Education: Women and Education (pp. 64-78). London: Kogan Page.

Asia Org. (2003). "Women's Contemporary Roles in Korean Society. {Online} Available:  http://www.askasia.org/Korea/r15.html 

Bennett, Christine. (1995). "Research on racial issues in American higher education." (pp. 663-682). In Handbook of research on multicultural education. New York: Macmillan Publishing, USA.

Braxton, Richard J. "Culture, Family and Chinese and Korean-American Student Achievement: An Examination of Student Factors that Affect Student Outcomes." College Student Journal, Vo. 33, 1999.

8).
To help gain a better understanding of how these cultural differences can affect business negotiations and transnational operations, a comparison of South Korea's national culture with that of the United States is provided in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Comparison of U.S. And South Korean Cultural Dimensions

PDI:

Power Distance Index

IDV:

Individualism

MAS:

Masculinity

UAI:

Uncertainty Avoidance Index

LTO:

Long-Term Orientation

Source: Hofstede, 2010

As can be readily discerned from Figure 1 above, South Korea and the U.S. have several night-and-day differences in their cultural dimensions, particularly individualism and long-term orientation. Cultures such as South Korea's that have high levels of long-term orientation are characterized by patience, perseverance, respect for elders and ancestors, as well as a sense of obedience and duty toward the larger good (Newman & Nollen, 1999). The long-term orientation cultural dimension consists of the values of persistence, ordering of relationships by status and observing order, frugality and a sense of shame (Jackson, 2004). The short-term aspects of…...

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References

Austin, J. (2007). Understanding Korea: John Austin urges the need to take account of Korean business culture. New Zealand International Review, 32(1), 7-8.

Hofstede, G. (2010). Geert Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. Retrieved from http://www.geert-

hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95&culture2=82#compare.

Jackson, T. (2004). Management and change: A cross-cultural perspective. New York:

Korean History: The Climate and Culture of Foreign Business
The challenge of any cultural history undertaken to determine the foreign business fitness of a location is to make sure that there is due respect afforded the society with regard to issues that might not be seen as directly affecting the bottom line. So much of the time in the business world we are collectively focused on the ideas that surround the continued development of the global world economy, without regard for the existence of prior national issues. An easily made mistake for a researcher addressing issues of Korea from the United States would be to distill Korean history into a form that only include the interests of this country after the Korean-American ar.

This account will attempt to address those issues by addressing the culture through its earliest history to its present state through modern demographics, religion, education, housing, leisure activities, climate,…...

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Works Cited

North Korean crisis starts to hurt South Korea economically." February 11, 2003. American

City Business Journals Inc. February, 11 2003 ( http://tampabay.bizjournals.com ).

South Korea gross national income soars." February 9, 2003. American City Business Journals

Inc. February 11, 2003. (

"... Shamanism suffered severe insults. These have continued until today, repeatedly masking and hiding a real identity." (Chang-Soo, K.)
Conclusion

The Chusuk festival represents many aspects of Korean culture. It serves a social and a community function and is part of the heritage and traditions of the culture. In order to understand the significance and importance of the festival one has to understand the background of Shamanism. The essential purpose of the festival still remains embedded in the ancient culture of Shamanism and its central function is to ensure, though respect and worship, the success of the next harvest. "Koreans believe that if you take care of your ancestors, your ancestors will take care of you. In traditional agricultural society, the harvest was the most important event of the year, and it was vital to make sure it was a success." (Liminality. 2004)

ibliography

Chang-Soo, K. Korean Traditions:Major holiday draws millions to their…...

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Bibliography

Chang-Soo, K. Korean Traditions:Major holiday draws millions to their hometowns. 2001. Accessed February 23, 2005. http://www.skynews.co.kr/skynews_main/ENGLISH/culture/culture_039.htm

Chusuk. 2003. Accessed February 20, 2005. http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:eQLTDtnigtIJ:www.columbiaksa.org/public_files/chusuk_info.pdf+Chusuk&hl=en&start=1

Hoppal M. SHAMANISM in a POSTMODERN AGE. February 23, 2005.  http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol2/hoppal.htm 

Liminality. 2004. Accessed February 20, 2005.  http://www.liminality.org/archives/56/

academic and popular discourse on East Asia, Korea has a long, strong, and unique history. The culture of Korea has evolved over the last several millennia to become one of the world's most distinctive, homogenous, and intact. Being surrounded by large and ambitious neighbors has caused Korea to have a troubled history, evident in the most recent generations with the division between North and South. The division between North and South Korea is the first time the peninsula has been divided since its initial unification in the mid-7th century CE. Until the Korean War, the people of Korea have been bound together by common language, customs, and political culture. No significant minority culture or linguistic group has made Korea its home, and although Korea has been invaded and encroached upon by others, it has also never been an expansionist or imperialistic culture either.
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since…...

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References

Armstrong, C.K. (2015). Korean history and political geography.

Eckert, C.J., Lee, K., et al. (1991). Korea Old and New. Korea Institute, Harvard University Press.

"Hidden Korea," (n.d.). PBS. Retrieved online:  http://www.pbs.org/hiddenkorea/history.htm 

Nelson, M.N. (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press.

Korean Financial Crisis in the Late 1990s: Lesson for Current Euro Area
The objective of this study is to examine what is unique or different about the Korean financial crisis as compared to other Asian financial crises and to determine the primary causes of the financial crisis in Korea. This work will further examine the government response to the crisis and what it is that can be learned from the Korean financial crisis and applied in Korea to the Euro Area.

The major components of the Korean financial system in the 1960s and 1970s are stated in reports to have been nationalized with "lending targeted toward favored sectors and firms including the exports and heavy industries. (Jeon and Miller, 2005) Regional banks came on in 1967 and could only operate in their own provinces, which provided encouragement for development that was regionally-based. In the early 1980s, plans were made for deregulation of…...

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Bibliography

Athens University of Economics and Business. Cyprus Economic Policy Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 89-96 (2010) 1450-4561

Causes, Policy Response, and Lessons. Presentation at The High-Level Seminar on Crisis Prevention in Emerging Markets Organized by The International Monetary Fund and The Government of Singapore. Singapore July 10-11, 2006.

Global Economic Review: Perspectives on East Asian Economies and Industries. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rger20 

Jeon, BN (2012) From the 1997-98 Asian Financial crisis to the 2008-09 global economic crisis: lessons from Korea's experience. 1 Feb 2012.

On page 138 Halberstam explains that the initial American units "…thrown into battle were poorly armed, in terrible shape physically, and, more often than not, poorly led" (Halberstam, 2007, 138). The U.S. was trying to get by "…on the cheap," Halberstam explains, and it Korea "it showed immediately"; Truman wanted to keep taxes low, he wanted to try and pay off the debt from the enormous expenditures in II, and as was referenced earlier, Truman really wanted to keep military expenditures down.
But what that austerity program meant was that the first troops that were being trained at Fort Lewis (prior to their orders to fight in Korea) were asked to "…use only two sheets of toilet paper each time they visited the latrine" (Halberstam, 138). Moreover, the lackluster performance by the initial troops sent into harm's way in Korea was reported back in the states and caused serious concerns.…...

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Works Cited

Halberstam, David. 2007. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York:

Hyperion.

Kaufman, Burton I. 1983. The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command.

Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

ut in the 30s, most waves of Korean migrants came in because of the policy of forced conscription. Japan's economy rapidly improved at the time and there was a huge demand for labor. This and industrialization led to the creation of a Japanese national mobilization plan. This plan, in turn, led to the conscription of roughly 600,000 Koreans. Japan's military forces continued to expand and the government had to regular the increase in the Korean population. They were required to carry an identification card. In 1942, the government promised them equal citizenship if they extended their work contracts. They became eligible to vote, run for public office and serve in election committees. Conscription was implemented in the same year. Despite official political equality, Korean inferiority remained prevalent. Yet they were expected to observe and practice Japanese culture as a condition to political equality (Minorities at Risk).
With the defeat of…...

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Bibliography

Alvin, Koh Zhongwei. Koreans in Japan. National University of Singapore: NUS

History Society E-Journal, 2003.

Kichan Song. The Appearance of "Young Koreans in Japan" and the Emergence of a New Type of Ethnic Education. Vol 9 237-253. Kyodo University: Kyodo Journal of Sociology, 2001

Kyodo. Jong Raps Japan for Historical Crime Against Koreans. Asian Political News.

My father's parents first operated a Laundromat, then a small general store. My father is now a civil engineer.
School was always a priority in my household. I did not have to work in a family business like my parents, but it was always expected that I would get high marks and devote my attention to keeping at the top of my class and pursuing extracurricular activities that were valuable and enriching, including soccer and music. However, this did not mean there I had no fun as a child. I have many happy memories of my family watching my sports games and concerts and preparing traditional foods with my grandmothers.

Sometimes the pressure I felt was quite intense. My parents had succeeded against all the odds and were determined that I would succeed as well. However, I felt that I needed to pursue a different path. ather than going to school…...

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References

Korean-American History. (2010). Curriculum guide: Unit 1. Retrieved August 6, 2010 at  http://apa.si.edu/Curriculum%20Guide-Final/unit1.htm 

Rusling, Matt. (2006, April 21). Comics stoke Japanese-Korean tensions. Asian Times Online.

Retrieved August 6, 2010 at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/HD21Dh01.html

"April 29, 1992 in South Central Los Angeles, California… African-American customers revolted violently against Korean-American merchants….Of the $850 million in estimated property damage, Korean-Americans sustained 47% or $400 million of that damage, and of the 3,100 businesses destroyed, approximately 2,500 of them were owned by Korean-Americans" (Korean-American History,2010, Curriculum Guide: Unit 1).
Affirmative action: A form of reverse discrimination against Asians?

A final point of contention between Korean-Americans and other minority groups is how 'more' successful minorities should be counted in terms of privileging historically discriminated-against groups in jobs and college admissions. A problem with discussing affirmative action for Asians is that it tends to characterize all Asian-Americans in the same manner. However, a refugee from Cambodia may experience economic, cultural and linguistic challenges in assimilating that another Asian-American might not, if he or she lived in the United States since birth and/or comes from a more affluent background.

A " recent…...

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References

Korean-American History. (2010). Curriculum guide: Unit 1. Retrieved August 20, 2010 at  http://apa.si.edu/Curriculum%20Guide-Final/unit1.htm 

Matthews, Jay. (2004, October 12). Should colleges have affirmative action. The Washington

Post. Retrieved August 20, 2010 at  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26499-2004Oct12.html

Korean Literature
Lee Mun-Yeol, Voice of Korea in the Literary Age of Transition.

A thematic approach to a study of two of his stories: "The Old Hatter" and "An Appointment with his rother." student of literature who finds interest in fiction's historical settings gets inveigled into the stark realities of war and conquest, its horrifying and insidious effects on the lives of innocent people caught helplessly in its clutches - the pain, the hunger, the loss of lives of loved ones.

The reader gets the autobiographical drift of Lee's two stories - he was there when all those things he writes about happened. In "An appointment with his rother," as the oldest son by his father's first family, he knew what it was to be abandoned by his father and to be cared for and brought up by a youthful mother.

Yet there is no bitterness in the tone of his writing. There was…...

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Bibliography www.sogang.ac.kr.Korean Literature Today.

Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 13, pp. 465-467.

The cultural practices are evolved and based on the financial, social and moral understanding and capabilities of the local population, and it has been observed that Americans, Asians and Africans share extremely different perspectives and understanding on these issues, therefore the cultural adoption has been intense in countries where the technological revolution has been of the same intensity as in North America (Zelli, 1993). In some of the cases, the Americans companies has attempted to nullify the concerns and shortcomings of the American culture, by incorporating the cultural values of the local region, and has therefore evolve a different taste for the customers to avail, this has further delighted and fascinated the local population of different regions towards the American culture, for example the American culture has major differences with the Islamic culture adopted in Arab countries, therefore to compensate for such difference the American companies introduced the concept…...

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References

David W. Noble. Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptional-ism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2002

Tafarodi R., Swann W. Individualism-collectivism and global self-esteem: Evidence for a cultural trade-off. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1996

Trubisky P, Ting Toomey S, Lin S. The influence of individualism collectivism and self-monitoring on conflict styles. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1991

Huesmann, Zelli, Fraczek, Upmeyer. Normative attitudes about aggression in American, German and Polish college students. Presented at Third European Congress of Psychology. Tampere, Finland. 1993

Once the children are of age, the parents' duty to take care of them reduces as the child takes charge to start a new life somewhere else. The parent usually has saved enough money through life insurance scheme and retirement savings to cater for himself after retirement. hen the child is grown, there is no dependence between the parents and children. Traits like hard work and honesty are encouraged towards children to ensure their survival in different societies when he grows up. In some cases when the parent is too weak and old to look after himself, he is taken to a home for the elderly since none of his children is available to take care of him (Stewart et al. 580).
The other model of family model is the model of psychological or emotional interdependence. In this model, the children are of less material help to the family. Parenting,…...

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Works Cited

Chou, K.L. Emotional autonomy and depression among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, pp 161-169, 2000.

Jose, P.E., Huntsinger, C.S., Huntsinger, P.R. & Liaw, F-R. Parental values and practices relevant to young children's social development in Taiwan and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, pp 677-702, 2000.

Misra, G., & Agarwal, R. The meaning of achievement: Implications for a cross-cultural theory of achievement motivation, from a different perspective: Studies of behavior across cultures, Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger, pp 250-266. 1985.

Phalet, K. & Schonpflug, U. Intergenerational transmission of collectivism and achievement values in two acculturation contexts: the case of Turkish families in Germany and Turkish and Moroccan families in the Netherlands. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol 32, pp 186-201, 2001.

Asian cultures, in general, are more steeped in tradition than American culture. Even though the word "American" refers broadly to all persons of various ethnic backgrounds who live in the United States, there are some general but significant differences between Asian and American culture. A lot of these differences are sociological, like the role of family. I find it interesting how different family values are in America from my native Korea. Korean culture is also more unified than American culture, because there is less diversity there. For the most part, Korean families are tightly knit and parents tend to be quite strict. Many American families are also arranged this way, but it seems that most American families I know are more disjointed and children are not disciplined as much as in Korea. Even though I now live in America, my role within my family has not changed; I am still…...

Confucianism promotes the "ideal of the scholar, who cultivates virtue in oneself and shares it through service in government, teaching, and daily life," Canda explains on page 1. The pure idea of Confucianism is to benefit all the citizens and those benefits have a ripple effect starting with the individual, through the family, and out to the Korean society and then the world (Canda, p. 1).
Confucianism has had an influence on many spiritual and physical Asian-based traditions; for example, Confucianism had a big influence on the development of martial arts, acupuncture, and meditation, according to Canda.

Shamanism: There are about 300 shamanistic temples within an hour of the capital of Seoul, according to an article in the New York Times (Sang-Hun, 2007, p. 1). The article points out that shamanism is presently enjoying a renaissance after "centuries of ridicule and persecution"; indeed, shamans were "demonized by Christian missionaries and driven…...

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Works Cited

Beaver, R. Pierce. "Chondogyo and Korea." Journal of the American Academy of Religion.

XXX.2, 115-122.

Buddhism Today. Buddhism in Korea. Retrieved Dec. 6, 2010, from   (1997).http://www.buddhismtoday.com .

Buswell, Robert E., and Lee, Timothy S. Christianity in Korea. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.

I. Introduction
A. Background information on expat dads in Korea
B. Thesis statement

II. Challenges faced by expat dads in Korea
A. Language barrier
B. Cultural differences
C. Work-life balance
D. Social isolation

III. Strategies for coping with challenges
A. Learning the language
B. Understanding Korean culture
C. Establishing a support network
D. Balancing work and family responsibilities

IV. Benefits of being an expat dad in Korea
A. Exposure to new experiences
B. Cultural enrichment for children
C. Career growth opportunities
D. Increased sense of independence and resilience

V. Conclusion
A. Restate thesis statement
B. Summary of main points
C. Closing thoughts on the....

Historical and Social Perspectives

Women in the Meiji Restoration (Japan): Examine the changing roles and experiences of women in Japanese society during the Meiji period (1868-1912), focusing on the impact of modernization and industrialization.
Women in the Xinhai Revolution (China): Analyze the role of women in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911-1912, considering their contributions, the challenges they faced, and the impact of the revolution on their status.
Women in the Korean Independence Movement: Explore the experiences and contributions of Korean women during the Japanese colonial period, highlighting their role in the independence movement and their struggle for equality.
Gender and....